Worm - Wikipedia

Invertebrate animals commonly called "worms" include annelids (earthworms and marine polychaete or bristle worms), nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminthes ( ... Worm FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Animalthattypicallyhasalongtube-likebody,nolimbs,andnoeyes Forotheruses,seeWorm(disambiguation). Lumbricusterrestris,anearthworm WhitetentaclesofEupolymniacrasscornis,aspaghettiworm Wormsaremanydifferentdistantlyrelatedbilateralanimalsthattypicallyhavealongcylindricaltube-likebody,nolimbs,andnoeyes(notalways). Wormsvaryinsizefrommicroscopictoover1metre(3.3 ft)inlengthformarinepolychaeteworms(bristleworms);[1]6.7metres(22 ft)fortheAfricangiantearthworm,Microchaetusrappi;[2]and58metres(190 ft)forthemarinenemerteanworm(bootlaceworm),Lineuslongissimus.[3]Varioustypesofwormoccupyasmallvarietyofparasiticniches,livinginsidethebodiesofotheranimals.Free-livingwormspeciesdonotliveonlandbutinsteadliveinmarineorfreshwaterenvironmentsorundergroundbyburrowing. Inbiology,"worm"referstoanobsoletetaxon,vermes,usedbyCarolusLinnaeusandJean-BaptisteLamarckforallnon-arthropodinvertebrateanimals,nowseentobeparaphyletic.ThenamestemsfromtheOldEnglishwordwyrm.Mostanimalscalled"worms"areinvertebrates,butthetermisalsousedfortheamphibiancaeciliansandtheslowwormAnguis,aleglessburrowinglizard.Invertebrateanimalscommonlycalled"worms"includeannelids(earthwormsandmarinepolychaeteorbristleworms),nematodes(roundworms),platyhelminthes(flatworms),marinenemerteanworms("bootlaceworms"),marineChaetognatha(arrowworms),priapulidworms,andinsectlarvaesuchasgrubsandmaggots. Wormsmayalsobecalledhelminths—particularlyinmedicalterminology—whenreferringtoparasiticworms,especiallytheNematoda(roundworms)andCestoda(tapeworms)whichresideintheintestinesoftheirhost.Whenananimalorhumanissaidto"haveworms",itmeansthatitisinfestedwithparasiticworms,typicallyroundwormsortapeworms.Lungwormisalsoacommonparasiticwormfoundinvariousanimalspeciessuchasfishandcats. Contents 1History 2Informalgrouping 3Societyandculture 4Seealso 5Notes 6References History Furtherinformation:VermesandAnimal§ Historyofclassification Paragordiustricuspidatus,anematomorphan Pseudocerosdimidiatus,aflatworm Intaxonomy,"worm"referstoanobsoletegrouping,Vermes,usedbyCarlLinnaeusandJean-BaptisteLamarckforallnon-arthropodinvertebrateanimals,nowseentobepolyphyletic.In1758,LinnaeuscreatedthefirsthierarchicalclassificationinhisSystemaNaturae.[4]Inhisoriginalscheme,theanimalswereoneofthreekingdoms,dividedintotheclassesofVermes,Insecta,Pisces,Amphibia,Aves,andMammalia.Sincethenthelastfourhaveallbeensubsumedintoasinglephylum,theChordata,whilehisInsecta(whichincludedthecrustaceansandarachnids)andVermeshavebeenrenamedorbrokenup.Theprocesswasbegunin1793byLamarck,whocalledtheVermesuneespècedechaos(asortofchaos)[a]andsplitthegroupintothreenewphyla,worms,echinoderms,andpolyps(whichcontainedcoralsandjellyfish).By1809,inhisPhilosophieZoologique,Lamarckhadcreated9phylaapartfromvertebrates(wherehestillhad4phyla:mammals,birds,reptiles,andfish)andmolluscs,namelycirripedes,annelids,crustaceans,arachnids,insects,worms,radiates,polyps,andinfusorians.[6]Chordatesareremarkablywormlikebyancestry.[7] Informalgrouping Inthe13thcentury,wormswererecognizedinEuropeaspartofthecategoryofreptilesthatconsistedofamiscellanyofegg-layingcreatures,including"snakes,variousfantasticmonsters,lizards,assortedamphibians,"asrecordedbyVincentofBeauvaisinhisMirrorofNature.[8]Ineverydaylanguage,thetermwormisalsoappliedtovariousotherlivingformssuchaslarvae,insects,millipedes,centipedes,shipworms(teredoworms),orevensomevertebrates(creatureswithabackbone)suchasblindwormsandcaecilians.Wormsincludeseveralgroups. ThefirstgroupPlatyhelminthesincludestheflatworms,tapeworms,andflukes.Theyhaveaflat,ribbon-orleaf-shapedbodywithapairofeyesatthefront.Someareparasites. Thesecondgroupcontainsthethreadworms,roundworms,andhookworms.ThisphylumiscalledNematoda.Threadwormsmaybemicroscopic,suchasthevinegareelworm,ormorethan1-metre(3 feet)long.Theyarefoundindampearth,moss,decayingsubstances,freshwater,orsaltwater.Someroundwormsarealsoparasites:theGuineaworm,forexample,getsundertheskinofthefeetandlegsofpeoplelivingintropicalcountries. Thethirdgroupconsistsofthesegmentedworms,withbodiesdividedintosegmentsorrings.ThisphylumiscalledAnnelida.Amongthesewormsaretheearthwormsandthebristlewormsofthesea. Familiarwormsincludetheearthworms,membersofphylumAnnelida.Otherinvertebrategroupsmaybecalledworms,especiallycolloquially.Inparticular,manyunrelatedinsectlarvaearecalled"worms",suchastherailroadworm,woodworm,glowworm,bloodworm,inchworm,mealworm,silkworm,andwoollybearworm. Wormsmayalsobecalledhelminths,particularlyinmedicalterminologywhenreferringtoparasiticworms,especiallytheNematoda(roundworms)andCestoda(tapeworms).Hence,"helminthology"isthestudyofparasiticworms.Whenahumanorananimal,suchasadogorhorse,issaidto"haveworms",itmeansthatitisinfestedwithparasiticworms,typicallyroundwormsortapeworms.Dewormingisamethodtokilloffthewormsthathaveinfectedahumanoranimalbygivinganthelminticdrugs. "Ringworm"isnotawormatall,butaskinfungus. Societyandculture Seealso:ListoffictionalwormsandFictionaldepictionsofworms WormHotel WyrmwastheOldEnglishtermforcarnivorousreptiles("serpents")andmythicaldragons."Worm"hasalsobeenusedasapejorativeepithettodescribeacowardly,weakorpitiableperson. Wormscanalsobefarmedfortheproductionofnutrient-richvermicompost. Seealso Seaworm,listsvarioustypesofmarineworms Wormcast Wormcharming Notes ^Theprefixuneespècedeispejorative.[5] References ^"Cornwall–Nature–SuperstarWorm".BBC.7April2009. ^"WormDigest-TheMightyWorm".2October2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19February2009.; ^Carwardine,Mark(1995).TheGuinnessbookofanimalrecords.Enfield:GuinnessPublishing.p. 232.ISBN 978-0851126586. ^Linnaeus,Carl(1758).Systemanaturaeperregnatrianaturae:secundumclasses,ordines,genera,species,cumcharacteribus,differentiis,synonymis,locis(inLatin)(10th ed.).Holmiae(LaurentiiSalvii).Archivedfromtheoriginalon10October2008.Retrieved22September2008. ^"Espècede".ReversoDictionnaire.Retrieved1March2018. ^Gould,StephenJay(2011).TheLyingStonesofMarrakech.HarvardUniversityPress.pp. 130–134.ISBN 978-0-674-06167-5. ^Brown,FedericoD.;Prendergast,Andrew;Swalla,BillieJ.(2008)."Manisbutaworm:Chordateorigins".Genesis.46(11):605–613.doi:10.1002/dvg.20471.PMID 19003926. ^Franklin-Brown,Mary(2012).Readingtheworld:encyclopedicwritinginthescholasticage.ChicagoLondon:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.p. 223;377.ISBN 9780226260709. 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