Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know - Consumer

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Dietary supplements come in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, gummies, and powders, as well as drinks and energy bars. Popular ... Skipnavigationlinks U.S.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServicesHHS NationalInstitutesofHealthNIH DivisionofProgramCoordination,Planning,andStrategicInitiativesDPCPSI FindODSon: StrengtheningKnowledgeandUnderstandingofDietarySupplements HealthInformation HealthInformation HealthInformation SupplementFactSheets FrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQ) WhatYouNeedToKnowAboutSupplements ODSVideos Informaciónenespañol DictionaryofDietarySupplementTerms NutrientRecommendations ForHealthProfessionals ConsumerProtection MyDietarySupplementandMedicineRecord News&Events News&Events NewsandEvents Headlines MediaContacts ReadtheODSNewsletters NewsReleasesandAnnouncements Seminars,Conferences&Workshops JointheODSEmailList FollowusonTwitter FollowusonFacebook Programs&Activities Programs&Activities Programs&Activities AnalyticalMethodsandReferenceMaterials(AMRM) NIHConsortiumforAdvancingResearchonBotanicalandOtherNaturalProducts(CARBON)Program PopulationStudiesProgram Trans-NIHResilienceWorkingGroup ComputerAccesstoResearchonDietarySupplements(CARDS)Database DietarySupplementLabelDatabase(DSLD) DietarySupplementIngredientDatabase(DSID) DietarySupplementResearchPracticum ODSScholarsProgram Evidence-basedReviews Grants&Funding Grants&Funding Grants&Funding ODSFundingofGrants&AdministrativeSupplements:FAQ ODSResearchPortfolio ODSFundingOpportunities AdministrativeSupplementsforValidationStudiesofAnalyticalMethods ProductIntegrityInformation NIHFundingOpportunities GeneralNIHFundingGuidance AboutODS AboutODS AboutODS MessagefromtheActingDirector Mission,Origin,andMandate ODS25thAnniversary ODSTimeline StaffBios,Publications,andPresentations StrategicPlanandAnnualReport Budget FederalWorkingGrouponDietarySupplements ContactUs JoinODSEmailList SubmitSearch SearchtheODSwebsite SearchtheODSwebsite SubmitSearch Share: Home>HealthInformation>DietarySupplementFactSheets>DietarySupplementsWhatYouNeedtoKnow>DietarySupplements:WhatYouNeedtoKnow DietarySupplements:WhatYouNeedtoKnow FactSheetforConsumers Haveaquestion?AskODS JointheODSEmailList Consumer Datosenespañol OtherResources TableofContents TheDietarySupplementLabel Effectiveness SafetyandRisk Quality TalkwithYourHealthcareProviders KeepinMind FederalRegulationofDietarySupplements FederalGovernmentInformationSourcesonDietarySupplements Disclaimer ManyadultsandchildrenintheUnitedStatestakeoneormorevitaminsorotherdietarysupplements.Inadditiontovitamins,dietarysupplementscancontainminerals,herbsorotherbotanicals,aminoacids,enzymes,andmanyotheringredients.Dietarysupplementscomeinavarietyofforms,includingtablets,capsules,gummies,andpowders,aswellasdrinksandenergybars.PopularsupplementsincludevitaminsDandB12;mineralslikecalciumandiron;herbssuchasechinaceaandgarlic;andproductslikeglucosamine,probiotics,andfishoils. TheDietarySupplementLabel ProductssoldasdietarysupplementscomewithaSupplementFactslabelthatliststheactiveingredients,theamountperserving(dose),aswellasotheringredients,suchasfillers,binders,andflavorings.Themanufacturersuggeststheservingsize,butyourhealthcareprovidermightdecideadifferentamountismoreappropriateforyou. Effectiveness Somedietarysupplementscanhelpyougetadequateamountsofessentialnutrientsifyoudon’teatanutritiousvarietyoffoods.However,supplementscan’ttaketheplaceofthevarietyoffoodsthatareimportanttoahealthydiet.Tolearnmoreaboutwhatmakesahealthydiet,theDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansandMyPlate aregoodsourcesofinformation. Somedietarysupplementscanimproveoverallhealthandhelpmanagesomehealthconditions.Forexample:  CalciumandvitaminDhelpkeepbonesstrongandreduceboneloss.  Folicaciddecreasestheriskofcertainbirthdefects. Omega-3fattyacidsfromfishoilsmighthelpsomepeoplewithheartdisease.  AcombinationofvitaminsCandE,zinc,copper,lutein,andzeaxanthin(knownasAREDS)mayslowdownfurthervisionlossinpeoplewithage-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD).  Manyothersupplementsneedmorestudytodetermineiftheyhavevalue.TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)doesnotdeterminewhetherdietarysupplementsareeffectivebeforetheyaremarketed. SafetyandRisk Manysupplementscontainactiveingredientsthatcanhavestrongeffectsinthebody.Alwaysbealerttothepossibilityofabadreaction,especiallywhentakinganewproduct. Youaremostlikelytohavesideeffectsfromdietarysupplementsifyoutakethemathighdosesorinsteadofprescribedmedicines,orifyoutakemanydifferentsupplements.Somesupplementscanincreasetheriskofbleedingor,iftakenbeforesurgery,canchangeyourresponsetoanesthesia.Supplementscanalsointeractwithsomemedicinesinwaysthatmightcauseproblems.Hereareafewexamples: VitaminKcanreducetheabilityofthebloodthinnerwarfarin topreventbloodfromclotting. St.John’swortcanspeedthebreakdownofmanymedicinesandreducetheireffectiveness(includingsomeantidepressants,birthcontrolpills,heartmedications,anti-HIVmedications,andtransplantdrugs). Antioxidantsupplements,suchasvitaminsCandE,mightreducetheeffectivenessofsometypesofcancerchemotherapy. Manufacturersmayaddvitamins,minerals,andothersupplementingredientstofoodsyoueat,especiallybreakfastcerealsandbeverages.Asaresult,youmaygetmoreoftheseingredientsthanyouthink,andmoremightnotbebetter.Takingmorethanyouneedcostsmoreandmightalsoraiseyourriskofsideeffects.Forexample,toomuchvitaminAcancauseheadachesandliverdamage,reducebonestrength,andcausebirthdefects.Excessironcausesnauseaandvomitingandmaydamagetheliverandotherorgans. Becautiousabouttakingdietarysupplementsifyouarepregnantornursing.Also,becarefulaboutgivingsupplementstoachild,unlessrecommendedbytheirhealthcareprovider.Manysupplementshavenotbeenwelltestedforsafetyinpregnantwomen,nursingmothers,orchildren. Ifyouthinkthatyouhavehadabadreactionto adietarysupplement,letyourhealthcareproviderknow.HeorshemayreportyourexperiencetotheFDA.YoumayalsosubmitareportdirectlytotheFDAbycalling800-FDA-1088orcompletinganonlineform.Youshouldalsoreportyourreactiontothemanufacturerbyusingthecontactinformationontheproductlabel. Quality TheFDAhasestablishedgoodmanufacturingpractices(GMPs)thatcompaniesmustfollowtohelpensuretheidentity,purity,strength,andcompositionoftheirdietarysupplements.TheseGMPscanpreventaddingthewrongingredient(ortoomuchortoolittleofthecorrectingredient)andreducethechanceofcontaminationorimproperpackagingandlabelingofaproduct.TheFDAperiodicallyinspectsfacilitiesthatmanufacturesupplements. Severalindependentorganizationsofferqualitytestingandallowproductsthatpasstheseteststodisplayasealofqualityassurancethatindicatestheproductwasproperlymanufactured,containstheingredientslistedonthelabel,anddoesnotcontainharmfullevelsofcontaminants.Thesesealsdonotguaranteethataproductissafeoreffective.Organizationsthatofferqualitytestinginclude:* ConsumerLab.com NSFInternational U.S.Pharmacopeia    *Anymentionofaspecificcompany,organization,orservicedoesnotrepresentanendorsementbyODS. TalkwithYourHealthcareProviders Tellyourhealthcareproviders(includingdoctors,dentists, pharmacists,anddietitians)aboutanydietarysupplementsyou’retaking.Theycanhelpyoudeterminewhichsupplements,ifany,mightbevaluableforyou. Keepacompleterecordofanydietarysupplementsandmedicinesyoutake.TheOfficeofDietarySupplementswebsitehas ausefulform,"MyDietarySupplementandMedicineRecord,"thatyoucanprintandfilloutathome.Foreachproduct,notethename,thedoseyoutake,howoftenyoutakeit,andthereasonforuse.Youcansharethisrecordwithyourhealthcareproviderstodiscusswhat’sbestforyouroverallhealth.  KeepinMind Consultyourhealthcareproviderbeforetakingdietarysupplementstotreatahealthcondition. Getyourhealthcareprovider’sapprovalbeforetakingdietarysupplementsinplaceof,orincombinationwith,prescribedmedicines. Ifyouarescheduledtohaveanytypeofsurgicalprocedure,talkwithyourhealthcareprovideraboutanysupplementsyoutake.  Keepinmindtheterm“natural”doesn’talwaysmeansafe.Someall-naturalbotanicalproducts,forexample,likecomfreyandkava,canharmtheliver.Adietarysupplement’ssafetydependsonmanythings,suchasitschemicalmakeup,howitworksinthebody,howitisprepared,andtheamountyoutake.  Beforetakinganydietarysupplement,usetheinformationsourceslistedinthisbrochureandtalktoyourhealthcareproviderstoanswerthesequestions: Whatareitspotentialbenefitsforme? Doesithaveanysafetyrisks? Whatistheproperdosetotake? How,when,andforhowlongshouldItakeit?  FederalRegulationofDietarySupplements Dietarysupplementsareproductsintendedtosupplementthediet.Theyarenotmedicinesandarenotintendedtotreat,diagnose,mitigate,prevent,orcurediseases.TheFDAisthefederalagencythatoverseesbothsupplementsandmedicines,buttheFDAregulationsfordietarysupplementsaredifferentfromthoseforprescriptionorover-the-countermedicines. MedicinesmustbeapprovedbytheFDAbeforetheycanbesoldormarketed.Supplementsdonotrequirethisapproval.Supplementcompaniesareresponsibleforhavingevidencethattheirproductsaresafe,andthelabelclaimsaretruthfulandnotmisleading.However,aslongastheproductdoesnotcontaina“newdietaryingredient”(oneintroducedsinceOctober15,1994),thecompanydoesnothavetoprovidethissafetyevidencetotheFDAbeforetheproductismarketed. Dietarysupplementlabelsmayincludecertaintypesofhealth-relatedclaims.Manufacturersarepermittedtosay,forexample,thatasupplementpromoteshealthorsupportsabodyfunction(likeimmunityorhearthealth).Theseclaimsmustbefollowedbythewords,“ThisstatementhasnotbeenevaluatedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration.Thisproductisnotintendedtodiagnose,treat,cure,orpreventanydisease.” Manufacturersmustfollowgoodmanufacturingpractices(GMPs)toensuretheidentity,purity,strength,andcompositionoftheirproducts.IftheFDAfindsadietarysupplementtobeunsafe,itmayremovetheproductfromthemarketplaceoraskthemanufacturertovoluntarilyrecalltheproduct. TheFDAmonitorsthemarketplaceforpotentialillegalproductsthatmaybeunsafeormakefalseormisleadingclaims.TheFederalTradeCommission,whichmonitorsproductadvertising,alsorequiresinformationaboutasupplementproducttobetruthfulandnotmisleading. Thefederalgovernmentcantakelegalactionagainstcompaniesandwebsitesthatselldietarysupplementswhenthecompaniesmakefalseordeceptivestatementsabouttheirproducts,iftheypromotethemastreatmentsorcuresfordiseases,oriftheirproductsareunsafe. FederalGovernmentInformationSourcesonDietarySupplements NATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTH NIHsupportsresearchandprovideseducationalmaterialsondietarysupplements. OfficeofDietarySupplements ODSprovidesaccurateandup-to-datescientificinformationaboutdietarysupplements. NationalCenterforComplementaryandIntegrativeMedicine NCCIHalsohasscientificinformationaboutdietarysupplementingredients. NationalLibraryofMedicine MedlinePlus providestrustedhealthinformation. PubMed containsmorethan30millioncitationstothescientificliterature. NIHHealthInformation  InformationabouthealthylivingandwellnessfromacrossNIH. U.S.FOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION FDA issuesrulesandregulationsandoverseesdietarysupplementlabeling,marketing,andsafety.RecallnoticesarealsopostedontheFDAwebpageoryoucansubscribetoreceiveFDAnoticesofrecalls,marketwithdrawals,andsafetyalerts. FEDERALTRADECOMMISSION FTC regulateshealthandsafetyclaimsmadeinadvertisingfordietarysupplements. U.S.DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURE USDA providesinformationonavarietyoffoodandnutritiontopics. U.S.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDHUMANSERVICES HHSprovides wellnessinformation,personalhealthtools,andhealthnews. Disclaimer ThisfactsheetbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)OfficeofDietarySupplements(ODS)providesinformationthatshouldnottaketheplaceofmedicaladvice.Weencourageyoutotalktoyourhealthcareproviders(doctor,registereddietitian,pharmacist,etc.)aboutyourinterestin,questionsabout,oruseofdietarysupplementsandwhatmaybebestforyouroverallhealth.Anymentioninthispublicationofaspecificproductorservice,orrecommendationfromanorganizationorprofessionalsociety,doesnotrepresentanendorsementbyODSofthatproduct,service,orexpertadvice. 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