Remedy 及Indemnity在法律英语中的区别 - 译问

摘要：Damages强调金钱等损害赔偿，Remedy强调损害赔偿的救济方式，Indemnity强调担保和赔偿两方面。

英文合同中经常出现damages,remedy 和indemnity ... Damages,Remedy及Indemnity三者的区别   摘要：Damages强调金钱等损害赔偿，Remedy强调损害赔偿的救济方式，Indemnity强调担保和赔偿两方面。

  英文合同中经常出现damages,remedy 和indemnity三个词，这三个词都与赔偿有关，但因为中外法律体系和法律词汇的差异，大家经常会将此三者混淆。

以下对三者的区别做简要比较：   1.根据韦伯法律词典，Damages指themoneyawardedtoapartyinacivilsuitasreparationforthelossorinjuryforwhichanotherisliable。

尽管法律词典目前仍将damages严格定义为金钱赔偿，但事实上damages 的种类很多，但最常见的有compensatorydamages， punitivedamages， nominaldamages，以及 aggravateddamages四种，其中compensatorydamages，punitivedamages 和 nominaldamages均为金钱补偿（pecuniarydamages），即均属于赔偿金范畴，只有 aggravateddamages为非金钱补偿（non-pecuniarydamages），即不属于赔偿金。

compensatorydamages为补偿性赔偿金，指根据实际损失的多少予以的赔偿。

punitivedamages 为惩罚性赔偿金，指因过错人所犯过失恶劣等故而处的超出实际损失数量之赔偿，一般用于侵权而非违约之诉。

nominaldamages为象征性赔偿金，指证明被告有过错但却无法证明实际损失时所处的数额很少的一种赔偿金。

aggravateddamages 则为加重的损害赔偿，指如受害人受伤害太深等无法用金钱补偿时所处的除金钱之外的补偿，其中包括如赔礼道歉、合同的实际履行等等。

另外，值得注意的是damages单数damage，是指lossorharmresultingfrominjurytoperson,property,orreputation，即对人身、财产、名誉等造成的损失或损害，该词单复数意义迥异。

  2.根据韦伯法律词典，Remedy指themeanstoenforcearightortopreventorobtainredressforawrong:therelief(as damages,restitution,specificperformance,oraninjunction)thatmaybegivenororderedbyacourtorothertribunalforawrong。

remedy通常指的是一方违约时，他方得主张之损害赔偿方法。

着重于救济的方式和方法，包括金钱损害赔偿monetarydamages、不当得利的返还restitution、衡平救济及抗辩equitabledamagesanddefense（如强制执行令、解除合同等）等救济方式。

      3. 根据韦伯法律词典，Indemnity指(a)securityagainsthurt,loss,ordamage;(b)exemptionfromincurredpenaltiesorliabilities。

可见，Indemnity其实含有担保及赔偿的双重意义，亦即，一方担保不使他方受有损害，他方若受有损害则由该一方负责赔偿(或补偿)。

常见的indemnity条款可参见本微信公众号其他文章担保赔偿条款样本。

    引申:IndemnityandCompensation区别   WhatisthedifferencebetweenIndemnityandCompensation? Thedifferencebetweenindemnityandcompensationisabitconfusingforthepeopleoutsidethelegalfield.Indemnityandcompensationareperhapsuncommonandunfamiliarforthoseofusnotacquaintedwiththelegalfield.However,forlegalexperts,companiesandthoseinbusiness,theyrepresenttwoconceptsthatfrequentlyarisein contracts andcontractualdisputes.Aglanceatthedictionarydefinitionofbothtermsdoesnothelpinclarifyingthedistinctionbetweenthetwo.Primafacie,weknowthatCompensationreferstosomeformofrelieforrewardgiventoapersonwhentheysufferdamageorloss.Likewise,Indemnityhasbeeninterpretedbysomesourcesasapromiseorundertakingtopayforthecostsofaparticularlossorinjury.Thus,theyrelativelyappeartohavesimilarmeanings.Acarefulexaminationofthetermsinalegalcontextisrequiredtofullyidentifyandunderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwo,indemnityandcompensation.   WhatisIndemnity? Ingeneral,EnglishdictionariesdefinethetermIndemnityasa typeofprotectionorsecurityagainsta liability,lossorfinancialburden.Thisisinadditiontoitsinterpretationasanundertakingorpromisetopayforadamageorloss.Theseinterpretationstendtocreatesomeconfusion.Thegoal,however,istounderstandthelegalconnotationoftheterm.Therefore,fromalegalperspective,Indemnityistraditionallydefinedasanexemptionorexclusionfromaliabilityor penalty incurredbyanotherpersonorcompany.Addtothisdefinition,theaboveinterpretationwhichidentifiesIndemnityasaformofprotectionorsecurityagainstlossordamage.Simplyput,legally,Indemnityisaformofexemptionfromand/orsecurityagainstliability,injury,lossorfinancialburden.Let’sunderstandthisdefinitionthroughanexample.   ABCDesignsentersintoacontractforservicewithXYZMaterialforthesupplyoffabric.Inthecontractoragreement,thereisaclausethatstatesthatABCDesignshasIndemnityorisIndemnifiedfromallliabilities,damages,lossesorpenaltiesincurredbyXYZMaterial.Thus,ABCDesignsisexemptedfromand/orprotectedagainstalllosses,liabilitiesordamagethatmaybeincurredbyXYZMaterial.IfathirdpartyaffectedbyXYZ’sactionswantstoclaimreliefforalossordamage,suchapartycannotclaimrelieffromABCduetotheclause.Thisisknownasan‘IndemnityClause’.   Anindemnityclausecanprotectacompanyfrom aliability   WhatisCompensation? WhileCompensationcanhaveadifferentinterpretationinageneralcontext,inlaw,itistypicallydefinedas aformofreliefgiventoapersonwhosufferedalossorinjury.Itisformallyreferredtoastheactofmakinggoodalossormakingamendsforaninjurysuffered.Thereliefgrantedisapayment.Thus,Compensationistypicallyanawardofamonetarynature.Compensationisgrantedbya court topartieswhohavesufferedaloss,injuryordamageasaresultofanotherperson’swrongfulactions.ApopularexampleofCompensationistheremedyof Damages grantedbyacourtincivilactions.Insimpleterms,DamagesisaformoffinancialCompensationsoughtbyanaggrievedpartyforaparticularlossorinjurytohis/herperson,propertyorrightsasaresultofthewrongfulactofanother.Compensationinlegalactionsistypicallygrantedforlossofearnings,economicloss,propertydamagesandmedicalexpenses.Thepartywhocommittedthewrongisusuallyorderedtoprovidefinancialrelieftotheaggrievedparty.Utilizingtheexamplegivenabove,RSTFashions(anaggrievedthirdparty)cannotclaimCompensationfromABCDesignsforthelosstheysufferedasaresultofXYZ’sactionsduetotheIndemnityClausethatprotectsABCDesigns.   Apersonwhohasgotdamagedgoodscanaskforacompensation   WhatisthedifferencebetweenIndemnityandCompensation? •Indemnityreferstoaformofexemptionfromand/orsecurityagainstcertainlosses,liabilitiesorpenalties. •Compensationisaformofpaymentgiventoaparty,typicallythe plaintiff,fortheloss,injuryordamagehe/shesufferedasaresultofthe defendant’s actions. •CompensationisaformofreliefgiventoaninjuredpartywhileIndemnityisaformofimmunityprotectingapartyfromliabilityorlegalaction. •Thus,anaggrievedpartycannotclaimCompensationfromapartythathasIndemnityorislegallyindemnified.   ADDITIONALMATERIAL Whatisthedifferencebetweenlossanddamages? Whatisthedifferencebetweendamageanddamages? Whatisthedifferencebetweenpunitivedamagesandrestitutiondamamges? Isthereacleardistinctionbetweendestructionanddamage? …… （文章来源：实务法律英语） 发布于2020-07-2009:54:32 一义多词干货近义词辨析赞0添加评论 复制链接 微信扫一扫 分享收藏返回确认创建推荐阅读法律文本中的另一方该如何表示词义辨析|avoid和repeal词义辨析|injury和damage还没有评论评论取消确定