Koi - Wikipedia

Koi or more specifically nishikigoi are colored varieties of the Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds ... Koi FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Varietiesofornamentalpondfish Forotheruses,seeKoi(disambiguation). Koi Conservationstatus Domesticated Scientificclassification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Cyprinus Species: C. rubrofuscus Variety: C. r.var."koi" Trinomialname Cyprinusrubrofuscusvar."koi"Lacépède,1803 SeveralkoiswimaroundinapondinJapan.(video) Koi(鯉,English:/ˈkɔɪ/,Japanese: [koꜜi])ormorespecificallynishikigoi(錦鯉,Japanese: [ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi],literally"brocadedcarp"),arecoloredvarietiesoftheAmurcarp(Cyprinusrubrofuscus)thatarekeptfordecorativepurposesinoutdoorkoipondsorwatergardens. KoiisaninformalnameforthecoloredvariantsofC.rubrofuscuskeptforornamentalpurposes.Therearemanyvarietiesofornamentalkoi,originatingfrombreedingthatbeganinNiigata,Japanintheearly19thcentury.[1][2][3]SeveralvarietiesarerecognizedbytheJapanese,distinguishedbycoloration,patterning,andscalation.Someofthemajorcolorsarewhite,black,red,orange,yellow,blue,brownandcream,besidesmetallicshadeslikegoldandsilver-white('platinum')scales.ThemostpopularcategoryofkoiistheGosanke,whichismadeupoftheKōhaku,TaishōSanshokuandShōwaSanshokuvarieties. Contents 1History 1.1Etymology 2Taxonomy 3Varieties 4Differencesfromgoldfish 5Health,maintenance,andlongevity 5.1Disease 6Breeding 7Inthewild 8Incommonculture 9Seealso 10References 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks History[edit] CarparealargegroupoffishoriginallyfoundinCentralEuropeandAsia.VariouscarpspecieswereoriginallydomesticatedinEastAsia,wheretheywereusedasfoodfish.Carparecoldwaterfish,andtheirabilitytosurviveandadapttomanyclimatesandwaterconditionsallowedthedomesticatedspeciestobepropagatedtomanynewlocations,includingJapan.Naturalcolormutationsofthesecarpwouldhaveoccurredacrossallpopulations.JinDynasty(fourthcenturyAD)textsmentionedcarpofvariouscolors.[4][5]TheoldestmentionofcoloredcarpinJapanisfoundintheJapanesehistorybookNihonShoki(ChroniclesofJapan)completedin720.AccordingtotheNihonshoki,itisrecordedthatEmperorKeikōpraisedcoloredcarpinapondintheMinoregionin94andthatEmperorSuikosawtheminthegardenofSoganoUmako'sresidencein620.[6][7]CarpwerefirstbredforcolormutationsinChinamorethanathousandyearsago,whereselectivebreedingofcoloredvarietiesledtothedevelopmentofthegoldfish(Carassiusauratus).[8] TheAmurcarp(Cyprinusrubrofuscus)isamemberofthecyprinidfamilyspeciescomplexnativetoEastAsia.Amurcarpwerepreviouslyidentifiedasasubspeciesofthecommoncarp(asC.c.haematopterus),butrecentauthoritiestreatitasaseparatespeciesunderthenameC.rubrofuscus.[9]AmurcarphavebeenaquaculturedasafoodfishatleastaslongagoasthefifthcenturyBCinChina.ThesystematicbreedingofornamentalAmurcarpbeganinthe1820s,inOjiyaandYamakoshiintheNiigataPrefecture(locatedonthenortheasterncoastofHonshu)inJapan.Selectivebreedinggaverisefirsttoredcarp,thentopaleblueAsagiandwhite,red,andyellowBekkou.TheSarasavariety,witharedonwhitepattern,wascreatedaround1830.Later,ayellow-basedKiutsurivarietywasborn.Fromthisoriginalhandfulofkoivarieties,allotherNishikigoivarietieswerebred,withtheexceptionoftheOgonvariety(single-colored,metallickoi),whichwasdevelopedrelativelyrecently.[1][3] TheoutsideworldwasunawareofthedevelopmentofcolorvariationsinJapanesekoiuntil1914whentheNiigatakoiwereexhibitedatanannualexpositioninTokyo.Fromthattime,interestinkoispreadthroughoutJapan.Thenumberofvarietiescontinuedtogrow,andrepeatedcross-breedinggaverisetomoreflashyvarieties,suchasKōhaku,TaishōSanshokuandShōwaSanshoku.[10] Thehobbyofkeepingkoieventuallyspreadworldwide.Theyaresoldinmanypetaquariumshops,withhigher-qualityfishavailablefromspecialistdealers.[11][12]Collectingkoihasbecomeasocialhobby.Passionatehobbyistsjoinclubs,sharetheirknowledgeandhelpeachotherwiththeirkoi.[13]Inparticular,sincethe21stcentury,somewealthyChinesehaveimportedlargequantitiesofkoifromNiigatainJapan,andthepriceofhigh-qualitycarphassoared.In2018,onecarpwasboughtbyaChinesecollectorforabout$2million,thehighestpriceever.TherearealsocasesinwhichpurchasedcarparebredinChinaandsoldtoforeigncountries,andmanybreedsarespreadingallovertheworld.[14][15] Etymology[edit] Thewords"koi"and"nishikigoi"comefromtheJapanesewords鯉(carp),and錦鯉(brocadedcarp),respectively.InJapanese,"koi"isahomophonefor恋,anotherwordthatmeans"affection"or"love",sokoiaresymbolsofloveandfriendshipinJapan. ColoredornamentalcarpwereoriginallycalledIrokoi(色鯉)meaningcoloredcarp,Hanakoi(花鯉)meaningfloralcarp,andMoyōkoi(模様鯉)meaningpatternedcarp.Therearevarioustheoriesastohowthesewordscametobedisused,infavorofNishikigoi(錦鯉),whichisusedtoday.Onetheoryholdsthat,duringWorldWarII,thewordsIrokoiandHanakoi(whichcanhavesexualmeanings)werechangedtoNishikigoibecausetheywerenotsuitableforthesocialsituationofwar.AnothertheoryisthatNisikigoi,whichwastheoriginalnameforthepopularTaishōSanshokuvariety,graduallybecamethetermusedforallornamentalkoi.[3] Taxonomy[edit] Inthepast,koiwerecommonlybelievedtohavebeenbredfromthecommoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio).Extensivehybridizationbetweendifferentpopulations,coupledwithwidespreadtranslocations,havemuddledthehistoricalzoogeographyofthecommoncarpanditsrelatives.Traditionally,Amurcarp(C.rubrofuscus)wereconsideredasubspeciesofthecommoncarp,oftenunderthescientificnameC.carpiohaematopterus.However,theydifferinmeristicsfromthecommoncarpofEuropeandWesternAsia,[9]leadingrecentauthoritiestorecognizethemasaseparatespecies,C.rubrofuscus(C.c.haematopterusbeingajuniorsynonym).[16][17]AlthoughonestudyofmitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)wasunabletofindacleargeneticstructurematchingthegeographicpopulations(possiblybecauseoftranslocationofcarpfromseparateregions),[18]othersbasedonmtDNA,microsatelliteDNAandgenomicDNAfoundaclearseparationbetweentheEuropean/WestAsianpopulationandtheEastAsianpopulation,withkoibelonginginthelatter.[19][20][21]Consequently,recentauthoritieshavesuggestedthattheancestralspeciesofthekoiisC.rubrofuscus(syn.C.c.haematopterus)oratleastanEastAsiancarpspeciesinsteadofC.carpio.[9][22]Regardless,ataxonomicreviewofCyprinuscarpfromeasternandsoutheasternAsiamaybenecessary,asthegeneticvariationsdonotfullymatchthecurrentlyrecognizedspeciespattern,[20]withonestudyofmtDNAsuggestingthatkoiareclosetotheSoutheastAsiancarp,butnotnecessarilytheChinese.[23] Varieties[edit] TheOjiyanoSatoMuseuminNiigataPrefecture,Japan,istheonlymuseumintheworldthatexhibitsbothvarietiesoflivingkoianddatathatshowthehistoryoftheirbreeding.[2] AccordingtoZenNipponAirinkai,agroupthatleadsthebreedinganddisseminationofkoiinJapan,therearemorethan100varietiesofkoicreatedthroughbreeding,andeachvarietyisclassifiedinto16groups.[24]Koivarietiesaredistinguishedbycoloration,patterning,andscalation.Someofthemajorcolorsarewhite,black,red,yellow,blue,andcream.Metallicshadesofgoldandplatinuminthescaleshavealsobeendevelopedthroughselectivebreeding.Althoughthepossiblecolorsarevirtuallylimitless,breedershaveidentifiedandnamedanumberofspecificcategories.ThemostnotablecategoryisGosanke(御三家),whichismadeupoftheKōhaku,TaishōSanshoku,andShōwaSanshokuvarieties. Newkoivarietiesarestillbeingactivelydeveloped.[25]Ghostkoidevelopedinthe1980shavebecomeverypopularintheUnitedKingdom;theyareahybridofwildcarpandOgonkoiandaredistinguishedbytheirmetallicscales.Butterflykoi(alsoknownaslongfinkoi,ordragoncarp),alsodevelopedinthe1980s,arenotablefortheirlongandflowingfins.TheyarehybridsofkoiwithAsiancarp.Butterflykoiandghostkoiareconsideredbysometobenottruenishikigoi.[26] Themajornamedvarietiesinclude:[24] Kōhaku(紅白)isawhite-skinnedkoi,withlargeredmarkingsonthetop.Thenamemeans"redandwhite";kōhakuwastheoneofthefirstornamentalvarietytobeestablishedinJapan(late19thcentury).[27] TaishōSanshoku(orTaishōSanke)(大正三色)isverysimilartothekōhaku,exceptfortheadditionofsmallblackmarkingscalledsumi(墨).Thisvarietywasfirstexhibitedin1914bythekoibreederGonzoHiroi,duringthereignoftheTaishōEmperor.[citationneeded]IntheUnitedStates,thenameisoftenabbreviatedtojust"Sanke".Thekanji,三色,maybereadaseithersanshokuorassanke(fromitsearliername三毛). ShōwaSanshoku(orShōwaSanke)(昭和三色)isablackkoiwithred(hi緋)andwhite(shiroji白地)markings.ThefirstShōwaSankewasexhibitedin1927,duringthereignoftheShōwaEmperor.InAmerica,thenameisoftenabbreviatedtojust"Shōwa".TheamountofshirojionShōwaSankehasincreasedinmoderntimes(KindaiShōwa近代昭和),tothepointthatitcanbedifficulttodistinguishfromTaishōSanke.Thekanji,三色,maybereadaseithersanshokuorassanke. Bekko(鼈甲、べっ甲)isawhite-,red-,oryellow-skinnedkoiwithblackmarkingssumi(墨).TheJapanesenamemeans"tortoiseshell",andiscommonlywrittenas鼈甲.Thewhite,red,andyellowvarietiesarecalledShiroBekko(白),AkaBekko(赤)andKiBekko(黄),respectively.ItmaybeconfusedwiththeUtsuri. Utsurimono(写り物)isablackkoiwithwhite,red,oryellowmarkings,inazebracolorpattern.Theoldestattestedformistheyellowform,called"blackandyellowmarkings"(黒黄斑,Kurokimadara)inthe19thcentury,butrenamedKiUtsuri(黄写り)byElizaburoHoshino,anearly20th-centurykoibreeder.TheredandwhiteversionsarecalledHiUtsuri(緋写り)andShiroUtsuri(白写り)(piebaldcolormorph),respectively.Thewordutsurimeanstoprint(theblackmarkingsarereminiscentofinkstains).Genetically,itisthesameasShōwa,butlackingeitherredpigment(ShiroUtsuri)orwhitepigment(HiUtsuri/KiUtsuri). Asagi(浅黄)koiislightblueaboveandusuallyredbelow,butalsooccasionallypaleyelloworcream,generallybelowthelaterallineandonthecheeks.TheJapanesenamemeanspalegreenish-blue,springonioncolor,orindigo. 'Shūsui(秋翠)means"autumngreen";theShūsuiwascreatedin1910byYoshigoroAkiyama（秋山　吉五郎,bycrossingJapaneseAsagiwithGermanmirrorcarp.[citationneeded]Thefishhasnoscales,exceptforasinglelineoflargemirrorscalesdorsally,extendingfromheadtotail.ThemostcommontypeofShūsuihasapale,sky-blue/graycolorabovethelaterallineandredororange(andvery,veryrarelybrightyellow)belowthelaterallineandonthecheeks. Koromo(衣)isawhitefishwithaKōhaku-stylepatternwithblueorblack-edgedscalesonlyoverthehipattern.Thisvarietyfirstaroseinthe1950sasacrossbetweenaKōhakuandanAsagi.[citationneeded]ThemostcommonlyencounteredKoromoisanAiGoromo(藍衣),whichiscoloredlikeaKōhaku,excepteachofthescaleswithintheredpatcheshasablueorblackedgetoit.LesscommonistheBudō-Goromo(葡萄衣),whichhasadarker(burgundy)hioverlaythatgivesittheappearanceofbunchesofgrapes.VeryrarelyseenistheSumi-Goromo(墨衣),whichissimilartoBudō-Goromo,butthehipatternissuchadarkburgundythatitappearsnearlyblack. Kawarimono(変わり物)isa"catch-all"termforkoithatcannotbeputintooneoftheothercategories.Thisisacompetitioncategory,andmanynewvarietiesofkoicompeteinthisonecategory.Itisalsoknownaskawarigoi(変わり鯉).[citationneeded] Goshiki(五色)isadarkkoiwithred(Kōhakustyle)hipattern.TheJapanesenamemeans"fivecolors".ItappearssimilartoanAsagi,withlittleornohibelowthelaterallineandaKōhakuHipatternoverreticulated(fishnetpattern)scales.Thebasecolorcanrangefromnearlyblacktoverypale,skyblue. Hikari-mujiimono(光無地もの)isavarietyofwhichthewholebodyisonecolorandthebodyisshiny,anditiscalleddifferentlydependingonthecolor. Hikari-moyomono(光模樣もの)isakoiwithcoloredmarkingsoverametallicbaseorintwometalliccolors. Hikari-utsurimono(光写りもの)isacrossbetweenutsurimonoseriesandŌgon. Kinginrin(金銀鱗)isakoiwithmetallic(glittering,metal-flake-appearing)scales.ThenametranslatesintoEnglishas"goldandsilverscales";itisoftenabbreviatedtoGinrin.Ginrinversionsofalmostallothervarietiesofkoioccur,andtheyarefashionable.Theirsparkling,glitteringscalescontrasttothesmooth,even,metallicskinandscalesseenintheOgonvarieties.Recently,thesecharacteristicshavebeencombinedtocreatethenewginrinOgonvarieties. Tanchō(丹頂)isanykoiwithasolitaryredpatchonitshead.ThefishmaybeaTanchōShōwa,TanchōSanke,orevenTanchōGoshiki.ItisnamedfortheJapanesered-crownedcrane(Grusjaponensis),whichalsohasaredspotonitshead. Chagoi(茶鯉),"tea-colored",thiskoicanrangeincolorfrompaleolive-drabgreenorbrowntocopperorbronzeandmorerecently,darker,subduedorangeshades.Famousforitsdocile,friendlypersonalityandlargesize,itisconsideredasignofgoodluckamongkoikeepers. Ōgon(黄金)isametallickoiofonecoloronly(hikarimono光者).Themostcommonlyencounteredcolorsaregold,platinum,andorange.Creamspecimensareveryrare.OgoncompeteintheKawarimonocategoryandtheJapanesenamemeans"gold".ThevarietywascreatedbySawataAokiin1946fromwildcarphecaughtin1921. Kumonryū(九紋竜)'（literally"ninetattooeddragons"isablackdoitsu-scaledfishwithcurlingwhitemarkings.ThepatternsarethoughttobereminiscentofJapaneseinkpaintingsofdragons.Theyfamouslychangecolorwiththeseasons.[citationneeded]KumonryucompeteintheKawarimonocategory. Ochiba(落葉)isalightblue/graykoiwithcopper,bronze,oryellow(Kohaku-style)pattern,reminiscentofautumnleavesonwater.TheJapanesenamemeans"fallenleaves". Kikokuryū(輝黒竜,literally"sparkle"or"glitterblackdragon")isametallic-skinnedversionoftheKumonryu. Kin-Kikokuryū(金輝黒竜,literally"goldsparkleblackdragon"or"goldglitterblackdragon")isametallic-skinnedversionoftheKumonryuwithaKōhaku-stylehipatterndevelopedbyMr.SeikiIgarashiofOjiyaCity.Atleastsixdifferentgeneticsubvarietiesofthisgeneralvarietyareseen. Ghostkoi(人面魚、じんめんぎょ),ahybridofOgonandwildcarpwithmetallicscales,isconsideredbysometobenotnishikigoi. Butterflykoi(鰭長錦鯉、ひれながにしきごい)isahybridofkoiandAsiancarpwithlongflowingfins.Variouscolorationsdependonthekoistockusedtocross.Italsoisconsideredbysometonotbenishikigoi. Doitsu-goi(ドイツ鯉)originatedbycrossbreedingnumerousdifferentestablishedvarietieswith"scaleless"Germancarp(generally,fishwithonlyasinglelineofscalesalongeachsideofthedorsalfin).Alsowrittenas独逸鯉,fourmaintypesofDoitsuscalepatternsexist.Themostcommontype(referredtoabove)hasarowofscalesbeginningatthefrontofthedorsalfinandendingattheendofthedorsalfin(alongbothsidesofthefin).Thesecondtypehasarowofscalesbeginningwheretheheadmeetstheshoulderandrunningtheentirelengthofthefish(alongbothsides).Thethirdtypeisthesameasthesecond,withtheadditionofalineof(oftenquitelarge)scalesrunningalongthelateralline(alongtheside)ofthefish,alsoreferredtoas"mirrorkoi".Thefourth(andrarest)typeisreferredtoas"armorkoi"andiscompletely(ornearly)coveredwithverylargescalesthatresembleplatesofarmor.ItalsoiscalledKagami-goi(鏡鯉、カガミゴイ),ormirrorcarp(ミラーカープ). Kōhaku TanchōSanke ShōwaSanke Asagi Bekko GinRinShōwa Differencesfromgoldfish[edit] Koihaveprominentbarbelsonthelipthatarenotvisibleingoldfish. Goldfish(Carassiusauratus)weredevelopedinChinamorethanathousandyearsagobyselectivelybreedingcoloredvarieties;bytheSongdynasty(960–1279),yellow,orange,white,andred-and-whitecolorationshadbeendeveloped.GoldfishwereintroducedtoJapaninthe16thcenturyandtoEuropeinthe17thcentury.[8]Ontheotherhand,mostornamentalkoibreedscurrentlydistributedworldwideoriginatefromAmurcarp(Cyprinusrubrofuscus)bredinJapaninthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.KoiaredomesticatedAmurcarpthatareselectedorculledforcolor;theyarenotadifferentspecies,andwillreverttotheoriginalcolorationwithinafewgenerationsifallowedtobreedfreely. Somegoldfishvarieties,suchasthecommongoldfish,cometgoldfish,andshubunkin,havebodyshapesandcolorationthataresimilartokoi,andcanbedifficulttotellapartfromkoiwhenimmature.[28]Goldfishandkoicaninterbreed;however,astheyweredevelopedfromdifferentspeciesofcarp,theiroffspringaresterile.[29][30] Health,maintenance,andlongevity[edit] KoiinYuGarden,Shanghai TheAmurcarpisahardyfish,andkoiretainthatdurability.Koiarecoldwaterfish,butbenefitfrombeingkeptinthe15–25 °C(59–77 °F)range,anddonotreactwelltolong,cold,wintertemperatures;theirimmunesystemsareveryweakbelow10 °C.Koipondsusuallyhaveametreormoreofdepthinareasoftheworldthatbecomewarmduringthesummer,whereasinareasthathaveharsherwinters,pondsgenerallyhaveaminimumof1.5 m(5 ft).Specificpondconstructionhasbeenevolvedbykoikeepersintentonraisingshow-qualitykoi. Thebrightcolorsofkoiputthemataseveredisadvantageagainstpredators;awhite-skinnedKōhakuisavisualdinnerbellagainstthedarkgreenofapond.Herons,kingfishers,otters,raccoons,skunk,mink,cats,foxes,andbadgersareallcapableofemptyingapondofitsfish.[citationneeded]Awell-designedoutdoorpondhasareastoodeepforheronstostand,overhangshighenoughabovethewaterthatmammalscannotreachin,andshadetreesoverheadtoblocktheviewofaerialpassers-by.Itmayprovenecessarytostringnetsorwiresabovethesurface.Apondusuallyincludesapumpandfiltrationsystemtokeepthewaterclear. Koiareanomnivorousfish.Theyeatawidevarietyoffoods,includingpeas,lettuce,andwatermelon.Koifoodisdesignednotonlytobenutritionallybalanced,butalsotofloatsoastoencouragethemtocometothesurface.Whentheyareeating,koicanbecheckedforparasitesandulcers.Naturally,koiarebottomfeederswithamouthconfigurationadaptedforthat.Somekoihaveatendencytoeatmostlyfromthebottom,sofoodproducerscreateamixedsinkingandfloatingcombinationfood.Koirecognizethepersonsfeedingthemandgatheraroundthematfeedingtimes.Theycanbetrainedtotakefoodfromone'shand.Inthewinter,theirdigestivesystemsslownearlytoahalt,andtheyeatverylittle,perhapsnomorethannibblesofalgaefromthebottom.Feedingisnotrecommendedwhenthewatertemperaturedropsbelow10 °C(50 °F).[31][32]Careshouldbetakenbyhobbyiststhatproperoxygenation,pHstabilization,andoff-gassingoccuroverthewinterinsmallponds,sotheydonotperish.Theirappetitesdonotcomebackuntilthewaterbecomeswarminthespring. Koihavebeenreportedtoachieveagesof100–200years.[33]Onefamousscarletkoinamed"Hanako"wasownedbyseveralindividuals,thelastofwhomwasKomeiKoshihara.InJuly1974,astudyofthegrowthringsofoneofthekoi'sscalesreportedthatHanakowas226yearsold.[34]Somesourcesgiveanacceptedageforthespeciesatlittlemorethan50years.[35][36] Disease[edit] Koiareveryhardy.Withpropercare,theyresistmanyoftheparasitesthataffectmoresensitivetropicalfishspecies,suchasTrichodina,Epistylis,andIchthyophthiriusmultifiliisinfections.WaterpHisimportantformaintainingkoi'shealth.[37]Waterchangeshelpreducetheriskofdiseasesandkeepkoifrombeingstressed.Twoofthebiggesthealthconcernsamongkoibreedersarethekoiherpesvirus(KHV)andrhabdoviruscarpio,whichcausesspringviraemiaofcarp(SVC).Notreatmentisknownforeitherdisease.SomekoifarmsinIsraelusetheKV3vaccine,developedbyProf.M.KotlerfromtheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemandproducedbyKovax,toimmunisefishagainstKHV.IsraeliscurrentlytheonlycountryintheworldtovaccinatekoiagainsttheKHV.Thevaccineisinjectedintothefishwhentheyareunderoneyearold,andisaccentuatedbyusinganultravioletlight.Thevaccinehasa90%successrate[38]andwhenimmunized,thefishcannotsuccumbtoaKHVoutbreakandneithercantheimmunisedkoipassKHVontootherfishinapond.[39]Onlybiosecuritymeasuressuchaspromptdetection,isolation,anddisinfectionoftanksandequipmentcanpreventthespreadofthediseaseandlimitthelossoffishstock.In2002,springviraemiastruckanornamentalkoifarminKernersville,NorthCarolina,andrequiredcompletedepopulationofthepondsandalengthyquarantineperiod.Forawhileafterthis,somekoifarmersinneighboringstatesstoppedimportingfishforfearofinfectingtheirownstocks.[40][41] Breeding[edit] Feedingthekoi Whenkoinaturallybreedontheirowntheytendtospawninthespringandsummerseasons.Themalewillstartfollowingthefemale,swimmingrightbehindherandnudgingher.Afterthefemalekoireleaseshereggstheysinktothebottomofthepondandstaythere.Astickyoutershellaroundtheegghelpskeepitinplacesoitdoesnotfloataround.Althoughthefemalecanproducemanyspawns,manyofthefrydonotsurviveduetobeingeatenbyothers.Onaverageiftheeggsurvivesaround4–7daysthefrywillbehatchedfromtheegg.[42] Likemostfish,koireproducethroughspawninginwhichafemalelaysavastnumberofeggsandoneormoremalesfertilizethem.Nurturingtheresultingoffspring(referredtoas"fry")isatrickyandtediousjob,usuallydoneonlybyprofessionals.Althoughakoibreedermaycarefullyselecttheparentstheywishbasedontheirdesiredcharacteristics,theresultingfrynonethelessexhibitawiderangeofcolorandquality. Koiproducethousandsofoffspringfromasinglespawning.However,unlikecattle,purebreddogs,ormorerelevantly,goldfish,thelargemajorityoftheseoffspring,evenfromthebestchampion-gradekoi,arenotacceptableasnishikigoi(theyhavenointerestingcolors)ormayevenbegeneticallydefective.Theseunacceptableoffspringareculledatvariousstagesofdevelopmentbasedonthebreeder'sexperteyeandcloselyguardedtradetechniques.Culledfryareusuallydestroyedorusedasfeederfish(mostlyusedforfeedingarowanaduetothebeliefthatitwillenhanceitscolor),whileolderculls,withintheirfirstyearbetween3and6incheslong(alsocalledtosai),areoftensoldaslower-grade,pond-qualitykoi. Thesemi-randomizedresultofthekoi'sreproductiveprocesshasbothadvantagesanddisadvantagesforthebreeder.Whileitrequiresdiligentoversighttonarrowdownthefavorableresultthatthebreederwants,italsomakespossiblethedevelopmentofnewvarietiesofkoiwithinrelativelyfewgenerations. Inthewild[edit] VariouscolorsofkoifeedinginapondinQingxiuMountain,Nanning,China Seealso:Cyprinusrubrofuscus KoihavebeenaccidentallyordeliberatelyreleasedintothewildineverycontinentexceptAntarctica.TheyquicklyreverttothenaturalcolorationofanAmurcarpwithinafewgenerations.Inmanyareas,theyareconsideredaninvasivespeciesandapest.InthestatesofQueenslandandNewSouthWalesinAustralia,theyareconsiderednoxiousfish.[43][44] Koigreatlyincreasetheturbidityofthewaterbecausetheyareconstantlystirringupthesubstrate.Thismakeswaterwaysunattractive,reducestheabundanceofaquaticplants,andcanrenderthewaterunsuitableforswimmingordrinking,evenbylivestock.Insomecountries,koihavecausedsomuchdamagetowaterwaysthatvastamountsofmoneyandefforthavebeenspenttryingtoeradicatethem,largelyunsuccessfully.[45] InmanyareasofNorthAmerica,koiareintroducedintotheartificial"waterhazards"andpondsongolfcoursestokeepwater-borneinsectlarvaeundercontrolthroughpredation. Incommonculture[edit] 61stNagaokaKoiShowatYamakoshiBranchOffice,Nagaoka,NiigataPrefecture,Japan InJapan,thekoiisasymbolofluck,prosperity,andgoodfortune,andalsoofperseveranceinthefaceofadversity.[46]OrnamentalkoiaresymbolicofJapanesecultureandarecloselyassociatedwiththecountry'snationalidentity.[47] Sincethelate20thcentury,thekeepingofkoiinoutdoorwatergardenshasbecomepopularamongthemoreaffluentChinese.KoipondsarefoundinChinesecommunitiesaroundtheworld,andthenumberofpeoplewhokeepkoiimportedfromNiigata,hasbeenincreasing.Inaddition,thereareincreasingnumbersofJapanesekoibredinChinathataresolddomesticallyandexportedtoforeigncountries.[14][15] Koiarealsopopularinmanycountriesintheequatorialregion,whereoutdoorwatergardensarepopular.[48]InSriLanka,interiorcourtyardsmostoftenhaveoneorseveralfishpondsdedicatedtokoi.[49] Seealso[edit] CultureofJapan Japaneseaesthetics Japanesewhitecruciancarp References[edit] ^abJapaneseOrnamentalKoiCarp:Origin,VariationandGeneticsMay2015 ^abOjiyaNishikigoinoSatoMuseum ^abcTheHistoryofNishikigoi錦鯉とその起源ZenNipponAirinkai ^GenomeMappingandGenomicsinFishesandAquaticAnimals.Springer.2008.p. 47.ISBN 978-3-540-73837-4. ^Flajšhans,M.;Hulata,G."Commoncarp–Cyprinuscarpio"(PDF).genimpact.imr.no.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on24July2011.Retrieved29July2010. ^TheHistoryofNishikigoi50thAnniversaryAllJapanNishikigoiShow ^TheBackgroundofNishikigoiBornAllJapanNishikigoiPromotionAssociation ^ab"Backgroundinformationaboutgoldfish".Retrieved28July2006. ^abcFreyhof,J.;Kottelat,M.(2008)."Cyprinuscarpio".IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.2008:e.T6181A12559362.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6181A12559362.en.Retrieved11November2021. ^TheHistoryofNishikigoiZenNipponAirinkai ^"MPKSRayJordanKoiHistory".RayJordan.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23July2009.Retrieved26April2009. ^"EarlyRecords".Netpets.org.Retrieved11April2009. ^Fletcher,Nick(1January1999).TheUltimateKoi.Interpet.ISBN 978-1-86054-146-9. ^abThereasonwhywealthyChinesestartedtobuyalotofJapanese"nishikigoi"1/3,GendaiBusiness.29March2019. ^abThereasonwhywealthyChinesestartedtobuyalotofJapanese"nishikigoi"3/3,GendaiBusiness.29March2019. ^Huckstorf,V.(2012)."Cyprinusrubrofuscus".IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.2012:e.T166052A1108337.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166052A1108337.en.Retrieved11November2021. ^Froese,Rainer;Pauly,Daniel(eds.)(2016)."Cyprinusrubrofuscus"inFishBase.November2016version. ^Mabuchi,K.;Senou,H.;Suzuki,T.;Nishida,M.(2005)."DiscoveryofanancientlineageofCyprinuscarpiofromLakeBiwa,centralJapan,basedonmtDNAsequencedata,withreferencetopossiblemultipleoriginsofkoi".JournalofFishBiology.66(6):1516.doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x. ^Grossa,Riho;KlausKohlmannb&PetraKerstenb(2002)."PCR–RFLPanalysisofthemitochondrialND-3/4andND-5/6genepolymorphismsintheEuropeanandEastAsiansubspeciesofcommoncarp(CyprinuscarpioL.)".Aquaculture.204(3–4):507–516.doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00836-5. ^abChistiakov,D.A.;Voronova,N.V(2009)."GeneticevolutionanddiversityofcommoncarpCyprinuscarpioL."CentralEuropeanJournalofBiology.4(3):304–312.doi:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2. ^Xu,P.;et al.(2014)."Genomesequenceandgeneticdiversityofthecommoncarp,Cyprinuscarpio".NatureGenetics.46(11):1212–1219.doi:10.1038/ng.3098.PMID 25240282. ^Craig,J.F.(2015).FreshwaterFisheriesEcology.Wiley-Blackwell.p. 297.ISBN 978-1-118-39442-7. ^Thai,B.T.;Burridge,C.P.;Pham,T.A.;Austin,C.M.(2005)."Usingmitochondrialnucleotidesequencestoinvestigatediversityandgenealogicalrelationshipswithincommoncarp(CyprinuscarpioL.)".Anim.Genet.1(1):22–28.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01215.x.PMID 15670127. ^abTheVarietiesofNishikigoiZenNipponAirinkai ^"GuidetoKoiVarieties".mitchkoi.co.uk.Retrieved12April2014. ^Informer(Abi),Pond(13February2022)."CompleteGuidetoGhostKoi".PondInformer.Retrieved7September2022. ^TamadachiM(1990)."Koivarieties".TheCultoftheKoi.NeptuneCity,NewJersey:TFHPublications.p. 191.ISBN 978-0-86622-085-9. ^"KoiFishvsGoldfish:10DifferencestoHelpYouDistinguishThem".FishTankWorld.5April2019.Retrieved3September2021. ^"Thedifferencebetweenkoiandgoldfish".LivingtheCountryLife.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18November2019. ^"Aquatic-oasisarticles".Aquatic-oasis.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22June2010.Retrieved2February2012. ^"KoiFeedingGuide".lagunakoi.com.Retrieved2October2013. ^"Temperaturestofeedkoifish".mitchkoi.co.uk.Retrieved1April2014. ^FelicityHuntingford;MalcolmJobling;SunilKadri(2012).AquacultureandBehavior.JohnWiley&Sons.pp. 12–.ISBN 978-1-4051-3089-9....andtherearereportsoffishthathaveachievedagesof100–200years(Purdom1993;Billard1999). ^Barton,Laura(12April2007)."TheGuardian".TheGuardian.London.Retrieved11April2009. ^Carwardine,Mark(2008).AnimalRecords.SterlingPublishingCompany.p. 201.ISBN 978-1-4027-5623-8. ^"AnAgeentryforCyprinuscarpio".genomics.senescence.inf. ^Lee,Richard(3August2013).EssentialGuideforKoiFishOwner:HowtoBuildandMaintainaBeautifulKoiPond.LuluPress,Inc.ISBN 978-1-304-28627-7. ^"KV3VaccineagainstKHV".KoVaxLtd.–SpecializesinAquaculturevaccinesdevelopmentandManufacturing. ^Reynolds,Paula(October2011)ISRAELIKOI...andthebattleagainstKHV.mitchkoi.co.uk ^SpringViremiaofCarp.ImpactWorksheet•17July2002 ^"BlackwaterCreekKoiFarms".koisale.com. ^Lee,Richard(3August2013).EssentialGuideforKoiFishOwner:HowtoBuildandMaintainaBeautifulKoiPond.LuluPress,Inc.ISBN 978-1-304-28627-7. ^"Carp"Archived28March2015attheWaybackMachine.daff.qld.gov.au. ^"FreshwaterpestfishinNewSouthWales"(PDF).NSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries.August2014.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"CommonCarp(Cyprinuscarpio)–FactSheet"Archived10May2009attheWaybackMachine.usgs.gov. ^Staff,InkedMag."AnInkedGuidetoSymbolismWithinJapaneseTattoos".TattooIdeas,ArtistsandModels.Retrieved16December2020. ^Azuma,Mariko(21August2020)."TheMenofKoiyama:KeepingtheGionFestivalTraditionfortheNextGeneration".JAPANForward.Retrieved16December2020. ^"Japan'sKoifishgainingpopularityaroundworld".ANINews.ANI.Retrieved16December2020. ^"Thedetail :Koifishpond,SriLanka|theVoyageur". HistoryofKoiFish Furtherreading[edit] GeorgeC.Blasiola(1995).Koi:everythingaboutselection,care,nutrition,diseases,breeding,ponddesignandmaintenance,andpopularaquaticplants.Hauppauge,NewYork:Barron'sEducationalSeries.ISBN 978-0-8120-3568-1. DavidTwigg(2001).HowtoKeepKoi.NewYork:HowellBookHouse.ISBN 978-0-7645-6242-6. NicholasSaint-Erne(2010).AdvancedKoiCare.Glendale,AZ:ErneEnterprises.ISBN 978-1-59247-400-4. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoKoi. LookupkoiinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Featurearticleontreatingsickfish,especiallykoi,"SurgerytoScale,"CosmosMagazine KoiintheNIWAAtlas Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Israel UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koi&oldid=1111333914" Categories:DomesticatedanimalsCarpFishofJapanHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:url-statusArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromDecember2014Articleswith'species'microformatsArticlescontainingJapanese-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2009ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2022CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataTaxonbarsonpossiblenon-taxonpagesTaxonbarswithoutprimaryWikidatataxonIDsArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБългарскиCatalàCebuanoČeštinaDeutschEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançais한국어हिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaMagyarМакедонскиBahasaMelayuMinangkabauNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPolskiPortuguêsРусскийScotsShqipSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSundaSuomiதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文 Editlinks