In cognitive psychology, the Eriksen flanker task is a set of response inhibition tests used to assess the ability to suppress responses that are ...
Eriksenflankertask
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Incognitivepsychology,theEriksenflankertaskisasetofresponseinhibitiontestsusedtoassesstheabilitytosuppressresponsesthatareinappropriateinaparticularcontext.Thetargetisflankedbynon-targetstimuliwhichcorrespondeithertothesamedirectionalresponseasthetarget(congruentflankers),totheoppositeresponse(incongruentflankers),ortoneither(neutralflankers).ThetaskisnamedforAmericanpsychologistsBarbara.A.Eriksen&CharlesW.Eriksen,whofirstpublishedthetaskin1974,andfortheflankerstimulithatsurroundthetarget.[1]Inthetests,adirectionalresponse(usuallyleftorright)isassignedtoacentraltargetstimulus.Variousformsofthetaskareusedtomeasureinformationprocessingandselectiveattention.[1]
Contents
1Procedureandmethod
2Neurologicalbasis
3Experimentalfindings
3.1Effectsonperformance
3.2Effectofsequentialtesting
4Similarconflicttasks
5Seealso
6References
7Externallinks
Procedureandmethod[edit]
InanEriksenFlankerTasktherearethreetypesofstimuliused:
Incongruent,congruent,andneutralstimulirepresentedbyarrows.ThisiswhataparticipantmayseeinastandardEriksenFlankerTask
Congruentstimulus-Flankerscallforthesameresponseasthetarget,andmayappearidentical.[2]Alsoreferredtoasthecompatiblecondition.
Incongruentstimulus-Flankeritemscallfortheoppositeresponseofthetargetandarerepresentedbydifferentsymbols.[2]Alsoreferredtoastheincompatiblecondition.
Neutralstimulus-Flankeritemsneithercallforthesameresponsenorevokeresponseconflict.[3]
IntheoriginaltestdescribedbyEriksenandEriksenin1974,letterstimuliwereused.Subjectswereinstructedtomakedirectionalresponsestocertainletters,forexamplearightresponsecouldbeassociatedtothelettersHandK,andaleftresponsetoSandC.Eachstimulusconsistedofasetofsevenletters,withthetargetstimulusplacedinthecentralposition.ExamplesofcongruentstimuliwouldbeHHHKHHHandCCCSCCC,whereboththetargetstimulusandtheflankerscorrespondtothesamedirectionalresponse.ExamplesofincongruentstimulicouldbeHHHSHHHandCCCHCCC,wherethecentraltargetletterandtheflankerscorrespondtooppositedirectionalresponses.Choicereactiontimes(CRTsorRTs)werethenrecordedandcomparedbetweencongruentandincongruentconditions.[1]
OthervariantsoftheEriksenFlankerTaskhaveusednumbers,[4]colorpatches,[5]orarrowsasstimuli.Also,althoughmostEriksenFlankerTasksshowtheflankersontheleftandrightofthetarget,theycanalsobeplacedaboveorbelowthetarget,orinotherspatialorientations.Theseexamplesalluseanarbitrarymappingbetweenthestimulusandtheresponse.Anotherpossibilityistouseanaturalmapping,witharrowsasstimuli.Forexample,Koppetal.(1994)[6]usedleftandrightarrows,withflankerstimuliaboveandbelowthetarget.Theflankerscouldbearrowspointinginthesamedirectionasthetarget(congruent)theoppositedirection(incongruent)orsquares(neutral).Morecommonly,flankershavebeenarrangedinahorizontalarray,aswithletterstimuli,so<<<<<3.3.co;2-t.
^Rafal,R.;Gershberg,F.;Egly,R.;Ivry,R.;Kingstone,A.&Ro,T.(1996)."Responsechannelactivationandthelateralprefrontalcortex".Neuropsychologia.34(12):1197–1202.doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00045-0.PMID 8951831.S2CID 14335574.
^Kopp,B.;Mattler,U.&Rist,F.(1994)."Selectiveattentionandresponsecompetitioninschizophrenicpatients".PsychiatryResearch.53(2):129–139.doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90104-x.PMID 7824673.S2CID 2744796.
^Ridderinkhof,K.R.;Band,G.P.&Logan,D.(1999)."Astudyofadaptivebehavior:effectsofageandirrelevantinformationontheabilitytoinhibitone'sactions".ActaPsychologica.101(2–3):315–337.doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00010-4.
^abcdDavelaar,EddyJ.(2013)."WhentheIgnoredGetsBound:SequentialEffectsintheFlankerTask".FrontiersinPsychology.3:552.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00552.PMC 3534361.PMID 23293616.
^Eriksen,C.W.;Spencer,T.(1969)."Rateofinformationprocessinginvisualperception:Someresultsandmethodologicalconsiderations".JournalofExperimentalPsychology.79(2):Supplement1–16.doi:10.1037/h0026873.PMID 5779623.
^Eriksen,C.W.;Schultz,D.W.(1979)."Informationprocessinginvisualsearch:Acontinuousflowconceptionandexperimentalresults".Perception&Psychophysics.25(4):249–263.doi:10.3758/bf03198804.PMID 461085.S2CID 11801785.
^Heil,M.;Osman,A.;Wiegalman,J.;Rolke,B.&Hennighausen,E.(2000)."N200intheEriksen-Task:InhibitoryExecutiveProcesses?".JournalofPsychophysiology.14(4):218–225.doi:10.1027//0269-8803.14.4.218.
^Ullsperger,M.;vonCramon,D.Y.(2001)."Subprocessesofperformancemonitoring:adissociationoferrorprocessingandresponsecompetitionrevealedbyevent-relatedfMRIandERPs".NeuroImage.14(6):1387–1401.doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0935.PMID 11707094.S2CID 45998125.
^Ramaekers,J.G.;Uiterwijk,M.M.C.&O'Hanlon,J.F.(1992)."Effectsofloratadineandcetirizineonactualdrivingandpsychometrictestperformance,andEEGduringdriving".EuropeanJournalofClinicalPharmacology.42(4):363–369.doi:10.1007/BF00280119(inactive31October2021).PMID 1355427.CS1maint:DOIinactiveasofOctober2021(link)
^Tiplady,B.;Degia,A.&Dixon,P.(2005)."Assessmentofdriverimpairment:Evaluationofatwo-choicetesterusingethanol".TransportationResearchPartF:TrafficPsychologyandBehaviour.8(4–5):299–310.doi:10.1016/j.trf.2005.04.013.
^Jones,S.H.;Helmsley,D.R.&Gray,J.A.(1991)."Contextualeffectsonchoicereactiontimeandaccuracyinacuteandchronicschizophrenics.Impairmentinselectiveattentionorintheinfluenceofpriorlearning?".BritishJournalofPsychiatry.159(3):415–421.doi:10.1192/bjp.159.3.415.PMID 1958953.
^Wylie,S.A.;vandenWildenberg,W.P.M.;Ridderinkhof,K.R.;Bashore,T.R.;Powell,V.D.;Manning,C.A.&Wooten,G.F.(2009)."Theeffectofspeed-accuracystrategyonresponseinterferencecontrolinParkinson'sdisease".Neuropsychologia.47(8–9):1844–1853.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.025.PMC 4524649.PMID 19428416.
^Davrance,Karen;Hall,Ben;McMorris,Terry(Oct2009)."Effectofacuteexerciseoncognitivecontrolrequiredduringaneriksenflankertask".JournalofSport&ExercisePsychology.31(5):628–639.doi:10.1123/jsep.31.5.628.PMID 20016112.
^VanderVeen,F.M.;Evers,Mies;Vuurman,Jolles(Oct2010)."AcutetryptophandepletionselectivelyattenuatescardiacslowinginanEriksenflankertask".JournalofPsychopharmacology.24(10):1455–1463.doi:10.1177/0269881109103801.PMID 19304860.S2CID 24185803.
^abDavelaar,EddyJ.;JenniferStevens(Feb2009)."Sequentialdependenciesintheeriksenflankertask:Adirectcomparisonoftwocompetingaccounts".PsychonomicBulletin&Review.16(1):121–126.doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.121.PMID 19145021.S2CID 42912776.
^Purmann,Sascha;StephanieBadd;Luna-RodriguezAquiles;MikeWendt(Jun2010)."Adaptationtofrequentconflictintheeriksenflankertask:AnERPstudy".JournalofPsychophysiology.25(2):50–59.doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000041.
^Wendt,M;Luna-Rodriguez,A(2009)."Conflict-frequencyaffectsflankerinterference:roleofstimulus-ensemble-specificpracticeandflanker-responsecontingencies".ExperimentalPsychology.56(3):206–17.doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.3.206.PMID 19289363.
^Nieuwenhuis,S;Stins,JF;Posthuma,D;Polderman,TJ;Boomsma,DI;deGeus,EJ(September2006)."Accountingforsequentialtrialeffectsintheflankertask:conflictadaptationorassociativepriming?".Memory&Cognition.34(6):1260–72.doi:10.3758/bf03193270.PMID 17225507.S2CID 37582024.
^Schmidt,JR;DeHouwer,J(September2011)."Nowyouseeit,nowyoudon't:controllingforcontingenciesandstimulusrepetitionseliminatestheGrattoneffect".ActaPsychologica(Submittedmanuscript).138(1):176–86.doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.06.002.hdl:1854/LU-1968481.PMID 21745649.
^Larson,MichaelJ.;Clayson,PeterE.;Clawson,Ann(2014-09-01)."Makingsenseofalltheconflict:Atheoreticalreviewandcritiqueofconflict-relatedERPs".InternationalJournalofPsychophysiology.93(3):283–297.doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.007.ISSN 0167-8760.PMID 24950132.
^Clayson,PeterE.;Larson,MichaelJ.(2011-06-01)."Conflictadaptationandsequentialtrialeffects:Supportfortheconflictmonitoringtheory".Neuropsychologia.49(7):1953–1961.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.023.ISSN 0028-3932.PMID 21435347.S2CID 22832604.
Externallinks[edit]
Anonlineversionofthetest
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