論所謂的「喀什本梵文《法華經》寫卷」 - 佛學數位圖書館

二、喀什寫本的發現、研究與綴合喀什發現的梵文《法華經》紙寫本，目前絕大多數都見藏於聖彼得堡俄羅斯科學院東方學研究所(The Institute of Oriental Studies, ... (µù:¥»¤å¦³¨Ç«X¤å¤å¦r¥Ñ©ó¹q¸£¤£©ö³B²z,·Ð½ÐŪªÌ¦Û¦æ°Ñ¾\­ì®Ñ) ½×©Ò¿×ªº¡u³Ø¤°¥»±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¼g¨÷¡v ·¨´I¾Ç ´°·×¬ã¨s°|§U²z¬ã¨s­û ¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø²Ä¤C´Á1994.07¥Xª© (pp.74-93) 74­¶ ¤@¡B«e¨¥ 19¥@¬ö¥½20¦~¥Nªì¥H¨Ó¡A·sæ¦a°Ï³Ø¤°¡B¤_Âõ¡B®w ¨®¡B¦R¾|µf¬ÛÄ~¥X¤g¤F¬°¼ÆÂ×´Iªº¥Î±ë¡Bº~¡B¤_Âõ¤Î¦^ö¼µ¥ ¤£¦P»y¤å®Ñ¼gªº¡mªkµØ¸g¡n´Ý¨÷¡A(µù1)¨ä¤¤¡A³Ì¥j¦Ñ¡B«O Âó̦n¡B¨÷¶c¤]³Ì§»´IªÌÀ³­º±À³Ø¤°µo²{ªº±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n ¼g¥»¡Cªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A¸Ó¼g¥»¤@ª½¬O°ê»Ú±ë¤å¾Ç¬É©Ò­«µøªº¹ï¶H¡C ¤G¡B³Ø¤°¼g¥»ªºµo²{¡B¬ã¨s»Pºó¦X ³Ø¤°µo²{ªº±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¯È¼g¥»¡A¥Ø«eµ´¤j¦h¼Æ³£¨£ Âéó¸t©¼±o³ù«Xù´µ¬ì¾Ç°|ªF¤è¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò(TheInstitute ofOrientalStudies,AcademyofScience,Russia)¡A¬O 19¥@¬ö90¦~¥N¥Ñ«X°ê¾n³Ø¤°»â¨Æ©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò(N.F. 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McCartney)±N¨ä©Ò¿ò¼Æ¶q¬Û·í¥iÆ[ªº¤@§å±ë»y¡B¦R¤õù»y ¡B¤_Âõ¡Ð¶ë»y¼g¥»´Ý¨÷Âà¥æµ¹«X°ê¬ì¾Ç°|¡C(µù2)¨ä¤¤´N¦³ ¥»¤å©Ò­zªº³Ø¤°¥»±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¼g¨÷¡C1930¦~¡AÀHµÛĬ Áp¬ì¾Ç°|ªF¤è¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò(²{«Xù´µ¬ì¾Ç°|ªF¤è¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò)ªº «Ø¥ß¡A¥]¬A³Ø¤°¼g¥»¦b¤ºªº¤j³¡¤À·sæ¡B´°·×¡B¶Â«°¥X¤g¼g ¥»¤SÅܦ¨¤F¸Ó©Ò¯SÂ䤪º¤@³¡¤À¡C¥Ñ©ó³¡¤À¼g¥»«Y¸g°¨Ä~·~ ¤§¤âÂàÃتº¡A¬G³o³¡¤À¼g¥»¤S³QºÙ§@°¨Ä~·~¼g¨÷(McCarteny Manuscripts)¡C ©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¦¬¶°ªº±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡nµ´¤j³¡¤À½s¸¹¬° SIp5¡A­p¦³¤ñ¸û§¹¾ãªº¦hù¸­281±i(562­±)¡A¨C¸­ªø 56Âç¦Ì¡A°ª17Âç¦Ì¡A¨C­±®Ñ±ë¤å7¦æ¡A¨C¸­¥ª°¼¦U¦³¤@ ª½®|¬ù4Âç¦Ìªº¤p¶ê°é¡A¶ê¤ß¦³¤@¤p¶ê¤Õ¡A¥Î¥H¬ï÷®¹§ô ¡F¬°¤F«O«ù¾A·íªº¦æ¶Z¡A ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù1)Ãö©ó³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡Aµ§ªÌÀÀ¦b¡q±q¥X¤g¤åÄm¬Ý¡mªkµØ¸g¡n ¦b¥j¥N·s檺¶ÇĶ¡r¤@¤å¤¤¥t§@±M­z¡A¦¹¤£ÂØ¡C (µù2)¨£G.M.Bongard-LevinandM.I. Vorobyeva-Desyatovskaya,IndianTextsfrom CentralAsia(CentralAsianCollectionofthe manuscriptfundoftheInstituteofOriental Studies,AcademyofSciences,USSR).Orientalia IosephiTucciMemoriaeDedicataüÍVol.1(¡×Serie OrientaliaRomaLVI,I),ed.byG.Gnoliand L.Lanciotti,Roma,1985,pp.168¡ã169. 75­¶ ¨Ã¨Ï®Ñ¼g¥­ª½¡A¬G¦b®Ñ¼g«e§Y¼Ð¥X¾î¦æ¬É½u¤C±ø¡A¥t¦b ¨âºÝ¦U¼Ð½Ý½u¤@±ø¡C³o¨Ç½u±ø¦Ü¤µ©|²M´·¥i¿ë¡C¥t¦³´Ý¯}ªº ¦hù¸­´Ý¤ù108±i(216­±)¡C³o¨Ç§¡ÄÝ©ó¦P¤@¼g¥»¡A¤] ´N¬O«UºÙªº¡u³Ø¤°¥»±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¡v¡A¾Ç¬É¤S²ßºÙ¤§¬°¡u ¤¤¨È¼g¥»(CentralAsianManuscripts)¡v¡CÁÙ¦³¦¹¼g¥» ¡A¦pSIP62a(´Ý¨÷1±i¡A2­±)¡ASIP90a,b(¦hù¸­1 ±i¡A2­±¡A´Ý¨÷1±i¡A2­±)¡ASIP79(¦hù¸­2±i¡A4 ­±)ºÉºÞ¤]¬O©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¥Ñ³Ø¤°¦¬¶°ªº¡A¤]¦PÄÝ¡mªkµØ ¸g¡n¡A¦ýÄݩ󤣦Pªºª©¥»(«á¸Ô)¡C³o¼Ëªº¼g¥»¤]¦³¦Ê¾l ±i¡C(µù3) ³Ø¤°¥»±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n«O¦s¸û¦n¡A½g´Tªø¡A¼Æ¶q¤j¡A¦r ÂݲM´·¡A«O¯dµÛ²{ª¾³Ì­ì©lªº¡mªkµØ¸g¡n±ë¤å­ì¥»¡A³ôºÙ¤¤ ¨È½Ñ¦a¥X¤g¦UºØ±ë¤å¤åÄm¤¤ªºÂE½g¥¨»s¡A¹ï©ó±ë¤å¡B¦L«×¾Ç ¡B¦è°ì¦ò±Ð¥v½Ñ¤è­±ªº¬ã¨s³£¨ã¦³­«¤j·N¸q¡A¬G¨ä¤@¸g¥X¤g ¡A«Ü§Ö§Y¤Þ°_¤F¾Ç³N¬Éªº¼sªxª`¥Ø¡C´N¦b¸Ó¼g¥»¥Ñ°¨Ä~·~Âà §e¸t©¼±o³ùªº®É­Ô¡A²üÄõ¾ÇªÌH.Kern©M¤é¥»¾ÇªÌ«n±ø¤å ¶¯¥¿¦b¼ç¤ß¾ã²z¬ã¨s¥§ªyº¸µo²{ªº±ë¤å¨©¸­¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¼g¥» (¸Ô«á)¡C·í®É¥L­Ìªº¤u§@¤w±µªñ§ÀÁn¡A¦ý·í¥L­Ì±oª¾³Ø¤° ¼g¥»«á¡A°¨¤W¤£¥¢®É¾÷¦a¹ï¨ä§@¤F¼f¬d¡C¥L­Ì²v¥ý¼¶¤å¹ï¼g ¥»ªº±¡ªp§@¤F¤¶²Ð¡AÁ٥Τ§»P¥§ªyº¸µ¥¼g¥»§@¤F¹ï°É¡B¤¬®Õ ¡C(µù4)¿ò¾Ñªº¬O¡A¥i¯à¥Ñ©ó¤Ó¥^¦£¡A¤G¤ó¥¼¯à»{¯u¦a±N¨ä »P¨ä¥¦¼g¥»§@¤ñ¸û¡A¥u¬OÀH·N¦a¿ï¾Ü¤F¦Û¤v©Ò»Ýªº¤º®e§@¬° ¸}µù¡A¦³®É¬Æ¦Ü®Ú¥»¨S¦³´£¦óºØª©¥»¡F¹ï¤å®Ñªº¤Þ¥Î¤]¨S¦³ ¤°»ò¨t²Î©Ê¡A¥þµM¥¼ÅU»y¨¥¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¬Y¨Ç°ò¥»·Ç«h¡F(µù5) ¦P®É¡A¤G¤ó¹ï¤£¦P¼g¥»ªº¨Ï¥Î¤]¦³¤í§´¤§³B¡A¦U¼g¥»³½¥Ø²V ¯]¡AÂø´|©ó¤@°_¡AÃøÅG¤£¦P¼g¥»¶¡ªº²§¦P»PÀu¦H¡AÅã±o¦³ÂI ¡u«D³½«D¦×¡v¤§·P¡C(µù6)¦³Å²©ó¦¹¡A«á¨Óªº¾ÇªÌ³£¤£Â_¦a ¹ï¦¹¼g¥»¶i¦æ­×­q¡B¸É®Õ¡C¨ä¤¤¤ñ¸û­«­nªº¦³¤é¥»¾ÇªÌ²ý­ì ¶³¨Ó¤Î¤g¥Ð³ÓÀ±ªº®Õ­q¥»¡B(µù7)¦L«× ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù3)G.M.Bongard-LevinandE.N.Tyomkin,Fragment ofanunknownmanuscriptoftheSaddarmarpundarýIüþ 04kafromtheN.F.PetrovskyCollection. Indo-IranianJournalüÍVol.¢À,no.4,1965,p.273, note3. (µù4)H.KernandBunyuNanjio(ed.),Saddharmapundarka (¡×BibliothecaBuddhicaX).st.Petersburg,1908¡ã 1912.®Ñ­ºªþ¦³¤å®Ñ101b¤Î226aªº¨â±i·Ó¤ù¡C (µù5)°Ñ¨£HeinzBechert,TheimportanceofCentral AsianManuscriptFindsforSanskritPhilology. In:V.Raghavan(ed.)Proceedingsofthefirst internationalSanskritConferenceüÌPapersof Sectiontwo,part1,NewDelhi,1975,p.319. (µù6)J.W.deJong,AbriefhistoryofBuddhiststudies inEuropeandAmerica.Delhi,1987,p.60. (µù7)Saddharmapundarka-sutraromanizedandrevised textoftheBibliothecaBuddhicaPublication, byProf.U.WogiharaandC.Tsuchida¥ß¥¿¤j¾Ç¸t »y¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A1934¡ã1935¡C¸Ó®Ñ±N¼g¥»¥þ³¡§@¤Fù°¨ ¦r¥ÀÂà¼g¡C 76­¶ ¾ÇªÌN.Duttªº®Õ­q¥»(µù8)©ML.Vaidyaªº®Õ­q ¥»¡C(µù9)¿ò¾Ñªº¬O¡A³o¨Ç®Õ­q¥»°£Dutt¥»´¿¼x¤Þ¤F N.D.Mironov¹ï¤éÂóؤ°¼g¥»©Ò§@ªº¤@¨ÇÂà¼g¥~¡A¥¦­Ì¹ê »Ú¤W³£¨S¦³´£¨Ñ¤°»ò·sªº¸ê®Æ¡A°ò¥»¤W¨S¦³¶W¥XKern-«n ±ø®Õ­q¥»©Ò¤Þ³Ø¤°¼g¥»¸ê®Æªº½d³ò¡C ³o¤@®É´Á¡A¤ñ¸û­«­nªº¤@¶µ¦¨ªG´N¬O¤é¥»¾ÇªÌ¯u¥Ð¦³¬ü ¤Î²M¥Ð±I¶³¹ï©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò³Ø¤°¼g¥»¤¤¦Û¡m§Ç«~¡n¦Ü²Ä¤Q«~ ¡mªk®v«~¡nªº¬ã¨s¡C¤å¤¤§@ªÌ±Nº~Ķ¤å»P±ë¤å­ì¤å¶i¦æ¹ï·Ó ¡A¨Ã¹ï°É¨ä¥¦±ë¤å¼g¥»¡A´¦¥Ü¤F³Ø¤°¥»ªº¯SÂI¤Î¨ä­«­n»ù­È ¡C(µù10) ·í¦~¡A·í©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò±N¥L¦b³Ø¤°¦¬¶°ªº±ë»y¡B¤_Âõ¢w ¶ë»y¡BÀt¯÷»y(¦R¤õùB)´Ý¨÷±H¦Ü¸t©¼±o³ù®É¡A¶øµn³ù (S.F.Oldenburg)±¶¨¬¥ýÃÞ¡A»F©l¤F¹ï³o¨Ç¤åÄmªº¬ã¨s¡C ¥L±N¤wºÂ§O¥Xªº¸g¨åªþ¥H²­nªºª`ÄÀÂà¼g¡A¥ý«á¦b¡m¬Ó®a«X °ê¦Ò¥j¾Ç·|ªF¤è³¡¬ö­n¡n¤¤´¦¸ü¡A¥t¦³¤@¨Ç©|«Ý¿ëÃѪº´Ý¨÷ ¤]¥Ñ¥Lµoªí¤F¼±¥»¡A¦P®ÉÁÙªþ¦³Âà¼g¡C(µù11) ¶øµn³ù­ì¦³¤@­ÓÃe¤jªº­p¹º¡A·Ç³Æ±N©¼±où¤Ò´µ°òªº©Ò ¦³¦¬¶°«~¥þ³¡¥Zµo¡A¨Ãªþ¥H¬ã¨s©Ê²¨ÃÒ¡BÂà¼g©M½Ķ¡A¥LÁÙ ¥´ºâ´N¤åÄm®ÑÅé¾Ç¥Xª©¤@³¡±Mªùªº¬ã¨sµÛ§@¡C(µù12)¥u¬O ¥Lªº­p¹º¤j¦h³£¥¼Åܦ¨²{¹ê¡A¶Èµoªí¤F´X¥ó¤åÄm¤§«á¡A«K¦] °·±d¡BÂø°È½Ñ­ì¦]¦Ó¥¼¯à±M¤ß½o¤O©ó¥L­p¹º¤¤ªº¹ï©¼±où¤Ò ´µ°ò¦¬¶°«~ªº¥þ­±¬ã¨s¡C¥»¤å©Ò­zªº³Ø¤°¥»¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¥LÁö ª`·N¹L¡A¦ý¥¼§@²Ó½o¬ã¨s¡C(µù13) ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù8)N.Dutt(ed.),SaddharmapundarkasutramwithN. D.Mironov'sReadingsfromCentralAsianMSs. (¡×BibliothecaIndica,CCLXXXVI).Calcutta, 1953. (µù9)P.L.Vaidya(ed.),SaddharmapundarýI04üþkasutra (¡×BuddhistSanskritTexts,No.6).Darbhanga, 1960. (µù10)¯u¥Ð¦³¬ü¡B²M¥Ð±I¶³¡J¡qÇÖÇÄÇéÇÑǵǩ¤@¥»¡r (PetrovskijMSs.)ªkµØ¸g±ë¥»ÇU¬ã¨s¡r¡A¸ü¦è°ì¤å ¤Æ¬ã¨s·|½s¡m¦è°ì¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s¡n²Ä¥|¡J¡m¤¤¥¡Ç|dzÇ| ¥j¥N»y¤åÄm¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡JªkÂÃÀ]¡A1961¡A²Ä119¡ã170 ­¶¤Î¹Ïª©¥|¡B¤­¡C (µù11)(µù:¥»µùÄÀ«X¤å³¡¥÷¬Ù²¤) 1894,T.8¡A¹Ïª©2´T¡Aµoªí¤åÄm3¥ó¡F1899,T.11, C.207¡ã264¡A¹Ïªí2´T¡A¥Z¸ü¤åÄm3¥ó¡F1904, T.15,C.0113¡ã0122¡A¹Ïªí3´T¡A¥Z¸ü¤åÄm5¥ó¡C ¥t¥~¡A¦b¸Ó¥Z1900¡AT.12,C.028-036¤¤¡A¥L¹ï¹L ¥h¤w¥Zªº»®®¦¹p¼g¨÷§@¤Fµû­z¡A¨Ã´£¥X¤F¤µ«áªº­p ¹º¡C (µù12)¨£ª`2¡App.161¡ã162. (µù13)(«X¤å³¡¥÷¬Ù²¤) 77­¶ ¤­¤Q¦~¥Nªì¡A«X¢wĬ¥t¤@¦ì¦L«×¾Ç®a¡BÂþǮa¨Uù¤Ú­C ¤Ò¢w¦N´µ¶®¦«¤Ò´µ°ò(V.S.Vorobyev-Desyatovsky)Ä~©Ó ¤F¶øµn³ù¤óªº¿ò·~¡AÄ~Äò¾ã²z¬ã¨s©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¦¬¶°«~¡C«Ü ¿ò¾Ñ¡A³o¦ì«D±`³Ç¥Xªº¾ÇªÌ¶Èµoªí¤F¨ä¤¤ªº´X¥ó¤å®Ñ´N­^¦~ ¦­³u¤F¡CÀH«á¡Aº]­{¼w¢w¦C¤å(G.M.Bongard-Levin)¡B¦« ©iª÷(E.N.Tyomkin)©M¨Uù¤Ú­C«½¢w¦N´µ¶®¦«¤Ò´µ¥d¶® (M.I.Vorobyeva-Desyatovskaya)¤S±µ¹L¤F³o­Ó¾á¤l¡C¸g ¹L¼Æ¤Q¦~ªº¤£¾Ó§V¤O¡A¥L­Ìµoªí¤F¬Û·í¼Æ¶qªº¤åÄm¡C¹ï³Ø¤° ¥X¤gªº±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n½Ñ¼g¥»¡AµS¨ä¬O¥¼¥Z§O¥»¡mªkµØ¸g¡n ªº¬ã¨s¡A¬O¥L­Ì¬ã¨sªº­«­n½ÒÃD¤§¤@¡A¥ý«áµoªí¤F¤£¤Ö¦³Ãö µÛ§@¡J 1G.M.Bongard-LevinandE.N.Tyomkin,New BuddhisttextsfromCentralAsia.(Paperpersentedto theXXVIIIthInternationalCongressof Orientalists),Moscow,1967,p.3.¤å¤¤¹ï¡u³Ø¤°±ë¤å¡m ªkµØ¸g¡n¡v(SIP5)ªº¤º®e§@¤F²³æªº¤¶²Ð¡C 2G.M.Bongard-LevinandE.N.Tyomkin,Fragment ofUnknownManuscriptsofSaddharmapundarikafromN. F.PetrovskyCollection.Indo-IranianJournalüÍVol. ¢À,no.4,1965,pp.268¡ã274¡F¦P§@ªÌ¡A ¤å¤¤¬ã¨sµoªí¤F¤@¯È½s¸¹¬°SIP62aªº¦hù¸­¡F¦P®É¡A ¬°¸ê¹ï·Ó¡A¥L­Ì¤S²Ó½o¦a¬ã¨s¤FSIP5¤¤ªº¦hù¸­141B©M 142A¡C¦¹¤åªºµoªí¤Þ°_¤F¤H­Ì¹ï©¼±où¤Ò´µ°òÂë~¤¤¥¼¥Z³¡ ¤ÀªºÃöª`¡C¹ï¦¹¤åªº¸ÉÃÒ¥i°Ñ¨£AkiraYuyama, SupplementaryRemarkson"FragmentofanUnknown manuscriptsoftheSaddharmapundarkafromtheN.F. Peterovskycollection"byG.M.Bongard-Levinand E.N.Tyomkin.Indo-IranianJournalVol.¢Á,no.2, 1966,pp.85¡ã112. ­ì®Ñ¥¼±o´J¥Ø¡A¤£¸Ô¨ä¤åÄm¤º®e¡C ¦P§@ªÌTwoNewFragmentsofthe"Saddharmapundanka (Preliminarycommunication).MalalasekaraCommemoration Volume(ed.)byO.H.deA.Wi 78­¶ jesekera,Colombo,1976,pp.36¡ã37.¬ã¨s¤F©¼±où ¤Ò´µ°ò¦¬¶°«~¤¤½s¸¹¬°SIP90a,bªº¤@±i¦hù¸­©M¤@±i´Ý¤ù¡C ¬ã¨s¤F½s¸¹¬°SIP79ªº¨â±i¦hù¸­(4­±)¡C ±q¥Ø«e¨£¥Zªº©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¦¬¶°«~¬Ý¡A¥L¦b³Ø¤°¦¬¶°ªº ±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¼g¥»¦³µÛ¦hºØª©¥»¡A³o¹ï©ó§Ú­Ì»{ÃѤj­¼¦ò ±Ð¤Î±ë¤å¦b¥j¥N·s檺¬y§G±¡ªp¦³µÛ¤Q¤À­«­nªº·N¸q¡C¥t¤@ ¤è­±¡A©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¬O³°Äò±q°Ó¤H¤â¤¤Áʱoªº¡A¬G¨S¦³¡A¹ê »Ú¤W¤]«ÜÃø±N³o¤@¼g¥»ªº©Ò¦³´Ý¨÷¦¬¶°»ô¥þ¡A©Ò¥H¡A¦P¤@¼g ¥»ªº³¡¤À¤º®e¤S¥i¨£©ó¨ä¥¦¦U¤£¬Û¦Pªº¦¬¶°«~¤¤¡J 1.¤j¨¦¦¬¶°«~ 1903¡ã1906¦~¡A¤é¥»¦è¥»Ä@¦x¤j¨¦±´¹î¶¤ªº¾ï·ç¶W ©ó·sæ¬Y¦a¦¬¶°¨ì®ÑªkÀu¬üªºÓD¦hª½Åé(Calligraphic UprightGuptaScript)¡A±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¯È¼g¥»7±i¡C¾Ç ªÌ­Ì¬ã¨sªí©ú¡A°£²Ä7±i(½s¸¹¬°OtMS.D.No.33)¥~ ¡A¨ä¾l6±i(½s¸¹¬°OtMS.D.No.32)ºÉºÞ¤Q¤À´Ý¯}¡A ¤º®eµLªkÖ`Ū¡A¦ý±q¦rÅé¡B¯È±i½Ñ¦]¯À¡A§¡¥i½T©w·í¬°©¼±o ù¤Ò¦¬¶°«~ªº´²¥¢³¡¤À¡C³o7±i¼g¥»²{Âéó®È¶¶³Õª«À]( ­ìÃöªFÆU³Õª«À])¡C¥ý«á¨£¥Z©ó¡J (1)N.D.Mironov,AListoffragmentsofBrahmi MSs.belongingtoCountOhtani.Shanghai,1923. (2)N.D.Mironov,BuddhistMiscellanea.Journalof theRoyalAsiaticSocietyApril1927, pp.252¡ã279. 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Bailey,KhotaneseSakaLiterature.In:E. Yarshater(ed.)TheCambridgeHistoryofIranian Vol.3(2),CambridgeUniversityPress,1983, pp.1230¡ã1243. (µù31)¶À¤å´]¡m¶ð¨½¤ì¬Ö¦a¦Ò¥j°O¡n(¡×¡m¤¤°ê¥Ð³¥¦Ò¥j ³ø§i¶°¡n¦Ò¥j¾Ç±M¥Z¤BºØ²Ä¤T¸¹)¡A¥_¨Ê¡J¬ì¾Ç¥X ª©ªÀ¡A1958¦~¡A²Ä59¡ã61­¶¡C¦«©M¨F¿à¥j¹Ó¥X¤gªº ¥|¸­±CùÁ¼¦r´Ý¨÷¨£¥Z©ó¥»®Ñ¹Ïª©¬m°Ñ¡ã¬m¸v¡A¹Ï 6(1¡ã4)¡A¶À¤ó­ì­q¬°Ê]¨F»y¤å¡A«á§ï­q¬°Àt¯÷»y ¡C(¨£¸Ó®Ñ²Ä97­¶)³q¹L¹ï¤å¦rªº¤ñ¸û¡Aµ²¦X´µ©Z ¦]¡B§B§Æ©M¡B¦ë§Ê´°(E.Huntington)¤óªºµo²{¡Aµ§ ªÌ»{¬°³o¥|¸­´Ý¨÷¹ê»Ú¤WÀ³¬°¯ó¼gªº±CùÁ¼¦r¤_Âõ ¢w¶ë»y¡C®É¥N©Î¦p¶À¤ó©Ò¨¥¡A¬°7¥@¬ö¥ª¥k¿òª«¡C (µù32)¦è¤è¾ÇªÌ¦h»{¬°³o¨Ç¿ò§}ÄÝ¥|¡B¤­¥@¬ö¥ª¥k¡A¨£ R.E.Emmerick,BuddhismamongIranianPeople. In:E.Yarshater(ed.),TheCambridgeHistory ofIranianüÍVol.3(2),CambridgeUniversity Press,1983,p.963¡C¦ý¦]µL½T¤Á¤å¦rÃÒ¾Ú¡A©|Ãø ¨ú«H¡C (µù33)¤@¯ë»{¬°¡A¤_Âõ¢w¶ë»y¤åÄm§¡¦b500¡ã1000¦~ ¤§¶¡¡A¨£ª`30Bailey¤å¡Ap.1241¡F©u¸rªLµ¥®Õ µù¡m¤j­ð¦è°ì°O®Õµù¡n(¤¤¥~¥æ³q¥vÄyÂO¥Z)¡A¥_ ¨Ê¡J¤¤µØ®Ñ§½¡A²Ä997­¶¡C®¿«Â¾ÇªÌStenKonow »{¬°¹Ï¤ìµÎ§J¥X¤gªº©Ò¿×¤_Âõ¢w¶ë»y¤åÄm(Sten KonowºÙ¤§¬°"¹Ï¤ìµÎ§J¢w¶ë»y¤åÄm")À³Äݤ½ ¤å7¡ã8¥@¬öªº¿òª«¡C¨£¨ä©ÒµÛ¡JTheLate ProfessorLeumann¡¦sEditionofaNewSaka Text.¢º.in:NorskTidsskriftfor SprogvidenskapBd.XI,1939,p.11. 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(µù48)H.Luders,MiscellaneousFragments.¨£ª`17®Ñ¡A p.140;cf.GeorgBuhler,IndischePalaographie voncirca350AChrcircapchStrassburg,1896, Tabelle¢¼,14¡B17¡B21¡B26¡B27¡B37. (µù49)¥»ªíªº½s»s¡A¥D­n°Ñ¦Ò¤Fª`48´¦G.Buhler®Ñ¡F ª`23´¦LokeshChandra®Ñ¡FA.F.RudolfHoernle, TheBowerManuscriptFacsimileleaves,Nagari transcript,romanisedtranscriptionwithnotes. ¢¹¡ã¢»,Calcutta,1893¡ã1912;A.H.Dani, IndianPalaeographyOxford,1963¤ÎC. SivaramamurtiandKrishnaDeva,IndianScripts andLanguagesinAsianCountries.in:Lokesh Chandraetc.(ed.),IndiasContributiontoWorld ThoughtandCulture(VivekanandaMemorialRock Volume)Madras,1970,pp.203¡ã214. 91­¶ (µù:­ìªí½ÆÂø¤£©öªí²{©ó¹q¸£¤W,½Ð°Ñ¾\­ì®Ñ) 92­¶ ³Ì«á¡A§Ú±Nµ²¦Xº~Ķ¡mªkµØ¸g¡nªº±¡ªp¨Ó±´°Q³Ø¤°¼g¥» ªºª©¥»¾Ç»ù­È¡C¸Ó¸gªºº~Ķ¡A¾Ú¥v®Æ°O¸ü¡A¦@¦³¤K¦¸¡A¥¦­Ì ¬O¡J 1.§d¡D¤äÁ¾¡m¦ò¥H¤T¨®³ê¸g¡n¤@¨÷¡AĶ©ó223¦~¡A¤w§H¡C 2.§d¡D¤äæ±ç±µ¡mªkµØ¤T¬N¸g¡n¤»¨÷¡AĶ©ó255¦~¡A¤w§H¡C 3.¦è®Ê¡D§H¦W¤ó(¤]¦³¤H»{¬°Ä¶ªÌ¬OªÇªkì¡A¦sºÃ)¡mÂÄ ¾èªâªû§Q¸g¡n¤»¨÷¡AĶ©ó270¦~¡A¤w§H¡C 4.¦è®Ê¡DªÇªkÅ@¡m¥¿ªkµØ¸g¡n¤Q¤K¨÷¤Ü¤K«~¡A286¦~Ķ ¥X¡A²{¦s¡C 5.ªF®Ê¡D¤ä¹D®Ú¡m¤èµ¥ªkµØ¸g¡n¤­¨÷¡AĶ©ó335¦~¡A¤w §H¡C 6.ªF®Ê¡D§H¦W¤ó¡mÂľèªâªû§Q¸g¡n¤@¨÷¡AĶ©ó335¦~¡A ²{¦s¡A¦ý¥¼®m¤u¡C 7.«À¯³¡D¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¡m§®ªk½¬µØ¸g¡n¤C¨÷(©Î¤K¨÷)¤Ü¤K«~¡A 406¦~Ķ¥X¡A²{¦s¡C 8.¶¦¡DìG¨º±U¦h¦@ÓD¦h¡m²K«~§®ªk½¬µØ¸g¡n¤C¨÷¤Ü¤C«~¡A 601¦~Ķ¥X¡A²{¦s¡C ¦¹¥~ÁÙ¦³³\¦h¸`Ķ¥»¡C(µù50) ±N²{¦sªº¤T­Ó§¹¾ãĶ¥»¥[¥H¹ï·Ó¡A¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡ªº¤¬²§¤§³B ¬O¤£¤Öªº¡C³Ì©úÅ㪺¬O¥¦­Ìªº«~¦¸®t²§¤£¤Ö¡A¨£¤Uªí¡J ¥§ªyº¸±ë¥»³Ø¤°±ë¥»ªkÅ@¥»Ã¹¤°¥»ìG¨º¥» ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w §Ç«~11111 ¤è«K«~22222 Ä´³ë«~33333 «H¸Ñ«~44444 Ãįó³ë«~55555 ±Â°O«~66666 ¤Æ«°³ë«~77777 ¨ü°O«~88888 ±Â¾ÇµL¾Ç¤H«~99999 ªk®v«~1010101010 ¨£Ä_¶ð«~¡B1111¡B1211¡B1211¡B1211 ´£±C¹F¦h«~ ÄU«ù«~1213131312 ¦w¼Ö¦æ«~1314141413 ±q¦aä\¥X«~1415151514 ¦p¨Ó¹Ø¶q«~1516161615 ¤À§O¥\¼w«~1617171716 ÀH³ß¥\¼w«~1718181817 ªk®v¥\¼w«~1819191918 ±`¤£»´µÐÂÄ«~1920202019 ¦p¨Ó¯«¤O«~2021212120 ªûù¥§«~2122252621 ÃĤýµÐÂÄ¥»¨Æ«~2223222322 §®­µµÐÂÄ«~2324232423 ´¶ªù«~2425242524 §®²øÄY¤ý¥»¨Æ«~2526262725 ´¶½åµÐÂÄÄUµo«~2627272826 Åñ²Ö«~2728282227 93­¶ ±qªí¤¤¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A²{¦sªº¤T­Óº~Ķ¥»¨Ì¾Úªº·í¬°¤£¦Pªº ­ì¥»¡C¶È¦³ìG¨º¥»»P¥§ªyº¸±ë¥»«~¦¸§¹¥þ¤@­P¡A»¡©ú¥¦©Ò¨Ì ¾Úªº¥»¤l»P²{¶Ç¥§ªyº¸¥»(¥]¬A°òº¸°ò¯S¥»)¦PÄݤ@­Ó«Y ²Î¡A¤ð±eÂب¥¡C³oùاڭ̭«ÂI¤ñ¸û¤@¤UªkÅ@¥»»Pù¤°¥»¦b¤º ®e¤Wªº®t²§¡C¡m¥¿ªkµØ¡n²Ä5«~¡qÃįó³ë«~¡r«á¥b³¡Á¿¨ì µÐÂĭצ檺Âk±J¬O¡u¦¨´N¥­µ¥ªk¨­¡v¡Aù¤°¥»¯Ê²¤¡FªkÅ@¥» ²Ä8«~¡q¤­¦Ê§Ì¤l±Â°O«~¡r¤Î²Ä10«~¡qªk®v«~¡r¤¤ªº¶} ­º³¡¤À¤º®e¡A¦bù¤°Ä¶¥»¤¤¤]¥I¤§Âö¦p¡F¥t¥~¡Aù¤°¥»¤ñªk Å@¥»¯Ê¤Öªº¤º®eÁÙ¦³²Ä12«~¡q´£±C¹F¦h«~¡r³Ì«áªºÔU¹|¡C »P±ë¥»¬Û¸û¡Aù¤°¥»©MªkÅ@¥»³£¯Ê¤Ö¡qÆ[¥@­µµÐÂÄ´¶ªù«~¡r ³Ì«áªºÔU¹|¡C¥[¤W«~¦¸ªº®t²§¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥HªÖ©w¡A¤GĶ¥»©Ò¾Ú ªº©³¥»¬O¤£¦Pªº¡C§Ú­Ì±q¤Wªí¤¤¬Ý¡A¬Û¹ï©ó¥§ªyº¸¥»¦Ó¨¥¡A ªkÅ@¥»»Pù¤°¥»¦b«~¦¸¤W³£»P³Ø¤°¥»¬Ûªñ¡CµS¨ä¬OªkÅ@¥»¡A °£²Ä22¡ã25«~»P³Ø¤°¥»²¤¦³®t²§¥~¡A¨ä¾l³¡¤À«h´XµL¤G ½o¡Aµ²¦X¨ä¤º®e¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»{¬°ªkÅ@©Ò¨Ì©³¥»»P³Ø¤°¼g¥»ÄÝ ©ó¦P¤@©Î¬ÛªñªºÅé«Y¡Aù¤°¼g¥»«hÄÝ©ó¥t¥~ªº¥¼ª¾Åé«Y¡C( µù51)¦Ò¼{·í®ÉªºÄ¶¸gªÌ¤@¯ë³£¿ï¨ú¸û·sªº¥Ñªk·|½T»{ªº¥» ¤l°µ©³¥»¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»{¬°Ã¹¤°ªº©³¥»À³§Î¦¨©óªkÅ@¤§«áªº¤½ ¤¸²Ä4¥@¬ö¥ª¥k¡A¦ÓªkÅ@©³¥»ÄÝ©ó¦P¤@Åé«Yªº³Ø¤°¼g¥»´N¥N ªíµÛ²{¦sªº³Ì­ì©lªº¡mªkµØ¸g¡n±ë¤å­ì¥»¡C(µù52)¡u³Ø¤°¥» ±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¼g¥»¡vªºµo²{¡A¬°§Ú­Ì¬ã¨s¤j­¼¦ò±Ð´£¨Ñ¤F ³Ì­ì©l¡B³Ì¦³»ù­Èªº¸ê®Æ¡A­È±o°ê¤º¾Ç¬É­«µø¡C ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù50)°Ñ¨£«n±ø¤å¶¯¡D¬uªÚ¿[¡m±ëº~¹ï·Ó·sĶªkµØ¸g¡n¡A ¨Ê³£¡A1913¦~¡A²Ä6¡ã7­¶¡F©u¸rªL¡m½×±ë¥»§® ªk½¬µØ¸g¡n¡A¡m¦L«×¥j¥N»y¨¥½×¶°¡n¡A¥_¨Ê¡A1982 ¦~¡A²Ä392¡ã393­¶¡C (µù51)¡m²K«~§®ªk½¬µØ¸g¡n§Ç¨¥°O¸ü»¡¡J¡u¦ÒÅç¤GĶ¡A©w «D¤@¥»¡AÅ@¥H¦hù¤§¸­¡A¤°¥HÀt¯÷¤§¤å¡C§E¾ß¸gÂà ¡A³Æ¨£¤G¥»¡C¡v¥Ñ¬O¥iª¾Ã¹¤°¥»¤£¬O¥Ñ±ë¤å¡A¦Ó¬O ¥ÑÀt¯÷¤åÂàĶ¹L¨Óªº¡C (µù52)¾Ç¬É¤@¯ë»{¬°¡A¡mªkµØ¸g¡n·í§Î¦¨©ó¤½¤¸¤@¥@¬ö¥ª ¥k¡A§Y¤j­¼¦ò±Ð²£¥Íªºªì´Á¡C¨£M.Winternitz,A HistoryofIndianLiteraturetrans.byV. SrinivasaSarma,Vol.¢º,Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass,1988,p.291¡ã292¡Fª`9´¦Vaidya ®Ñ¡Aintroduction,p.x.¡C¤]¦³¤H»{¬°¡A¥¦ªº³Ì«á §¹¦¨À³¦b¤½¤¸¤@¥@¬ö¥½©Î¤G¥@¬öªºªì´Á¡C¨£·~ÅSµØ ¡qÃö©ó¡uªkµØ¸g¡vªº´X­Ó°ÝÃD¡r¡A¸ü¡m«n¨È¬ã¨s¡n ½s¿è³¡½s¡m¦L«×©v±Ð»P¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð¡n¡A¥_¨Ê¡J¤¤°êªÀ ·|¬ì¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1988¦~¡A²Ä97­¶¡C ÃöÁäµü¡J1.³Ø¤°¥»±ë¤å¡mªkµØ¸g¡n2.©¼±où¤Ò´µ°ò¼g¥» 3.¥§ªyº¸¼g¥»4.°òº¸°ò¯S¼g¥»5.¤j­¼¦ò±Ð