Port of Singapore - Wikipedia

The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade and handles Singapore's harbours and shipping. PortofSingapore FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PortinSingapore PortPortofSingaporeKeppelPortLocationLocationSingapore,specificallyatKeppel,PasirPanjangandTuas[a]Coordinates1°15′50″N103°50′24″E/1.264°N103.840°E/1.264;103.840DetailsBuilt1819OperatedbyMaritimeandPortAuthorityofSingaporeAvailableberths67(2019)StreetaccessAyerRajahExpresswayWestCoastHighwayStatisticsAnnualTEU37.2million(2019)[2]Websitehttps://www.mpa.gov.sg ThePortofSingaporereferstothecollectivefacilitiesandterminalsthatconductmaritimetradeandhandlesSingapore'sharboursandshipping.Itisrankedasthetopmaritimecapitaloftheworldsince2015.[3]Currentlytheworld'ssecond-busiestportintermsoftotalshippingtonnage,italsotransshipsathird[4]oftheworld'sshippingcontainers,halfoftheworld'sannualsupplyofcrudeoil,andistheworld'sbusiesttransshipmentport.Itwasalsothebusiestportintermsoftotalcargotonnagehandleduntil2005whenitwassurpassedbythePortofShanghai.Thousandsofshipsdropanchorintheharbouratalltimes,connectingtheporttoover600otherportsin123countriesandspreadoversixcontinents. ThePortofSingaporeisnotamereeconomicboon,butaneconomicnecessitytocompensateSingapore'slandandnaturalresourceslimitations.Itsportsarecriticalforimportingnaturalresources,andthenlaterre-exportingproductsaftertheyhavebeenrefinedandshapedinsomemanner,forexamplewaferfabricationoroilrefiningtogeneraterevenue.Theserviceindustriessuchashospitalityservicestypicalofaportofcallrestockthefoodandwatersuppliesonships.ShipspassbetweentheIndianOceanandthePacificOceanthroughtheSingaporeStrait. SingaporeiscurrentlyinthemidstofconstructingTuasMegaPort,withcompletionexpectedbetween2025and2027.Builtinfourphases,itwillbetheworld'slargestcontainerterminalwhencomplete,beingabletohandlenearly65millionTEUsannually.Itwillalsohavetheinfrastructuretocatertothelargestcontainershipsintheworld,suchastheMaersk'sTriple-EvesselsandCSCLGlobe.[1] Contents 1History 1.1Before1819 1.21819–1960 1.3Since1963 2Operations 3Operators 4Terminals 5CruiseBusiness 6TuasMegaPort 7Seealso 8Notes 9References 10Furtherreading 10.1History 10.2Presentday 11Externallinks History[edit] Before1819[edit] Xabandaria(theShahbandar'splace)markedinthis1604mapofSingaporebyGodinhodeErédia.ThemapisorientatedwiththeSouthtowardsthetopleft. Inthelate13thcentury,aKingdomknownasSingapurawasestablishedonthenorthbankoftheSingaporeRiveraroundwhatwascalledtheOldHarbour.ItwastheonlyportinthesouthernpartoftheStraitofMalaccaandservicedshipsandtradersintheregion,competingwithotherportsalongthecoastoftheMalaccaStraitsuchasJambi,KotaCina,Lambri,Semudra,Palembang,SouthKedahandTamiang.Theporthadtwofunctions.First,itmadeavailableproductsthatwereindemandbyinternationalmarkets;accordingtotheDaoyuZhilüe(BriefAnnalsofForeignIslands,1349)[5]byChinesetraderWangDayuan(born1311,fl.1328–1339),theseincludedtop-qualityhornbillcasques,[6]lakawoodandcotton.AlthoughthesegoodswerealsoavailablefromotherSoutheastAsianports,thosefromSingaporewereuniqueintermsoftheirquality.Secondly,Singaporeactedasagatewayintotheregionalandinternationaleconomicsystemforitsimmediateregion.SouthJohorandtheRiauArchipelagosuppliedproductstoSingaporeforexportelsewhere,whileSingaporewasthemainsourceofforeignproductstotheregion.ArchaeologicalartefactssuchasceramicsandglasswarefoundintheRiauArchipelagoevidencethis.Inaddition,cottonwastransshippedfromJavaorIndiathroughSingapore.[7] Bythe15thcentury,SingaporehaddeclinedasaninternationaltradingportduetotheascendanceoftheMalaccaSultanate.Localtradecontinuedontheisland.AmapofSingaporebyPortuguesemathematicianManuelGodinhodeErediashowedthelocationofXabandariaortheofficeofashahbandar,theMalayofficialresponsibleforinternationaltrade.Shardsof15th-centurySiamceramicsandlate16th–orearly17th-centuryChineseblueandwhiteporcelainhavebeenfoundattheSingaporeandKallangRivers.Singaporealsoprovidedotherregionalportswithlocalproductsdemandedbyinternationalmarkets.Forinstance,blackwood(agenerictermusedbyEuropeanstorefertorosewood)wasexportedfromSingaporetoMalacca,andwasinturnpurchasedbyChinesetradersandshippedtoChinaforfurniture-making:) Intheearly17thcentury,Singapore'smainsettlementanditsportweredestroyedbyapunitiveforcefromAceh.Afterthisincident,therewasnosignificantsettlementorportatSingaporeuntil1819. 1819–1960[edit] PortatSingapore,ca.1890 In1819,SirStamfordRaffles,excitedbythedeepandshelteredwatersinKeppelHarbour,establishedforBritainanewsettlementandinternationalportontheislandoratradingport.[7]KeentoattractAsianandEuropeantraderstothenewport,RafflesdirectedthatlandalongthebanksoftheSingaporeRiver,particularlythesouthbank,bereclaimedwherenecessaryandallocatedtoChineseandEnglishcountrytraderstoencouragethemtoestablishastakeintheport-settlement.Chinesetraders,becauseoftheirfrequentcommercialinteractionswithSoutheastAsiantradersthroughouttheyear,setuptheirtradinghousesalongthelowerreachesoftheriver,whileEnglishcountrytraders,whodependedontheannualarrivaloftradefromIndia,setupwarehousesalongtheupperreaches.TheportreliedonthreemainnetworksoftradethatexistedinSoutheastAsiaatthattime:theChinesenetwork,whichlinkedSoutheastAsiawiththesouthernChineseportsofFujianandGuangdong;theSoutheastAsiannetwork,whichlinkedtheislandsoftheIndonesianarchipelago;andtheEuropeanandIndianOceannetwork,whichlinkedSingaporetothemarketsofEuropeandtheIndianOceanlittoral.Thesenetworkswerecomplementary,andpositionedSingaporeasthetransshipmentpointofregionalandinternationaltrade.Bythe1830s,SingaporehadovertakenBatavia(nowJakarta)asthecentreoftheChinesejunktrade,andalsobecomethecentreofEnglishcountrytrade,inSoutheastAsia.ThiswasbecauseSoutheastAsiantraderspreferredthefreeportofSingaporetoothermajorregionalportswhichhadcumbersomerestrictions.SingaporehadalsosupplantedTanjungPinangastheexportgatewayforthegambierandpepperindustryoftheRiau–LinggaArchipelagobythe1830s,andSouthJohorbythe1840s.IthadalsobecomethecentreoftheTeochewtradeinmarineproduceandrice.[7] Asthevolumeofitsmaritimetradeincreasedinthe19thcentury,SingaporebecameakeyportofcallforsailingandsteamvesselsintheirpassagealongAsiansearoutes.Fromthe1840s,Singaporebecameanimportantcoalingstationforsteamshippingnetworksthatwerebeginningtoform.Towardsthelate19thcentury,SingaporebecameastapleportservicingthegeographicalhinterlandoftheMalayPeninsula.FollowingtheinstitutionoftheBritishForwardMovement,SingaporebecametheadministrativecapitalofBritishMalaya.Roadsandrailwaysweredevelopedtotransportprimarymaterialssuchascrudeoil,rubberandtinfromtheMalayPeninsulatoSingaporetobeprocessedintostapleproducts,andthenshippedtoBritainandotherinternationalmarkets.Duringthecolonialperiod,thiswasthemostimportantroleoftheportofSingapore.[7] Since1963[edit] SingaporeceasedtobepartoftheBritishEmpirewhenitmergedwithMalaysiain1963.SingaporelostitshinterlandandwasnolongertheadministrativeoreconomiccapitaloftheMalayPeninsula.TheprocessinginSingaporeofrawmaterialsextractedinthePeninsulawasdrasticallyreducedduetotheabsenceofacommonmarketbetweenSingaporeandthePeninsularstates.[7] SinceSingapore'sfullindependencein1965,ithashadtocompetewithotherportsintheregiontoattractshippingandtradeatitsport.Ithasdonesobydevelopinganexport-orientedeconomybasedonvalue-addedmanufacturing.Itobtainsraworpartiallymanufacturedproductsfromregionalandglobalmarketsandexportsvalue-addedproductsbacktothesemarketsthroughmarketaccessagreementssuchasWorldTradeOrganizationdirectivesandfreetradeagreements.[7] Bythe1980s,maritimetradingactivityhadceasedinthevicinityoftheSingaporeRiverexceptintheformofpassengertransport,asotherterminalsandharbourstookoverthisrole.KeppelHarbourisnowhometothreecontainerterminals.OtherterminalswerebuiltinJurongandPasirPanjangaswellasinSembawanginthenorth.Today,theportoperationsinSingaporearehandledbytwoplayers:PSAInternational(formerlythePortofSingaporeAuthority)andJurongPort,whichcollectivelyoperatesixcontainerterminalsandthreegeneral-purposeterminalsaroundSingapore. Inthe1990sthePortbecamemorewell-knownandovertookYokohama,andeventuallybecamethebusiestportintermsofshippingtonnage.[citationneeded] SingaporeispartoftheMaritimeSilkRoadthatrunsfromtheChinesecoasttothesoutherntipofIndia,toMombasa,fromtherethroughtheRedSeaviatheSuezCanaltotheMediterranean,totheUpperAdriaticregionofthenorthernItalianhubTriestewithitsrailconnectionstoCentralEuropeandtheNorthSea.[8][9][10][11][12][13] ThePasirPanjangContainerTerminalliestotheleftandJurongPortinthebackgroundofthispanoramicviewofthesouthwesternpartofSingapore,showingthesouthernpartsofQueenstown,andClementiandJurong. ThePortofSingaporewithSentosaislandinthebackground. Operations[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(September2019) TheM.T.TorbenSpiritatanchorinSingapore–photographedon6September2005. AerialpanoramaoftheSingaporeStraitandthePasirPanjangPortTerminal.Shotin2016. Theportistheworld'sbusiestportintermsofshippingtonnagehandled,with1.15billiongrosstons(GT)handledin2005.Intermsofcargotonnage,SingaporeisbehindShanghaiwith423millionfreighttonshandled.Theportretainsitspositionastheworld'sbusiesthubfortransshipmenttrafficin2005,andisalsotheworld'sbiggestbunkeringhub,with25milliontonnessoldinthesameyear.[14] Singaporeisrankedfirstgloballyin2005intermsofcontainerisedtraffic,with23.2millionTwenty-footequivalentunits(TEUs)handled.HighgrowthincontainerisedtraffichasseentheportovertakingHongKongsincethefirstquarterof2005,[15]andhasledtheraceeversince,withanestimated19,335kTEUshandledintheyearuptoOctober,comparedto18,640kTEUshandledinHongKonginthesameperiod.Ariseinregionaltrafficconsolidatingtheport'spositioninSoutheastAsia,andincreasesintransshipmenttrafficusingthestrategicEastAsia-EuroperouteviaSingaporehelpedtheporttoemergetopsattheendoftheyear,atitleithadnotheldsinceovertakingHongKongoncein1998. PortofSingaporestatistics[2] Year VesselArrivalTonnage(billionGT) ContainerThroughput(millionTEUs) CargoThroughput(milliontonnes) BunkerSaleVolume(milliontonnes) TonnageunderSingaporeRegistryofShips(millionGT) 2014 2.37 33.9 581.3 42.4 82.2 2015 2.50 30.9 575.8 45.2 86.3 2016 2.66 30.9 593.3 48.6 88.0 2017 2.80 33.7 627.7 50.6 88.8 2018 2.79 36.6 630.0 49.8 90.9 Operators[edit] KeppelContainerTerminalinSingapore PSASingapore'scontainerfacilitiesareasfollows: Containerberths:52 Quaylength:15,500m Area:600hectares Maxdraft:16m Quaycranes:190 Designedcapacity:35,000kTEU PSASingaporehas13berthswhicharepartofthePasirPanjangContainerTerminal'sPhaseTwowhicharedueforcompletionby2009.PhaseThreeandFourwilladdanother16berthsandareexpectedtobecompletedby2013.[16] JurongPort'sfacilitiesareasfollows: Berths:32 Berthlength:5.6 km Maximumvesseldraft:15.7m Maximumvesselsize:150,000 tonnesdeadweight(DWT) Area:127HectaresFreeTradeZone,28Hectaresnon-FreeTradeZone Warehousefacilities:178,000m2 PSASingaporealsohasa40-yearcontracttooperatethetax-freeGwadarPortonthesouthwesterncoastofPakistan.GwadarstartedoperationinMarch2008,with3multi-purposeberths,a602-meterquay,and12.5-meterdepth.Another9berthsareunderconstruction,witha20-meterdepth.In2015,itwasannouncedthattheportwouldbeleasedtotheChinesetill2059andfurtherdevelopedundertheChina-PakistanEconomicCorridor. Terminals[edit] TanjongPagarcontainerterminalbynight(2009) Port Operator Type Berths Quaylength(m) Quaycranes Area(Ha) Capacity(kTEU) Brani(BT) PSA[17] Container 8 2,325 26 84   Cosco-PSA(CPT) Cosco/PSA Container 2 720   22.8 >1,000 Jurong JTC Multi-Purpose 32 5,600   155   Keppel(KT) PSA Container 14 3,164 27 105   PasirPanjang(PPT1) PSA Container 6 2,145 19 85   PasirPanjang(PPT2) PSA Container 9 2,972 36 139   PasirPanjang(PPT3) PSA Container 8 2,655 31 94   PasirPanjang(PPT4) PSA Container 3 1,264 13 70 PasirPanjang(PPT5) PSA Container 6 2,160 24 83   PasirPanjang(PPT6) PSA Container 6 2,251 24 80 PasirPanjangAutomobileTerminal PSA Ro-Ro 3 1,010   25   SembawangWharves PSA General 4 660   28   TanjongPagar(TPT) PSA Container 7 2,097 0 79.5   CruiseBusiness[edit] DiamondPrincess&VoyageroftheSeasdockedinSingapore. PortofSingaporealsohasaterminalforcruiseships.SuchcruiselinesthathomeportthereincludePrincessCruises,RoyalCaribbean,HollandAmericaLine,andmore.PrincesswillhavetheplaceasthelargestdeploymentbyapremiumcruiselinewhenitdeploysSapphirePrincessonthree-toeleven-dayroundtripcruisestoAsia.Morethan40,000passengerswillbesailingonthosecruisesfromNovember2014toFebruary2015.Stationingtheshipinportwillbring$50millionundercontributionwhilePrincessrespondstoagrowinginterestforSingapore-basedcruises. TuasMegaPort[edit] TheTuasMegaportwillbetheonlyportinSingaporeafterthePSAcityterminalsclosein2027andthePasirPanjangTerminalin2040,endinganeraofportoperationsinthecityareawhichstartedin1819.[18]TheSeaTransportIndustryTransformationMap(ITM)launchedbytheMaritimeandPortAuthorityofSingapore(MPA)aimstogrowtheindustry'svalue-addby$4.5billionandcreatemorethan5,000newjobsby2025. Automationwillbeakeypartofthenewport,withover1,000battery-powereddriverlessvehiclesandtheworld'slargestfleetofalmost1,000automatedyardcranestobedevelopedfortheport.NelsonQuek,PSASingapore'sheadofTuasplanningstatedthat"Tuas,whenit'sfullydeveloped,isgoingtobethesinglelargestfully-automatedterminalintheworld".[18] TuasPortwillalsobeabletocatertothedemandsoftheworld'slargestcontainerships,with26kmofdeep-waterberths.Besidesjusthandlingcontainers,theportwillhavespacesetasideforcompaniestobelocated,amovethatcouldimprovethelinksbetweenportandbusinesses.[19] ThenewportisprojectedtobetwicethesizeofAngMoKionewtown.[18]Itwillhave8.6 kmofwharvesandwillhavetheinfrastructuretocaterforthelargestcontainershipsintheworld,liketheMaersk'sTriple-Evessels. Seealso[edit] JurongIsland ListofportsandharborsofthePacificOcean Listofbusiestportsbycargotonnage PulauBukom Notes[edit] ^AllSingaporeanportswilleventuallybeconsolidatedtoonemegaportinTuasby2027.[1] References[edit] ^abTurner,Julian."Sizematters:insidetheTuasMegaPortprojectinSingapore".ship-technology.com.Retrieved14August2021. ^ab"Singapore's2019MaritimePerformance"(Pressrelease). ^"Singaporenamedtopmaritimecapitaloftheworldfor3rdconsecutivetime".TheStraitsTimes.26April2017. ^http://www.singaporepsa.com/ ^See汪大渊(WangDayuan);苏继顷(SuJiqing)(comp.)(1981).岛夷志略校释(Pinyin:DǎoyíZhìlüèJiàoshì)(BriefAnnalsofForeignIslands :ACollationandElucidation).Beijing:ZhonghuaShuju(ChinaPublishingHouse). ^FromtheMiddleFrenchmeaning"helmet",acasqueisananatomicalstructuresuggestiveofahelmet,suchasthehornyoutgrowthontheheadofacassowary:see"Casque".Merriam–Webster'sOnlineDictionary.Retrieved1September2007. ^abcdefHeng,Derek."ContinuitiesandChanges :SingaporeasaPort-Cityover700Years".Biblioasia.Singapore:NationalLibraryBoard.1(1):12–16.ISSN 0219-8126.. ^China'sMaritimeSilkRoadandit'simplicationsforSingapore&SouthEastAsianNations ^21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad ^MarcusHernig:DieRenaissancederSeidenstraße(2018)pp112. ^WolfD.Hartmann,WolfgangMaennig,RunWang:ChinasneueSeidenstraße.(2017)pp59. ^MaritimeShippingandExportTradeon“MaritimeSilkRoad” ^TheMaritimeSilkRoad ^"Singaporeremainsworld'sbusiestport".ChinaView,XinhuaNewsAgency.12January2006. ^Cher,Derek(21November2005)."SingaporeportcontinuestooutpaceHongKong".ChannelNewsAsia. ^"S'poretospend$2bonportexpansion".AsiaOneNews.21December2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29September2011.Retrieved22December2007. ^"OURBUSINESS:TERMINALS".www.singaporepsa.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14January2020.Retrieved7March2020. ^abcHeng,Daniel(7February2018)."WhySingaporeneedsTuasmegaporttokeeprulingtheseas".ChannelNewsAsia.Retrieved12March2018. ^hermes(4October2019)."TuasPortsettobeworld'slargestfullyautomatedterminal".TheStraitsTimes.Retrieved2August2020. Furtherreading[edit] History[edit] SinnappahArasaratnam(1972).Pre-modernCommerceandSocietyinSouthernAsia :AnInauguralLectureDeliveredattheUniversityofMalayaonDecember21,1971.KualaLumpur:UniversityofMalaya. Borschberg,Peter(2018).“ThreequestionsaboutmaritimeSingapore,16thand17thCenturies”,LerHistória,72:31-54.https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/3234 Braddell,Roland(1980).AStudyofAncientTimesintheMalayPeninsulaandtheStraitsofMalaccaandNotesonAncientTimesinMalaya/byDatoSirRolandBraddell.NotesontheHistoricalGeographyofMalaya/byDatoF.W.Douglas(MBRASreprints;no.7).KualaLumpur:PrintedfortheMalaysianBranchoftheRoyalAsiaticSocietybyArtPrint.Works. Chiang,HaiDing(1978).AHistoryofStraitsSettlementsForeignTrade,1870–1915(MemoirsoftheNationalMuseum;no.6).Singapore:NationalMuseum. Hall,KennethR.(1985).MaritimeTradeandStateDevelopmentinEarlySoutheastAsia.Honolulu,Hi.:UniversityofHawai'iPress.ISBN 0-8248-0959-9. Ishii,Yoneo(ed.)(1998).TheJunkTradefromSoutheastAsia :TranslationsfromtheTosenFusetsu-gaki,1674–1723.Singapore:InstituteofSoutheastAsianStudies(ISEAS);ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,AustralianNationalHistory,AustralianNationalUniversity.ISBN 981-230-022-8.CS1maint:extratext:authorslist(link) Miksic,JohnN.(1985).ArchaeologicalResearchonthe"ForbiddenHill"ofSingapore :ExcavationsatFortCanning,1984.Singapore:NationalMuseum.ISBN 9971-917-16-5. Miksic,JohnN.;Cheryl-AnnLowMeiGek(gen.eds.)(2004).EarlySingapore1300s–1819 :EvidenceinMaps,TextandArtefacts.Singapore:SingaporeHistoryMuseum.ISBN 981-05-0283-4. Ooi,GiokLing;BrianJ.Shaw(2004).BeyondthePortCity :DevelopmentandIdentityin21stCenturySingapore.Singapore:PrenticeHall.ISBN 0-13-008381-X. Shaffer,LyndaNorene(1996).MaritimeSoutheastAsiato1500.Armonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe.ISBN 1-56324-144-7. Trocki,CarlA.(1979).PrinceofPirates :TheTemenggongsandtheDevelopmentofJohorandSingapore,1784–1885.Singapore:SingaporeUniversityPress.ISBN 9971-69-376-3. Presentday[edit] Yap,Chris(1990).APort'sStory,ANation'sSuccess.Singapore:TimesEditionsforPortofSingaporeAuthority. Ho,DavidK[im]H[in](1996).TheSeaportEconomy:AStudyoftheSingaporeExperience.Singapore:SingaporeUniversityPress.ISBN 9971-69-199-X. SingaporeShipping:Past,Present&Future.Singapore:SingaporeShippingAssociation.2000. Danam,Jacqueline(ed.)(2003).PSA:FullAhead.Singapore:PSACorporation.ISBN 981-4068-47-0.CS1maint:extratext:authorslist(link) Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPortsandharboursofSingapore. LiveCameratoPortofSingapore OfficialwebsiteoftheMaritimeandPortAuthorityofSingapore Portoperationalstatistics Landow,GeorgeP."SingaporeHarborfromitsFoundingtothePresent :ABriefChronology".PostcolonialWeb.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24August2007.Retrieved1September2007. 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