IMDb - Wikipedia

The Top 250 list comprises a wide range of feature films, including major releases, cult films, independent films, critically acclaimed films, silent films, and ... IMDb FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Onlinedatabaseofinformationrelatedtofilms,televisionseries,andvideogames Forthedatabasesystem,seeIn-memorydatabase.FortheMalaysiansovereignwealthfund,see1MDB. IMDbScreenshot IMDbhomepageasofMarch2021TypeofsiteDatabaseAvailable inEnglishOwnerAmazonFounder(s)ColNeedhamSubsidiariesBoxOfficeMojoURLwww.imdb.comCommercialYesRegistrationOptionalLaunchedOctober 17,1990;31yearsago (1990-10-17)Current statusActiveContentlicenseCopyright[1] IMDb(anabbreviationofInternetMovieDatabase)[2]isanonlinedatabaseofinformationrelatedtofilms,televisionseries,homevideos,videogames,andstreamingcontentonline–includingcast,productioncrewandpersonalbiographies,plotsummaries,trivia,ratings,andfanandcriticalreviews.IMDbbeganasafan-operatedmoviedatabaseontheUsenetgroup"rec.arts.movies"in1990,andmovedtothewebin1993.ItisnowownedandoperatedbyIMDb.com,Inc.,asubsidiaryofAmazon. AsofJune 2021,[update]thedatabasecontainedsome8milliontitles(includingtelevisionepisodes)and10.4millionpersonrecords.[3]Additionally,thesitehad83millionregisteredusers.Thesite'swell-usedmessageboardsweredisabledinFebruary2017. Contents 1Features 2History 2.1Historybeforewebsite 2.2Ontheweb 2.3Asanindependentcompany 2.4AsAmazon.comsubsidiary(1998–present) 3IMDbPro 4Characters'filmography 5IMDbTV 6Contentandformat 6.1Dataprovidedbysubjects 6.2Copyright,vandalismanderrorissues 6.3Dataformatandaccess 6.4Filmtitles 7Ancillaryfeatures 7.1Userratingsoffilms 7.1.1Rankings 7.2Messageboards 8Statistics 9Litigation 10Birthnamespublicationpolicy 11Seealso 12References 13Externallinks Features[edit] ThetitleandtalentpagesofIMDbareaccessibletoallusers,butonlyregisteredandlogged-inuserscansubmitnewmaterialandsuggesteditstoexistingentries.Mostofthesite'sdatahasbeenprovidedbythesevolunteers.Registereduserswithaproventrackrecordareabletoaddandmakecorrectionstocastlists,credits,andsomeotherdatapoints.However,theadditionandremovalofimages,andalterationstotitles,castandcrewnames,characternames,andplotsummariesaresubjecttoanapprovalprocess;thisusuallytakesbetween24and72hours. Registereduserscanchoosetheirusername,andmostarepseudonymous.Thereisnosingleindexofcontributors,noindexoneachprofilepageoftheitemscontributed,and—exceptforplotsynopsesandbiographies—noidentificationofcontributorstoeachproduct'sorperson'sdatapages.Usersarealsoinvitedtoratetitlesonascaleof1to10,andthetotalsareconvertedintoaweightedmean-rating,withfiltersinplacetodeterballot-stuffing. Userprofilepagesshowauser'sregistrationdateand,optionally,theirpersonalratingsoftitles.Since2015,"badges"canbeaddedshowingacountofcontributions.Thesebadgesrangefromtotalcontributionsmadetoindependentcategoriessuchasphotos,trivia,andbiographies.IfaregistereduserorvisitorisintheentertainmentindustryandhasanIMDbpage,theycanaddphotosthroughIMDbPRO.[4] History[edit] Historybeforewebsite[edit] IMDboriginatedin1990withaUsenetpostingentitled"ThoseEyes",bytheEnglishfilmfanandcomputerprogrammerColNeedham,[5]aboutactresseswithbeautifuleyes.Otherswithsimilarinterestssoonrespondedwithadditionsordifferentlistsoftheirown.Needhamsubsequentlystartedan"ActorsList",whileDaveKnightbegana"DirectorsList",andAndyKriegtookover"THELIST"fromHankDriskill,whichwouldlaterberenamedthe"ActressList".Bothlistshadbeenrestrictedtopeoplewhowerealiveandworking,butsoonretiredpeoplewereadded,soNeedhamstartedwhatwasthen(butdidnotremain)aseparate"DeadActors/ActressesList".SteveHammondstartedcollectingandmergingcharacternamesforboththeactorsandactresseslists.Whentheseachievedpopularity,theyweremergedbackintotheliststhemselves.Thegoaloftheparticipantsnowwastomakethelistsasinclusiveaspossible. Bylate1990,thelistsincludedalmost10,000 filmsandtelevisionseries,correlatedwithactorsandactressesappearingtherein.OnOctober17,1990,NeedhamdevelopedandpostedacollectionofUnixshellscriptsthatcouldbeusedtosearchthefourlists,andthusthedatabasethatwouldbecometheIMDbwasborn.[6]Atthetime,itwasknownasthe"rec.arts.moviesmoviedatabase". Ontheweb[edit] Thedatabasehadbeenexpandedtoincludeadditionalcategoriesoffilmmakersandotherdemographicmaterialaswellastrivia,biographies,andplotsummaries.Themovieratingshadbeenproperlyintegratedwiththelistdata,andacentralizedemailinterfaceforqueryingthedatabasehadbeencreatedbyAlanJay.Later,in1993,itmovedontothefledglingWorldWideWebunderthenameofCardiffInternetMovieDatabase.[7]ThedatabaseresidedontheserversofthecomputersciencedepartmentofCardiffUniversityinWales.RobHartillwastheoriginalwebinterfaceauthor.In1994,theemailinterfacewasrevisedtoacceptthesubmissionofallinformation,whichenabledpeopletoemailthespecificlistmaintainerwiththeirupdates.However,thestructureremainedsothatinformationreceivedonasinglefilmwasdividedamongmultiplesectionmanagers,thesectionsbeingdefinedanddeterminedbycategoriesoffilmpersonnelandtheindividualfilmographiescontainedtherein.Overthenextfewyears,thedatabasewasrunonanetworkofmirrorsacrosstheworldwithdonatedbandwidth.[8] Asanindependentcompany[edit] In1996IMDbwasincorporatedintheUnitedKingdom,becomingtheInternetMovieDatabaseLtd.FounderCol Needhambecametheprimaryowner.Generalrevenueforsiteoperationswasgeneratedthroughadvertising,licensingandpartnerships.[9] AsAmazon.comsubsidiary(1998–present)[edit] In1998,JeffBezos,founder,owner,andCEOofAmazon.com,struckadealwithNeedhamandotherprincipalshareholderstobuyIMDboutright;Amazonpaid$55millionforIMDbandtwoothercompanies.[10]BezosattachedittoAmazonasasubsidiary,privatecompany.[11]ThisgaveIMDbtheabilitytopaytheshareholderssalariesfortheirwork.Intheprocessofexpandingitsproductline,Amazon.comintendedtouseIMDbasanadvertisingresourceforsellingDVDsandvideotapes. IMDbcontinuedtoexpanditsfunctionality.OnJanuary15,2002,itaddedasubscriptionserviceknownasIMDbPro,aimedatentertainmentprofessionals.IMDbProwasannouncedandlaunchedatthe2002SundanceFilmFestival.Itprovidesavarietyofservicesincludingfilmproductionandboxofficedetails,acompanydirectory,andtheabilityofsubscriberstoaddpersonalinformationpageswithdetailsatvariance. Asanadditionalincentiveforusers,asof2003[update],usersidentifiedasoneof"thetop100 contributors"ofharddatareceivedcomplimentaryfreeaccesstoIMDbProforthefollowingcalendaryear;for2006thiswasincreasedtothetop 150contributors,andfor2010tothetop 250.[12]In2008,IMDblaunchedtheirfirstofficialforeign-languageversionwiththeGermanIMDb.de.Alsoin2008,IMDbacquiredtwoothercompanies:Withoutabox[13]andBoxOfficeMojo.[14] ThewebsitewasoriginallyPerl-based,butIMDbnolongerdiscloseswhatsoftwareitusesforreasonsofsecurity.[15]In2010,thesitewasfilteredinChina.[16] In2016,TheIMDbStudioatSundancewaslaunched,atalkshowthatispresentedonIMDbandYouTube.[17][18] InApril2017,IMDbcelebratedits25thanniversary.Asofthatyear,NeedhamwasstillmanagingIMDbfromitsmainofficeinBristolintheCastlemeadofficetower.[19] IMDbPro[edit] Actors,crew,andindustryexecutivescanposttheirownresumeanduploadphotosofthemselvesforayearlymembershipfeetoIMDbPro.IMDbProcanbeaccessedbyanyonewillingtopaythefee,paidannually,US$149.99.Membershipenablesausertoaccesstherankorderofeachindustrypersonality,aswellasagentcontactinformationforanyactor,producer,directoretc.thathasanIMDbpage.IMDbProalsoallowsexistingactorstoclaimtheirnamepage.EnrollinginIMDbProenablesmemberswhoareindustrypersonneltouploadaheadshottoopentheirpage,aswellastouploadhundredsofphotostoaccompanytheirpage.AnyonecanregisterasanIMDbuserandcontributetothesiteaswellasviewitscontent;however,thoseusersenrolledinIMDbProhavegreateraccessandprivileges.[20] Characters'filmography[edit] OnOctober2,2007,[citationneeded]thecharacters'filmographywasadded.Characterentriesarecreatedfromcharacterlistingsinthemainfilmographydatabase,andassuchdonotneedanyadditionalverificationbyIMDbstaff.Theyhavealreadybeenverifiedwhentheyareaddedtothemainfilmography. IMDbTV[edit] Mainarticle:IMDbTV InJanuary2019,IMDblaunchedanad-supportedstreamingservicecalledFreedive.ManyofitstitlesarelicensedfromSonyPictures.[21]InJunethatyear,FreedivewasrebrandedasIMDbTV,andtheamountofcontentonitwastripled.[22]Asof2019,[update]theserviceisonlyavailableintheUnitedStatesduetointernationallicensingrestrictions.[23] Freedivewasthecompany'ssecondattemptatastreamingservice.IMDbhadpreviouslylaunchedasimilarfeaturein2008[24][25]thatwaslaterdiscontinued.[citationneeded]InJune2019,IMDbannouncedthatitsstreamingservicewouldberenamedIMDbTV,withaplannedlaunchinEuropelaterthatyear.TheservicehaslicensedfilmsandTVseriesfromWarnerBros.,SonyPicturesEntertainmentandMGM.[26]InFebruary2020,theservicelicensed21televisionseriesfromDisney–ABCDomesticTelevision.[27]IMDbTVhasalsoboughtthestreamingrightstotheAlexRiderTVseriesintheU.SthathasbeenstreamingonAmazonPrimeVideointheUK,LatinAmerica,GermanyandAustria.[28] Contentandformat[edit] Dataprovidedbysubjects[edit] In2006,IMDbintroducedits"RésuméSubscriptionService",whereactorsandcrewcanposttheirownrésuméanduploadphotosofthemselves[29]forayearlyfee.[30]ThebaseannualchargeforincludingaphotowithanaccountwasUS$39.95until2010,whenitwasincreasedtoUS$54.95.IMDbrésumépagesarekeptonasub-pageoftheregularentryaboutthatperson,witharegularentryautomaticallycreatedforeachrésumésubscriberwhodoesnotalreadyhaveone.[31] Asof2012[update],ResumeServicesisnowincludedaspartofanIMDbProsubscriptionandisnolongerofferedasaseparatesubscriptionservice. Copyright,vandalismanderrorissues[edit] Allvolunteerswhocontributecontenttothedatabasetechnicallyretaincopyrightontheircontributions,butthecompilationofthecontentbecomestheexclusivepropertyofIMDbwiththefullrighttocopy,modify,andsublicenseit,andtheyareverifiedbeforeposting.[32]Creditisnotgivenonspecifictitleorfilmographypagestothecontributor(s)whohaveprovidedinformation.Conversely,acreditedtextentry,suchasaplotsummary,maybecorrectedforcontent,grammar,sentencestructure,perceivedomissionorerror,byothercontributorswithouthavingtoaddtheirnamesasco-authors.Duetothetimerequiredforprocessingsubmitteddataortextbeforeitisdisplayed,IMDbisdifferentfromuser-contributedprojectslikeDiscogs,orOpenStreetMap,orWikipedia,inthatcontributorscannotadd,delete,ormodifythedataortextonimpulse,andthemanipulationofdataiscontrolledbyIMDbtechnologyandsalariedstaff.[33] IMDbhasbeensubjecttodeliberateadditionsoffalseinformation;in2012aspokespersonsaid:"Wemakeiteasyforusersandprofessionalstoupdatemuchofourcontent,whichiswhywehavean'editpage.'Thedatathatissubmittedgoesthroughaseriesofconsistencychecksbeforeitgoeslive.Giventhesheervolumeoftheinformation,occasionalmistakesareinevitable,and,whenreported,theyarepromptlyfixed.Wealwayswelcomecorrections."[34] TheJavaMovieDatabase(JMDB)[35]isreportedlycreatinganIMDb_Error.logfilethatlistsalltheerrorsfoundwhileprocessingtheIMDbplaintextfiles.AWikialternativetoIMDbisOpenMediaDatabase[36]whosecontentisalsocontributedbyusersbutlicensedunderaCreativeCommonslicense(CCBY)andtheGFDL.Since2007,IMDbhasbeenexperimentingwithwiki-programmedsectionsforcompletefilmsynopses,parentalguides,andFAQsabouttitlesasdeterminedby(andansweredby)individualcontributors. Dataformatandaccess[edit] IMDbdoesnotprovideanAPIforautomatedqueries.However,mostofthedatacanbedownloadedascompressedplaintextfilesandtheinformationcanbeextractedusingthecommand-lineinterfacetoolsprovided.[37]ThereisalsoaJava-basedgraphicaluserinterface(GUI)applicationavailablethatisabletoprocessthecompressedplaintextfiles,whichallowsasearchandadisplayoftheinformation.[35]ThisGUIapplicationsupportsdifferentlanguages,butthemovierelateddataareinEnglish,asmadeavailablebyIMDb.APythonpackagecalledIMDbPYcanalsobeusedtoprocessthecompressedplaintextfilesintoanumberofdifferentSQLdatabases,enablingeasieraccesstotheentiredatasetforsearchingordatamining.[38] Filmtitles[edit] TheIMDbhassitesinEnglishaswellasversionstranslatedcompletelyorinpartintootherlanguages(Danish,Finnish,French,German,Hungarian,Italian,Polish,Portuguese,SpanishandRomanian).Thenon-Englishlanguagesitesdisplayfilmtitlesinthespecifiedlanguage.Originally,IMDb'sEnglishlanguagesitesdisplayedtitlesaccordingtotheiroriginalcountry-of-originlanguage,however,in2010IMDbbeganallowingindividualusersintheUKandUSAtochooseprimarytitledisplaybyeithertheoriginal-languagetitles,ortheUSorUKreleasetitle(normally,inEnglish). Ancillaryfeatures[edit] Userratingsoffilms[edit] Asoneadjuncttodata,theIMDboffersaratingscalethatallowsuserstoratefilmsonascaleofonetoten. IMDbindicatesthatsubmittedratingsarefilteredandweightedinvariouswaystoproduceaweightedmeanthatisdisplayedforeachfilm,series,andsoon.Itstatesthatfiltersareusedtoavoidballotstuffing;themethodisnotdescribedindetailtoavoidattemptstocircumventit.Infact,itsometimesproducesanextremedifferencebetweentheweightedaverageandthearithmeticmean. Rankings[edit] TheIMDbTop250isalistofthetoprated250films,basedonratingsbytheregisteredusersofthewebsiteusingthemethodsdescribed.Asof18 November 2021[update],ShawshankRedemptionisNo.1onthelist.[39]The"Top 250"ratingisbasedononlytheratingsof"regularvoters".Thenumberofvotesaregistereduserwouldhavetomaketobeconsideredasauserwhovotesregularlyhasbeenkeptsecret.IMDbhasstatedthattomaintaintheeffectivenessoftheTop 250listthey"deliberatelydonotdisclosethecriteriausedforapersontobecountedasaregularvoter".[40]Inadditiontootherweightings,theTop 250filmsarealsobasedonaweightedratingformulareferredtoinactuarialscienceasacredibilityformula.[41]Thislabelarisesbecauseastatisticistakentobemorecrediblethegreaterthenumberofindividualpiecesofinformation;inthiscasefromeligibleuserswhosubmitratings.Althoughthecurrentformulaisnotdisclosed,IMDboriginallyusedthefollowingformulatocalculatetheirweightedrating:[42] W =   R ⋅ v + C ⋅ m   v + m {\displaystyleW={\frac{\R\cdotv+C\cdotm\}{v+m}}} where: W   {\displaystyleW\} =weightedrating R   {\displaystyleR\} =averageforthemovieasanumberfrom1to10(mean)=(Rating) v   {\displaystylev\} =numberofvotesforthemovie=(votes) m   {\displaystylem\} =minimumvotesrequiredtobelistedintheTop250(currently25,000) C   {\displaystyleC\} =themeanvoteacrossthewholereport(currently7.0) The W   {\displaystyleW\} inthisformulaisequivalenttoaBayesianposteriormean(seeBayesianstatistics). TheIMDbalsohasaBottom 100featurewhichisassembledthroughasimilarprocessalthoughonly10,000 votesmustbereceivedtoqualifyforthelist.[43] TheTop 250listcomprisesawiderangeoffeaturefilms,includingmajorreleases,cultfilms,independentfilms,criticallyacclaimedfilms,silentfilms,andnon-English-languagefilms.Documentaries,shortfilmsandTV episodesarenotcurrentlyincluded. Since2015,therehasbeenaTop 250listdevotedtorankingtelevisionshows.[44] Messageboards[edit] Beginningin2001,theInternetMovieDatabasealsomaintainedmessageboardsforeverytitle(excepting,asof2013[update],TVepisodes[45])andnameentry,alongwithover140mainboards.Topostonthemessageboardsauserneededto"authenticate"theiraccountviacellphone,creditcard,orbyhavingbeenarecentcustomeroftheparentcompanyAmazon.com.Messageboardsexpandedinrecentyears.TheSoapboxstartedin1999asageneralmessageboardmeantfordebatesonanysubjects.ThePoliticsboardstartedin2007wasamessageboardtodiscusspolitics,newsevents,andcurrentaffairs,aswellashistoryandeconomics.[citationneeded] ByFebruary20,2017,allthemessageboardsandtheircontentwerepermanentlyremoved.Accordingtothewebsite,thedecisionwasmadebecausetheboardswere"nolongerprovidingapositive,usefulexperienceforthevastmajorityofourmorethan250 millionmonthlyusersworldwide",[46]andothershavementioneditssusceptibilitytotrollinganddisagreeablebehavior.[47][48][49]ColNeedhamalsomentionedinapostsomemonthsearlierthattheboardsreceivedlessincomefromads,andthattheirmembersonlymadeupaverysmallpartofthewebsite'svisitors.Theboardswerecostlytorunduetothesystem'sageanddateddesign,whichdidnotmakebusinesssense.[50]Thedecisiontoremovethemessageboardswasmetwithoutspokenbacklashfromsomeofitsusers,andsparkedanonlinepetitiongarneringover8,000 signatures.[51]InthedaysleadinguptoFebruary20,2017,bothArchive.org[52]andMovieChat.org[53]preservedtheentirecontentsoftheIMDbmessageboardsusingwebscraping.Archive.organdMovieChat.orghavepublishedIMDbmessageboardarchives,whichislegalunderthefairusedoctrine,becauseithasnoeffectonIMDb'spotentialmarketfororvalueofthecopyrightedwork.[54][55] Statistics[edit] AsofJune 2021[update],IMDbhasthefollowingstatistics:[3] Type Titles Featurefilm 580,890 Shortfilm 818,520 TVseries 209,880 TVepisode 5,884,536 TVmovie 132,040 TVspecial 33,183 TVmini-series 38,108 TVshort 9,949 Video 312,751 Videogame 28,467 Litigation[edit] In2011,inthecaseofHoangv.Amazon.com,Inc.,IMDbwassuedbyananonymousactressformorethanUS$1,000,000duetoIMDb'srevealingherage(40,atthetime).[56]Theactressclaimedthatrevealingheragecouldcausehertoloseactingopportunities.[57]JudgeMarshaJ.Pechman,aU.S.districtjudgeinSeattle,dismissedthelawsuit,sayingtheactresshadnogroundstoproceedwithananonymouscomplaint.Theactressre-filedandsorevealedthatshewasHuongHoangofTexas,whousesthestagenameJunieHoang.[58]In2013,PechmandismissedallcausesofactionexceptforabreachofcontractclaimagainstIMDb;ajurythensidedwithIMDbonthatclaim.[59]TheCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitaffirmedthedistrictcourtjudgmentinMarch2015.[60] Alsoin2011,inthecaseofUnitedVideoPropertiesInc.,etal.v.Amazon.ComInc.etal.,[61]IMDbandAmazonweresuedbyRoviCorporationandothersforpatentinfringementovertheirvariousprogramlistingofferings.[62]ThepatentclaimswereultimatelyconstruedinawayfavorabletoIMDb,andRovi/UnitedVideoPropertieslostthecase.[63]InApril2014,thedecisionwasaffirmedbytheU.S.CourtofAppeals.[64] OnJanuary1,2017,theStateofCaliforniaimplementedstatebillAB-1687,aSAG-AFTRA-backedanti-ageismstatutewhichrequires"commercialonlineentertainmentemploymentservices"tohonorrequestsbytheirsubscribersfortheiragesandbirthdaystobehidden.[65]Bythebeginningof2017,IMDbhadreceivedmorethan2,300 requestsfromindividualstoremovetheirdateofbirthfromthesite.Includedinthisgroupwere10 AcademyAwardwinnersandanother71nominatedforOscars,Emmys,orGoldenGlobes.[66]OnFebruary23,2017,JudgeVinceGirdhariChhabriaissuedastayonthebillpendingafurthertrial,claimingthatitpossiblyviolatedtheFirstAmendmentbecauseitinhibitedthepublicconsumptionofinformation.Healsoquestionedtheintentofthebill,asitwasostensiblymeanttotargetIMDb.[67] Birthnamespublicationpolicy[edit] IMDbhadlongmaintainedthatitwouldkeepallvalidinformation,butchangedthatpolicyrelatedtobirthnamesonAugust12,2019.IMDbwillnowremovebirthnamesthatarenotwidelyandpubliclyknown,ofpersonswhonolongerusetheirbirthnames.[68]ThiswasdoneinresponsetopressurefromLGBTQgroupsagainstthepublicationoftransgenderbirthnameswithouttheirconsent,whichiscalled"dead-naming".Anynameapersonhadpreviouslybeencreditedunder,however,continuestobemaintainedinthecreditssection.[68] Seealso[edit] AllMediaNetwork –acommercialdatabasecombininginformationfromtheolderAllMovieandAllMusicsites Animator.ru Bibliographicdatabase(InternetBookDatabase;IBookDb) BigCartoonDataBase(BCDB) DBCultFilmInstitute Discogs –musicreleasereferenceguideandsalessite Douban Filmweb FindAnyFilm Flickchart Goodreads GrandComicsDatabase InternetAdultFilmDatabase InternetMovieCarsDatabase(IMCDb) InternetMovieFirearmsDatabase(IMFDb) InternetBroadwayDatabase(IBDb) InternetOff-BroadwayDatabase(IOBDb) InternetSpeculativeFictionDatabase(ISFDb) 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