Periodontal fiber - Wikipedia

Alveolodental ligament Periodontalfiber FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Groupofspecializedconnectivetissuefibers PeriodontalligamentThetissuesoftheperiodontiumcombinetoformanactive,dynamicgroupoftissues.Thealveolarbone(C)issurroundedforthemostpartbythesubepithelialconnectivetissueofthegingiva,whichinturniscoveredbythevariouscharacteristicgingivalepithelia.Thecementumoverlayingthetoothrootisattachedtotheadjacentcorticalsurfaceofthealveolarbonebythealveolarcrest(I),horizontal(J)andoblique(K)fibersoftheperiodontalligament.DetailsPrecursordentalfollicleIdentifiersLatinfibraperiodontalisAcronym(s)PDLMeSHD010513FMA56665Anatomicalterminology[editonWikidata] Theperiodontalligament,commonlyabbreviatedasthePDL,isagroupofspecializedconnectivetissuefibersthatessentiallyattachatoothtothealveolarbonewithinwhichitsits.[1]Itinsertsintorootcementumonesideandontoalveolarboneontheother. Contents 1Structure 2Alveolodentalligament 2.1Transseptalfibers 2.2Looseconnectivetissue 2.3CellRestofMalassez 2.4Oxytalanfibres 3Composition 4Development 4.1Effectsofmechanicalforces 5Function 5.1Support 5.2Sensory 5.3Nutritive 5.4Remodeling 6Clinicalsignificance 6.1Injury 6.2Disease 6.3Effectoftobaccosmokingandnicotine 6.4Ankylosis 6.5Effectofnutrition 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks Structure[edit] ThePDLconsistsofprincipalfibres,looseconnectivetissue,blastandclastcells,oxytalanfibresandCellRestofMalassez.[2] Alveolodentalligament[edit] Themainprincipalfibergroupisthealveolodentalligament,whichconsistsoffivefibersubgroups:alveolarcrest,horizontal,oblique,apical,andinterradicularonmultirootedteeth.Principalfibersotherthanthealveolodentalligamentarethetransseptalfibers. Allthesefibershelpthetoothwithstandthenaturallysubstantialcompressiveforcesthatoccurduringchewingandremainembeddedinthebone.TheendsoftheprincipalfibersthatarewithineithercementumoralveolarboneproperareconsideredSharpeyfibers. Alveolarcrestfibers(I)runfromthecervicalpartoftheroottothealveolarbonecrest Horizontalfibers(J)attachtothecementumapicaltothealveolarcrestfibersandrunperpendicularlyfromtherootofthetoothtothealveolarbone.. Obliquefibers(K)arethemostnumerousfibersintheperiodontalligament,runningfromcementuminanobliquedirectiontoinsertintobonecoronally.Thesefibresresistvertical&intrusiveforces Apicalfibersarefoundradiatingfromcementumaroundtheapexoftheroottothebone,formingbaseofthesocketoralveolus. Interradicularfibersareonlyfoundbetweentherootsofmultirootedteeth,suchaspremolarsandmolars.Theyextendfromradicularcementumtointerradicularalveolarbone. Transseptalfibers[edit] Transseptalfibers(H)extendinterproximallyoverthealveolarbonecrestandareembeddedinthecementumofadjacentteeth;theyformaninterdentalligament.Thesefiberskeepalltheteethaligned.Thesefibersmaybeconsideredasbelongingtothegingivaltissuebecausetheydonothaveanosseousattachment.[3].Thesefibresareconsistentandarereconstructedevenafterthedestructionofalveolarbone. Looseconnectivetissue[edit] Looseconnectivetissuecontainsfibres,extracellularmatrix,cells,nervesandbloodvessels.TheextracellularcompartmentconsistsofType1,3,and5collagenfibersbundlesembeddedinintercellularsubstance.ThePDLcollagenfibersarecategorizedaccordingtotheirorientationandlocationalongthetooth.Thecellsincludefibroblast,defencecellsandundifferentiatedmesenchymalcells. CellRestofMalassez[edit] ThesegroupsofepithelialcellsbecomelocatedinthematurePDLafterthedisintegrationofHertwigepithelialrootsheathduringtheformationoftheroot.[2]Theyformaplexusthatsurroundsthetooth.CellRestsofMalassezmightproliferateduringinflammationwhichmayleadtoradicularcystformationinlaterlife. Oxytalanfibres[edit] OxytalanfibresareuniquetothePDLandareelasticinnature.Itinsertsintocementumandrunsin2directions;paralleltorootsurfaceandobliquetorootsurface.Thefunctionisthoughttomaintainthepatencyofbloodvesselsduringocclusalloading.Furtherresearchisneededtodeterminethefunctionofoxytalanfibres.[4] Composition[edit] ThePDLsubstancehasbeenestimatedtobe70%water,whichisthoughttohaveasignificanteffectonthetooth'sabilitytowithstandstressloads.ThecompletenessandvitalityofthePDLareessentialforthefunctioningofthetooth. ThePDLrangesinwidthfrom0.15to0.38mmwithitsthinnestpartlocatedinthemiddlethirdoftheroot.[5]Thewidthprogressivelydecreaseswithage. ThePDLisapartoftheperiodontiumthatprovidesfortheattachmentoftheteethtothesurroundingalveolarbonebywayofthecementum. ThePDLappearsastheperiodontalspaceof0.4to1.5 mm[citationneeded]onradiographs,aradiolucentareabetweentheradiopaquelaminaduraofthealveolarboneproperandtheradiopaquecementum. Development[edit] PDLcellsareoneofthemanycellsderivedfromthedentalfollicleandthisoccursaftercrownformationiscompletedandwhentherootsstartdeveloping.ThesecellswillremodelthedentalfollicletoformthePDL.[5]FormationofPDLwillstartatthecementoenameljunctionandproceedsinanapicaldirection.[6] Effectsofmechanicalforces[edit] Movementofteethisdeterminedbytwofactors:depositionofboneonthetensionsideandresorptionoftheboneonthecompressionsideoftheperiodontalligament(PDL).Duringthismovement,boneremodellingisinitiatedbythePDLinwhichforcesaretransmittedfromthetoothtothealveolarbone.FibroblastsofthePDLwillreacttomechanicalstress,thereforeaffectingosteoblastogenesisandosteoclastogenesisofthecells.WhenmechanicalstimuliareintroducedtothecellsosteocytesinthePDLwilldifferentiateintoosteoclastswhichwillthenreformandremodelthebonestructureintheaffectedarea.Forexample,orthodontictreatmentinvolvesapplicationofamechanicalforceontotheteethtoalignthemandthisisdonethroughthiscomplexcombinationofphysicalandcellularprocesses.[7] Function[edit] FunctionsofPDLaresupportive,sensory,nutritive,andremodelling.[8] Support[edit] ThePDLisapartoftheperiodontiumthatprovidesfortheattachmentoftheteethtothesurroundingalveolarbonebywayofthecementum.PDLfibresalsoprovidearoleinloadtransferbetweentheteethandalveolarbone.(PDLfibresabsorbandtransmitforcesbetweenteethandalveolarbone.Itactsasaneffectivesupportduringthemasticatoryfunction.)[9] Sensory[edit] PDLisheavilyinnervated;itinvolvesmechanoreception,nociceptionandreflexes.PeriodontalmechanoreceptorsarepresentinPDL.Theywilltransmitinformationaboutthestimulatedtooth,directionandamplitudeofforces.[10] Nutritive[edit] Itmaintainsthevitalityofthesurroundingcells.(PDLisheavilyanastomosed).Therearethreeprincipalsourcesofbloodvesselswhichareapicalvessels,perforatingvesselsandgingivalvessels.Apicalvesselsoriginatefromvesselsthatsupplythepulp.Perforatingvesselsoriginatefromlaminaduraandthevesselsperforatethesocketwall(cribriformplate).Gingivalvesselsarederivedfromthegingivaltissue.OuterlayersofbloodsupplyinPDLmayhelpinmechanicalsuspensionandsupportofthetoothwhileinnerlayersofbloodvesselssupplysurroundingPDLtissues.[11] Remodeling[edit] Thereareprogenitorcellsintheperiodontalligamentthatcandifferentiateintoosteoblastsforthephysiologicalmaintenanceofalveolarboneand,mostlikely,foritsrepairaswell. Clinicalsignificance[edit] Injury[edit] Whentraumaticforcesofocclusionareplacedonatooth,thePDLwidenstotaketheextraforces.Thus,earlyocclusaltraumacanbeviewedonradiographsasawideningoftheperiodontalligamentspace.Thickeningofthelaminadurainresponseisalsopossible.Clinically,occlusaltraumaisnotedbythelatemanifestationofincreasedmobilityofthetoothandpossiblythepresenceofpathologicaltoothmigration.[5] DamagetothePDLmayresultintoothankylosistothejawbone,makingthetoothloseitscontinuouseruptionability.Dentaltrauma,suchassubluxation,maycausetearingofthePDLandpainduringfunction(eating).[12] ThePDLcellsofanavulsedtoothisatriskofdryinganddesiccationifleftindrystorage.Wetstorageinanisotonicliquid,althoughasuperiormethodtodrystorage,canpreservePDLvitalitydependingonthemediumbutnotforanindefiniteperiodoftime.AllofthesecanleadtolossofvitalityofthePDLanddependingonthedurationofstorage,thiscanaffectthesuccessofsubsequentreplantation.[13] Disease[edit] TheepithelialrestsofMalassezcanbecomecystic,usuallyformingnondiagnostic,radiolucentapicallesionsthatcanbeseenonradiographs.Thisoccursasaresultofchronicperiapicalinflammationafterpulpitisoccursandmustbesurgicallyremoved.[5] ThePDLalsoundergoesdrasticchangeswithchronicperiodontaldiseasethatinvolvesthedeeperstructuresoftheperiodontiumwithperiodontitis.ThefibersofthePDLbecomedisorganized,andtheirattachmentstoeitherthealveolarboneproperorcementumthroughSharpeyfibersarelostbecauseoftheresorptionofthesetwoharddentaltissue.[5] PathologicaldamagedordiseasedPDLcanresultindelayedhealingofthealveolarsocketincaseswherethediseasedtoothisultimatelyextracted.[14] Effectoftobaccosmokingandnicotine[edit] Thereisarelationshipbetweensmokingtobaccoandperiodontaldisease,woundhealingandoralcancers.[15] Nicotine,themajorpharmacologicallyactiveingredientintobaccosmoke,lessensahost'sabilitytodefendagainstbacterialinvasioninducedbyplaque.[citationneeded]Itisalsotheingredientresponsibleforaddiction.[16] Tobaccosmokingimpairsphagocyticandchemotacticactivitiesofleukocytes[17]andimpedeswoundhealing,[18]specificallybyaffectinggingivalbloodflow.[19][20] Cigarettesmokersaremorelikelytoexperiencedestructionofthealveolarboneandperiodontalligamentandareatahigherriskofdevelopingperiodontaldisease.[21][22] Nicotineandlipopolysaccharidessynergisticallyinducetheproductionofnitricoxide(NO)andPGE2,andincreaseinduciblenitricoxidesynthase(iNOS)andCOX-2expressioninhumanperiodontalligament(hPDL)cells.[citationneeded] Atthecellularlevel,nicotinereducestheproliferationofredbloodcells,macrophages,andfibroblastsandincreasesplateletadhesiveness.[citationneeded] Macroscopically,thisaffectshealingandtissueperfusionduetomicroclotformationinthebloodvessels.[23][24]Nicotinealsohasasympathomimeticaction,stimulatingepinephrineandnorepinephrinerelease,whichcausesvasoconstrictionandlimitstissueperfusion.Nicotinejeopardisesboneformationbyinhibitingneovascularizationandosteoblasticdifferentiation.[25][26][27][28][29] Ankylosis[edit] Ankylosisisaconditionwherethecementumofthetooth'srootfuseswiththebonethatisaroundthetooth.Theosseoustissuereplacestheperiodontalligamentwhichcausesthetoothtobefixedandcannotundergoeruptivechange.Ankylosisusuallyoccursinprimarymolars,howeverthiscanalsotakeplaceinotherprimaryteeth,aswellassecondarydentition.Ankylosisiscommonintheanteriortoothaftertraumaandcanbereferredtoasreplacementresorption.InthisprocessPDLcellsaredestroyedandasaresultthecellsofthealveolarbonewillperformmostofthehealing.RadiographicexaminationofapatientwithankylosismayalsorevealalossofthePDLandbonybridging.[citationneeded] Effectofnutrition[edit] Nutritionalstatusofanindividualcanbeacrucialfactorintheprogressionandhealingofperiodontaltissues.Therelationshipbetweenoralhealthandsystemichealthhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantsubject.StudieshavesuggestedthatvitaminsDandCinparticularhaveacertaingradeofrelationshipwithperiodontalhealth.However,itisimportanttonotethatsupplementationofvitaminsisnotenoughtoreversetheperiodontiumtoahealthystateandthatfurtherresearchisneededtoconfirmtheories.[citationneeded] Forexample,scurvyisadiseaseresultingfromaseveredeficiencyofvitaminC(ascorbicacid).VitaminCisessentialforthesynthesisofcollagenfibers.collagensynthesis.[citationneeded] Seealso[edit] Periodontium Periodontaldisease Cementum Alveolarbone References[edit] ^WolfHF,RateitschakKH(2005).Periodontology.Thieme.pp. 12–.ISBN 978-0-86577-902-0.RetrievedJune21,2011. ^ListgartenMA.".Principalfibersoftheperiodontalligament".UniversityofPennsylvaniaandTempleUniversity.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune20,2012.ItisthedifferentcompositionofcollagenswhichgivevariousECMfunctionsandabilities.ThereisamixtureofthickandthinfibresinthePDL.Itisimportanttonotethat,inreality,thefibresarenotasdefinedastheseclassifications. ^NaciA(2013).TenCate'sOralHistology.Elsevier.p. 274.ISBN 978-0-323-07846-7. ^StrydomH,MalthaJC,Kuijpers-JagtmanAM,VondenHoffJW(August2012)."Theoxytalanfibrenetworkintheperiodontiumanditspossiblemechanicalfunction".ArchivesofOralBiology.57(8):1003–11.doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.003.PMID 22784380. ^abcdYaoS,PanF,PrpicV,WiseGE(August2008)."Differentiationofstemcellsinthedentalfollicle".JournalofDentalResearch.87(8):767–71.doi:10.1177/154405910808700801.PMC 2553250.PMID 18650550. ^deJongT,BakkerAD,EvertsV,SmitTH(December2017)."Theintricateanatomyoftheperiodontalligamentanditsdevelopment:Lessonsforperiodontalregeneration".JournalofPeriodontalResearch.52(6):965–974.doi:10.1111/jre.12477.PMID 28635007.S2CID 38159994. ^LiM,ZhangC,YangY(January2019)."Effectsofmechanicalforcesonosteogenesisandosteoclastogenesisinhumanperiodontalligamentfibroblasts:Asystematicreviewofinvitrostudies".Bone&JointResearch.8(1):19–31.doi:10.1302/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0060.R1.PMC 6359886.PMID 30800296. ^ListgartenMA."Periodontalligament".UniversityofPennsylvaniaandTempleUniversity.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune16,2010. ^McCormackSW,WitzelU,WatsonPJ,FaganMJ,GröningF(2014)."Thebiomechanicalfunctionofperiodontalligamentfibresinorthodontictoothmovement".PLOSONE.9(7):e102387.Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2387M.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102387.PMC 4103804.PMID 25036099. ^TrulssonM(April2006)."Sensory-motorfunctionofhumanperiodontalmechanoreceptors".JournalofOralRehabilitation.33(4):262–73.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01629.x.PMID 16629881. ^InstituteofAnatomy,UniversityofVeterinaryMedicineHannover,BischofsholerDamm15,D-30173Hannover,Germany ^ZadikY(December2008)."Algorithmoffirst-aidmanagementofdentaltraumaformedicsandcorpsmen".DentalTraumatology.24(6):698–701.doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x.PMID 19021668. ^LayugML,BarrettEJ,KennyDJ(May1998)."Interimstorageofavulsedpermanentteeth".Journal.64(5):357–63,365–9.PMID 9648418. ^KimJH,KooKT,CapetilloJ,KimJJ,YooJM,BenAmaraH,et al.(June2017)."Periodontalandendodonticpathologydelaysextractionsockethealinginacaninemodel".JournalofPeriodontal&ImplantScience.47(3):143–153.doi:10.5051/jpis.2017.47.3.143.PMC 5494309.PMID 28680710. ^WorldHealthOrganisationMonographonTobaccoCessationandOralHealthIntegration,Geneva(2017) ^WhitefordL(December2003)."Nicotine,COandHCN:thedetrimentaleffectsofsmokingonwoundhealing".BritishJournalofCommunityNursing.8(12):S22-6.doi:10.12968/bjcn.2003.8.sup6.12554.PMID 14700008. ^TomarSL,AsmaS(May2000)."Smoking-attributableperiodontitisintheUnitedStates:findingsfromNHANESIII.NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey".JournalofPeriodontology.71(5):743–51.doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743.PMID 10872955. ^GencoRJ,BorgnakkeWS(June2013)."Riskfactorsforperiodontaldisease".Periodontology2000.62(1):59–94.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00457.x.PMID 23574464. ^LeiteFR,NascimentoGG,ScheutzF,LópezR(June2018)."EffectofSmokingonPeriodontitis:ASystematicReviewandMeta-regression".AmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine.54(6):831–841.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.014.PMID 29656920. ^QandilR,SandhuHS,MatthewsDC(March1997)."Tobaccosmokingandperiodontaldiseases".Journal(CanadianDentalAssociation).63(3):187–92,194–5.PMID 9086680. ^MorozumiT,KubotaT,SatoT,OkudaK,YoshieH(April2004)."Smokingcessationincreasesgingivalbloodflowandgingivalcrevicularfluid".JournalofClinicalPeriodontology.31(4):267–72.doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00476.x.PMID 15016254. ^JohnsonGK,ToddGL,JohnsonWT,FungYK,DuboisLM(May1991)."Effectsoftopicalandsystemicnicotineongingivalbloodflowindogs".JournalofDentalResearch.70(5):906–9.doi:10.1177/00220345910700050801.PMID 2022772.S2CID 28627546. ^CiftçiO,GündayM,CalişkanM,GüllüH,GüvenA,MüderrisoğluH(June2013)."Lightcigarettesmokingandvascularfunction".ActaCardiologica.68(3):255–61.doi:10.1080/ac.68.3.2983419.PMID 23882870.S2CID 42726406. ^TomarSL,AsmaS(May2000)."Smoking-attributableperiodontitisintheUnitedStates:findingsfromNHANESIII.NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey".JournalofPeriodontology.71(5):743–51.doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743.PMID 10872955. ^PiSH,JeongGS,OhHW,KimYS,PaeHO,ChungHT,et al.(April2010)."Hemeoxygenase-1mediatesnicotine-andlipopolysaccharide-inducedexpressionofcyclooxygenase-2andinduciblenitricoxidesynthaseinhumanperiodontalligamentcells".JournalofPeriodontalResearch.45(2):177–83.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01215.x.PMID 20470258. ^JonesJK,TriplettRG(March1992)."Therelationshipofcigarettesmokingtoimpairedintraoralwoundhealing:areviewofevidenceandimplicationsforpatientcare".JournalofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery.50(3):237–9,discussion239–40.doi:10.1016/0278-2391(92)90318-t.PMID 1542066. ^SaitoY,SatoS,OginumaT,SaitoY,AraiY,ItoK(May2013)."Effectsofnicotineonguidedboneaugmentationinratcalvarium".ClinicalOralImplantsResearch.24(5):531–5.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02416.x.PMID 22276738. ^DoniganJA,FredericksDC,NepolaJV,SmuckerJD(December2012)."Theeffectoftransdermalnicotineonfracturehealinginarabbitmodel".JournalofOrthopaedicTrauma.26(12):724–7.doi:10.1097/bot.0b013e318270466f.PMID 22955337.S2CID 29873064. ^GlowackiJ,SchultenAJ,PerrottD,KabanLB(February2008)."Nicotineimpairsdistractionosteogenesisintheratmandible".InternationalJournalofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery.37(2):156–61.doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.08.001.PMID 17983728. Externallinks[edit] NanciA,BosshardtDD(2006)."Structureofperiodontaltissuesinhealthanddisease".Periodontology2000.40:11–28.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00141.x.PMID 16398683. vteDentistryinvolvingsupportingstructuresofteeth(Periodontology)Anatomy Periodontium Alveolarbone Biologicwidth Bundlebone Cementum Freegingivalmargin Gingiva Gingivalfibers Gingivalsulcus Junctionalepithelium Mucogingivaljunction Periodontalligament Sulcularepithelium Stippling DiseaseDiagnoses Chronicperiodontitis Localizedaggressiveperiodontitis Generalizedaggressiveperiodontitis Periodontitisasamanifestationofsystemicdisease Periodontosis Necrotizingperiodontaldiseases Abscessesoftheperiodontium Combinedperiodontic-endodonticlesions Infection A.actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophagasp. F.nucleatum P.gingivalis P.intermedia T.forsythia T.denticola Redcomplex Entamoebagingivalis(amoebic) Trichomonastenax Other Calculus Clinicalattachmentloss Edentulism Fremitus Furcationdefect Gingivalenlargement Gingivalpocket Gingivalrecession Gingivitis Horizontalbonydefect Lineargingivalerythema Occlusaltrauma Periodontalpocket Periodontaldisease Periodontitis Plaque Verticalbonydefect Treatmentandprevention Periodontalexamination Ante'slaw Brushing Bleedingonprobing Chlorhexidinegluconate Flossing Hydrogenperoxide Mouthwash Oralhygiene Tetracycline Triclosan Hostmodulatorytherapy TreatmentConventionaltherapy Debridement Scalingandrootplaning Fullmouthdisinfection Fullmouthultrasonicdebridement Surgery Apicallypositionedflap Bonegraft Coronallypositionedflap Crownlengthening Freegingivalgraft Gingivalgrafting Gingivectomy Guidedboneregeneration Guidedtissueregeneration Enamelmatrixderivative Implantplacement Lateralpediclegraft Openflapdebridement Pocketreductionsurgery Socketpreservation Sinuslift Subepithelialconnectivetissuegraft Tools Curette Membrane Probe Scaler Importantpersonalities TomasAlbrektsson FrankBeube Per-IngvarBrånemark RobertGottsegen GaryGreenstein JanLindhe BrianMealey PrestonD.Miller WilloughbyD.Miller CarlE.Misch JohnMankeyRiggs JaySeibert JørgenSlots PaulRoscoeStillman DennisP.Tarnow Hom-LayWang JamesLeonWilliams W.J.Younger Otherspecialties Endodontology Orthodontology Prosthodontology vteFibrousjointsofthehumanskullSyndesmosis Pterygospinousligament Stylohyoidligament Sutures Involvingthefrontalbone frontoethmoidalsuture frontalsuture coronalsuture occipitomastoid lambdoid sagittal Involvingthesphenoidbone sphenoethmoidal withfrontalbone withparietalbone sphenosquamosal InvolvingthePetrouspartofthetemporalbone sphenopetrosal petrosquamous squamosal Facial:palatomaxillarysuture Involvingthezygomaticprocess withsphenoidbone withtemporalbone withfrontalbone Mouth Gomphosis Periodontalfiber Periodontium Dentalalveolus Gingiva Cementum vteAnatomyofthemouthLip Vermilionborder Frenulumoflowerlip Labialcommissureofmouth Philtrum Whiteroll Cheek Buccalfatpad Palate Hardpalate Softpalate Palatineraphe Incisivepapilla Gums Interdentalpapilla Gingivalsulcus Gingivalmargin Gingivalfibers Junctionalepithelium Mucogingivaljunction Sulcularepithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Philtrum Gingiva Periodontalligament Glands Parotidgland duct Submandibulargland duct Sublingualgland duct Tubarialsalivarygland Teeth seetoothanatomy Tongue Top Tastebud Mediansulcus Terminalsulcus Foramencecum Lingualtonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriatedfold Sublingualcaruncle Glossoepiglotticfolds Lingualseptum Backofmouth Oropharynx fauces Plicasemilunarisofthefauces Uvula Palatoglossalarch Palatopharyngealarch Tonsillarfossa Palatinetonsil Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodontal_fiber&oldid=1071878643" Categories:LigamentsoftheheadandneckHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUseAmericanEnglishfromMarch2021AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglishUsemdydatesfromMarch2021AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2021ArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages AfrikaansالعربيةDeutschEspañolFrançaisItalianoעבריתMagyarNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийTürkçeУкраїнська Editlinks