Knowledge graph - Wikipedia

In knowledge representation and reasoning, knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to integrate data. Knowledgegraph FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Forotheruses,seeKnowledgegraph(disambiguation). Typeofknowledgebase Exampleconceptualdiagram Inknowledgerepresentationandreasoning,knowledgegraphisaknowledgebasethatusesagraph-structureddatamodelortopologytointegratedata.Knowledgegraphsareoftenusedtostoreinterlinkeddescriptionsofentities –objects,events,situationsorabstractconcepts –whilealsoencodingthesemanticsunderlyingtheusedterminology.[1] SincethedevelopmentoftheSemanticWeb,knowledgegraphsareoftenassociatedwithlinkedopendataprojects,focusingontheconnectionsbetweenconceptsandentities.[2][3]TheyarealsoprominentlyassociatedwithandusedbysearchenginessuchasGoogle,Bing,andYahoo;knowledge-enginesandquestion-answeringservicessuchasWolframAlpha,Apple'sSiri,andAmazonAlexa;andsocialnetworkssuchasLinkedInandFacebook. Contents 1History 2Definitions 2.1Implementations 3Usingaknowledgegraphforreasoningoverdata 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks History[edit] Thetermwascoinedasearlyas1972,inadiscussionofhowtobuildmodularinstructionalsystemsforcourses.[4]Inthelate1980s,UniversityofGroningenandUniversityofTwentejointlybeganaprojectcalledKnowledgeGraphs,focusingonthedesignofsemanticnetworkswithedgesrestrictedtoalimitedsetofrelations,tofacilitatealgebrasonthegraph.Insubsequentdecades,thedistinctionbetweensemanticnetworksandknowledgegraphswasblurred. Someearlyknowledgegraphsweretopic-specific.In1985,Wordnetwasfounded,capturingsemanticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandmeanings –anapplicationofthisideatolanguageitself.In2005,MarcWirkfoundedGeonamestocapturerelationshipsbetweendifferentgeographicnamesandlocalesandassociatedentities.In1998AndrewEdmondsofScienceinFinanceLtdintheUKcreatedasystemcalledThinkBasethatofferedfuzzy-logicbasedreasoninginagraphicalcontext.[5] In2007,bothDBpediaandFreebasewerefoundedasgraph-basedknowledgerepositoriesforgeneral-purposeknowledge.DBpediafocusedexclusivelyondataextractedfromWikipedia,whileFreebasealsoincludedarangeofpublicdatasets.Neitherdescribedthemselvesasa'knowledgegraph'butdevelopedanddescribedrelatedconcepts. In2012,GoogleintroducedtheirKnowledgeGraph,[6]buildingonDBpediaandFreebaseamongothersources.TheylaterincorporatedRDFa,Microdata,JSON-LDcontentextractedfromindexedwebpages,includingtheCIAWorldFactbook,Wikidata,andWikipedia.[6][7]Entityandrelationshiptypesassociatedwiththisknowledgegraphhavebeenfurtherorganizedusingtermsfromtheschema.org[8]vocabulary.TheGoogleKnowledgeGraphbecameasuccessfulcomplementtostring-basedsearchwithinGoogle,anditspopularityonlinebroughtthetermintomorecommonuse.[8] Sincethen,severallargemultinationalshaveadvertisedtheirknowledgegraphsuse,furtherpopularisingtheterm.TheseincludeFacebook,LinkedIn,Airbnb,Microsoft,Amazon,UberandeBay.[9] In2019,IEEEcombineditsannualinternationalconferenceson"BigKnowledge"and"DataMiningandIntelligentComputing"intotheInternationalConferenceonKnowledgeGraph.[10] Definitions[edit] Thereisnosinglecommonlyaccepteddefinitionofaknowledgegraph.MostdefinitionsviewthetopicthroughaSemanticWeblensandincludethesefeatures:[11] Flexiblerelationsamongknowledgeintopicaldomains:Aknowledgegraph(i)definesabstractclassesandrelationsofentitiesinaschema,(ii)mainlydescribesrealworldentitiesandtheirinterrelations,organizedinagraph,(iii)allowsforpotentiallyinterrelatingarbitraryentitieswitheachother,and(iv)coversvarioustopicaldomains.[12] Generalstructure:Anetworkofentities,theirsemantictypes,properties,andrelationships.[13][14] Supportingreasoningoverinferredontologies:Aknowledgegraphacquiresandintegratesinformationintoanontologyandappliesareasonertoderivenewknowledge.[2] Thereare,however,manyknowledgegraphrepresentationsforwhichsomeofthesefeaturesarenotrelevant.Forthoseknowledgegraphsthissimplerdefinitionmaybemoreuseful: Adigitalstructurethatrepresentsknowledgeasconceptsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem(facts).Aknowledgegraphcanincludeanontologythatallowsbothhumansandmachinestounderstandandreasonaboutitscontents.[15] Implementations[edit] Inadditiontotheaboveexamples,thetermhasbeenusedtodescribeopenknowledgeprojectssuchasYAGOandWikidata;federationsliketheLinkedOpenDatacloud;[16]arangeofcommercialsearchtools,includingYahoo'ssemanticsearchassistantSpark,Google'sKnowledgeGraph,andMicrosoft'sSatori;andtheLinkedInandFacebookentitygraphs.[2]Thetermisalsoincreasinglyusedbynotetakingapplicationsallowingausertobuildtheirpersonalknowledgegraph. Usingaknowledgegraphforreasoningoverdata[edit] Mainarticle:Ontology(informationscience) Aknowledgegraphformallyrepresentssemanticsbydescribingentitiesandtheirrelationships.[17]Knowledgegraphsmaymakeuseofontologiesasaschemalayer.Bydoingthis,theyallowlogicalinferenceforretrievingimplicitknowledgeratherthanonlyallowingqueriesrequestingexplicitknowledge.[18] Inordertoallowtheuseofknowledgegraphsinvariousmachinelearningtasks,severalmethodsforderivinglatentfeaturerepresentationsofentitiesandrelationshavebeendevised.Theseknowledgegraphembeddingsallowthemtobeconnectedtomachinelearningmethodsthatrequirefeaturevectorslikewordembeddings.Thiscancomplementotherestimatesofconceptualsimilarity.[19][20][21] Seealso[edit] Conceptmap Knowledgegraphembedding Semantictechnology Vadalog YAGO(database) References[edit] ^"WhatisaKnowledgeGraph?".2018. ^abcEhrlinger,Lisa;Wöß,Wolfram(2016).TowardsaDefinitionofKnowledgeGraphs(PDF).SEMANTiCS2016.Leipzig:JointProceedingsofthePostersandDemosTrackof12thInternationalConferenceonSemanticSystems-SEMANTiCS2016and1stInternationalWorkshoponSemanticChange&EvolvingSemantics(SuCCESS16).pp. 13–16. ^Soylu,Ahmet(2020)."EnhancingPublicProcurementintheEuropeanUnionthroughConstructingandExploitinganIntegratedKnowledgeGraph".ProceedingsoftheInternationalSemanticWebConference(ISWC2020).LectureNotesinComputerScience.12507:430–446.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27.ISBN 978-3-030-62465-1.S2CID 226229398. ^EdwardW.Schneider.1973.CourseModularizationApplied:TheInterfaceSystemandItsImplicationsForSequenceControlandDataAnalysis.InAssociationfortheDevelopmentofInstructionalSystems(ADIS),Chicago,Illinois,April1972 ^"USTrademarkno75589756". ^abSinghal,Amit(May16,2012)."IntroducingtheKnowledgeGraph:things,notstrings".OfficialGoogleBlog.Retrieved21March2017. ^Schwartz,Barry(December17,2014)."Google'sFreebaseToCloseAfterMigratingToWikidata:KnowledgeGraphImpact?".SearchEngineRoundtable.RetrievedDecember10,2017. ^abMcCusker,JamesP.;McGuiness,DeborahL."WhatisaKnowledgeGraph?".www.authorea.com.Retrieved21March2017. ^"KnowledgeGraphEnterprises".2020. ^"2021IEEEInternationalConferenceonKnowledgeGraph(ICKG)*".KMeduHub.2017-07-09.Retrieved2021-03-22. ^Hogan,Aidan;Blomqvist,Eva;Cochez,Michael;d'Amato,Claudia;deMelo,Gerard;Gutierrez,Claudio;LabraGayo,JoséEmilio;Kirrane,Sabrina;Neumaier,Sebastian;Polleres,Axel;Navigli,Roberto;NgongaNgomo,Axel-Cyrille;Rashid,SabbirM.;Rula,Anisa;Schmelzeisen,Lukas;Sequeda,Juan;Staab,Steffen;Zimmermann,Antoine(2021-01-24)."KnowledgeGraphs".ACMComputingSurveys.54(4):1–37.arXiv:2003.02320.doi:10.1145/3447772.ISSN 0360-0300.S2CID 235716181. ^Paulheim,Heiko(2017)."KnowledgeGraphRefinement:ASurveyofApproachesandEvaluationMethods"(PDF).SemanticWeb:489–508.Retrieved21March2017. ^Krötsch,Markus;Weikum,Gerhard(March2016)."EditorialoftheSpecialIssueonKnowledgeGraphs".JournalofWebSemantics.37–38:53–54.doi:10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002.Retrieved10February2021. ^"WhatisaKnowledgeGraph?|Ontotext".Ontotext.Retrieved2020-07-01. ^"TheKnowledgeGraphaboutKnowledgeGraphs".2020. ^"TheLinkedOpenDataCloud".lod-cloud.net.Retrieved2020-06-30. ^"Howdoknowledgegraphswork?".Stardog.2022-04-05.Retrieved2022-04-05. ^"WhatarethebenefitsoftheGoogleKnowledgePanel?".GKPMaker.2020-10-06.Retrieved2020-10-28. ^HongweiWang(October2018)."RippleNet:PropagatingUserPreferencesontheKnowledgeGraphforRecommenderSystems".ACMInternationalConferenceonInformationandKnowledgeManagement:417–426.arXiv:1803.03467.doi:10.1145/3269206.3271739.S2CID 3766110. ^"Embeddingmodelsforknowledgegraphcompletion".19July2020. ^Ristoski,Petar;Paulheim,Heiko(2016),Rdf2vec:Rdfgraphembeddingsfordatamining,pp. 498--514,doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46523-4_30 Externallinks[edit] WillDouglasHeaven(4September2020)."Thisknow-it-allAIlearnsbyreadingtheentirewebnonstop".MITTechnologyReview.Retrieved5September2020.Diffbotisbuildingthebiggest-everknowledgegraphbyapplyingimagerecognitionandnatural-languageprocessingtobillionsofwebpages. ScholiahasatopicprofileforKnowledgegraph. vteComputableknowledgeTopicsandconcepts Alphabetofhumanthought Authoritycontrol Automatedreasoning Commonsenseknowledge Commonsensereasoning Computability Discoverysystem Formalsystem Inferenceengine Knowledgebase Personalknowledgebase Knowledge-basedsystems Knowledgeengineering Knowledgeextraction Knowledgegraph Knowledgerepresentation Knowledgeretrieval Libraryclassification Logicprogramming Ontology Questionanswering Semanticreasoner Proposalsandimplementations Antikytheramechanism (ca. 100 BCE) Zairja (ca. 1000 CE) ArsMagna (1300) AnEssayTowardsaRealCharacter,andaPhilosophicalLanguage (1688) Calculusratiocinatorandcharacteristicauniversalis (1700) DeweyDecimalClassification (1876) Begriffsschrift (1879) Mundaneum (1910) Logicalatomism (1918) TractatusLogico-Philosophicus (1921) Hilbert'sprogram (1920s) Incompletenesstheorem (1931) WorldBrain (1938) Memex (1945) GeneralProblemSolver (1959) Prolog (1972) Cyc (1984) SemanticWeb (2001) Wikipedia (2001) Evi (2007) WolframAlpha (2009) Watson (2011) Siri (2011) GoogleKnowledgeGraph (2012) Wikidata (2012) Cortana (2014) Viv (2016) Infiction TheEngine(Gulliver'sTravels,1726) Joe("ALogicNamedJoe",1946) TheLibrarian(SnowCrash,1992) Dr.Know(A.I.(film),2001) Waterhouse(TheBaroqueCycle,2003) Seealso:LogicmachinesinfictionandListoffictionalcomputers Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_graph&oldid=1096951711" Categories:KnowledgegraphsOntology(informationscience)InformationscienceHiddencategories:CS1:longvolumevalueArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages EspañolFrançais한국어中文 Editlinks