Why do we use __init__ in Python classes? - Stack Overflow

The __init__ function is called a constructor, or initializer, and is automatically called when you create a new instance of a class. Lessthan10daystoRSVP!Virtuallyjoinusatourinauguralconference,everyoneiswelcome. Home Public Questions Tags Users Companies Collectives ExploreCollectives Teams StackOverflowforTeams –Startcollaboratingandsharingorganizationalknowledge. CreateafreeTeam WhyTeams? Teams CreatefreeTeam Collectives™onStackOverflow Findcentralized,trustedcontentandcollaboratearoundthetechnologiesyouusemost. LearnmoreaboutCollectives Teams Q&Aforwork Connectandshareknowledgewithinasinglelocationthatisstructuredandeasytosearch. LearnmoreaboutTeams Whydoweuse__init__inPythonclasses? AskQuestion Asked 10years,9monthsago Modified 1year,3monthsago Viewed 188ktimes 139 167 IamhavingtroubleunderstandingtheInitializationofclasses. What'sthepointofthemandhowdoweknowwhattoincludeinthem?Doeswritinginclassesrequireadifferenttypeofthinkingversuscreatingfunctions(IfiguredIcouldjustcreatefunctionsandthenjustwraptheminaclasssoIcanre-usethem.Willthatwork?) Here'sanexample: classcrawler: #Initializethecrawlerwiththenameofdatabase def__init__(self,dbname): self.con=sqlite.connect(dbname) def__del__(self): self.con.close() defdbcommit(self): self.con.commit() Oranothercodesample: classbicluster: def__init__(self,vec,left=None,right=None,distance=0.0,id=None): self.left=left self.right=right self.vec=vec self.id=id self.distance=distance Therearesomanyclasseswith__init__Icomeacrosswhentryingtoreadotherpeople'scode,butIdon'tunderstandthelogicincreatingthem. pythonclass Share Improvethisquestion Follow editedOct26,2017at17:51 Stevoisiak 21.1k2424goldbadges117117silverbadges206206bronzebadges askedDec22,2011at20:06 LostsoulLostsoul 23.8k4343goldbadges134134silverbadges223223bronzebadges 1 1 thestoryofinitis...blah,blah,blah....constructor-destructorbutnodestructorbecausegarbagecollectionavailable. – MisterGeeky Jul10,2018at21:22 Addacomment  |  8Answers 8 Sortedby: Resettodefault Highestscore(default) Trending(recentvotescountmore) Datemodified(newestfirst) Datecreated(oldestfirst) 316 Bywhatyouwrote,youaremissingacriticalpieceofunderstanding:thedifferencebetweenaclassandanobject.__init__doesn'tinitializeaclass,itinitializesaninstanceofaclassoranobject.Eachdoghascolour,butdogsasaclassdon't.Eachdoghasfourorfewerfeet,buttheclassofdogsdoesn't.Theclassisaconceptofanobject.WhenyouseeFidoandSpot,yourecognisetheirsimilarity,theirdoghood.That'stheclass. Whenyousay classDog: def__init__(self,legs,colour): self.legs=legs self.colour=colour fido=Dog(4,"brown") spot=Dog(3,"mostlyyellow") You'resaying,Fidoisabrowndogwith4legswhileSpotisabitofacrippleandismostlyyellow.The__init__functioniscalledaconstructor,orinitializer,andisautomaticallycalledwhenyoucreateanewinstanceofaclass.Withinthatfunction,thenewlycreatedobjectisassignedtotheparameterself.Thenotationself.legsisanattributecalledlegsoftheobjectinthevariableself.Attributesarekindoflikevariables,buttheydescribethestateofanobject,orparticularactions(functions)availabletotheobject. However,noticethatyoudon'tsetcolourforthedoghooditself-it'sanabstractconcept.Thereareattributesthatmakesenseonclasses.Forinstance,population_sizeisonesuch-itdoesn'tmakesensetocounttheFidobecauseFidoisalwaysone.Itdoesmakesensetocountdogs.Letussaythere're200milliondogsintheworld.It'sthepropertyoftheDogclass.Fidohasnothingtodowiththenumber200million,nordoesSpot.It'scalleda"classattribute",asopposedto"instanceattributes"thatarecolourorlegsabove. Now,tosomethinglesscanineandmoreprogramming-related.AsIwritebelow,classtoaddthingsisnotsensible-whatisitaclassof?ClassesinPythonmakeupofcollectionsofdifferentdata,thatbehavesimilarly.ClassofdogsconsistsofFidoandSpotand199999999998otheranimalssimilartothem,allofthempeeingonlampposts.Whatdoestheclassforaddingthingsconsistof?Bywhatdatainherenttothemdotheydiffer?Andwhatactionsdotheyshare? However,numbers...thosearemoreinterestingsubjects.Say,Integers.There'salotofthem,alotmorethandogs.IknowthatPythonalreadyhasintegers,butlet'splaydumband"implement"themagain(bycheatingandusingPython'sintegers). So,Integersareaclass.Theyhavesomedata(value),andsomebehaviours("addmetothisothernumber").Let'sshowthis: classMyInteger: def__init__(self,newvalue): #imagineselfasanindexcard. #undertheheadingof"value",wewillwrite #thecontentsofthevariablenewvalue. self.value=newvalue defadd(self,other): #whenanintegerwantstoadditselftoanotherinteger, #we'lltaketheirvaluesandaddthemtogether, #thenmakeanewintegerwiththeresultvalue. returnMyInteger(self.value+other.value) three=MyInteger(3) #threenowcontainsanobjectofclassMyInteger #three.valueisnow3 five=MyInteger(5) #fivenowcontainsanobjectofclassMyInteger #five.valueisnow5 eight=three.add(five) #here,weinvokedthethree'sbehaviourofaddinganotherinteger #now,eight.valueisthree.value+five.value=3+5=8 printeight.value #==>8 Thisisabitfragile(we'reassumingotherwillbeaMyInteger),butwe'llignorenow.Inrealcode,wewouldn't;we'dtestittomakesure,andmaybeevencoerceit("you'renotaninteger?bygolly,youhave10nanosecondstobecomeone!9...8....") Wecouldevendefinefractions.Fractionsalsoknowhowtoaddthemselves. classMyFraction: def__init__(self,newnumerator,newdenominator): self.numerator=newnumerator self.denominator=newdenominator #becauseeveryfractionisdescribedbythesetwothings defadd(self,other): newdenominator=self.denominator*other.denominator newnumerator=self.numerator*other.denominator+self.denominator*other.numerator returnMyFraction(newnumerator,newdenominator) There'sevenmorefractionsthanintegers(notreally,butcomputersdon'tknowthat).Let'smaketwo: half=MyFraction(1,2) third=MyFraction(1,3) five_sixths=half.add(third) printfive_sixths.numerator #==>5 printfive_sixths.denominator #==>6 You'renotactuallydeclaringanythinghere.Attributesarelikeanewkindofvariable.Normalvariablesonlyhaveonevalue.Letussayyouwritecolour="grey".Youcan'thaveanothervariablenamedcolourthatis"fuchsia"-notinthesameplaceinthecode. Arrayssolvethattoadegree.Ifyousaycolour=["grey","fuchsia"],youhavestackedtwocoloursintothevariable,butyoudistinguishthembytheirposition(0,or1,inthiscase). Attributesarevariablesthatareboundtoanobject.Likewitharrays,wecanhaveplentycolourvariables,ondifferentdogs.So,fido.colourisonevariable,butspot.colourisanother.Thefirstoneisboundtotheobjectwithinthevariablefido;thesecond,spot.Now,whenyoucallDog(4,"brown"),orthree.add(five),therewillalwaysbeaninvisibleparameter,whichwillbeassignedtothedanglingextraoneatthefrontoftheparameterlist.Itisconventionallycalledself,andwillgetthevalueoftheobjectinfrontofthedot.Thus,withintheDog's__init__(constructor),selfwillbewhateverthenewDogwillturnouttobe;withinMyInteger'sadd,selfwillbeboundtotheobjectinthevariablethree.Thus,three.valuewillbethesamevariableoutsidetheadd,asself.valuewithintheadd. IfIsaythe_mangy_one=fido,Iwillstartreferringtotheobjectknownasfidowithyetanothername.Fromnowon,fido.colourisexactlythesamevariableasthe_mangy_one.colour. So,thethingsinsidethe__init__.YoucanthinkofthemasnotingthingsintotheDog'sbirthcertificate.colourbyitselfisarandomvariable,couldcontainanything.fido.colourorself.colourislikeaformfieldontheDog'sidentitysheet;and__init__istheclerkfillingitoutforthefirsttime. Anyclearer? EDIT:Expandingonthecommentbelow: Youmeanalistofobjects,don'tyou? Firstofall,fidoisactuallynotanobject.Itisavariable,whichiscurrentlycontaininganobject,justlikewhenyousayx=5,xisavariablecurrentlycontainingthenumberfive.Ifyoulaterchangeyourmind,youcandofido=Cat(4,"pleasing")(aslongasyou'vecreatedaclassCat),andfidowouldfromthenon"contain"acatobject.Ifyoudofido=x,itwillthencontainthenumberfive,andnotananimalobjectatall. Aclassbyitselfdoesn'tknowitsinstancesunlessyouspecificallywritecodetokeeptrackofthem.Forinstance: classCat: census=[]#definecensusarray def__init__(self,legs,colour): self.colour=colour self.legs=legs Cat.census.append(self) Here,censusisaclass-levelattributeofCatclass. fluffy=Cat(4,"white") spark=Cat(4,"fiery") Cat.census #==>[<__main__.catinstanceat0x108982cb0>,<__main__.catinstanceat0x108982e18>] #orsomethinglikethat Notethatyouwon'tget[fluffy,sparky].Thosearejustvariablenames.Ifyouwantcatsthemselvestohavenames,youhavetomakeaseparateattributeforthename,andthenoverridethe__str__methodtoreturnthisname.Thismethod's(i.e.class-boundfunction,justlikeaddor__init__)purposeistodescribehowtoconverttheobjecttoastring,likewhenyouprintitout. Share Improvethisanswer Follow editedJun19,2021at11:46 mkrieger1 15.7k44goldbadges4545silverbadges5757bronzebadges answeredDec22,2011at20:15 AmadanAmadan 183k2222goldbadges223223silverbadges282282bronzebadges 3 7 wowthanks..thisactuallymadealotofsensetomesoanythingthatmakessomethingwhatitis,Ineedtopre-declareintheinitfunction.Inthiscase,Dog,haslegsandcolour.Forexample,ifImadeaclassthataddedtwonumbers,Iwoulddeclareself.firstnumberandself.secondnumberthenjustdofirstnumber+secondnumberlateronintheclasstogettheanswer? – Lostsoul Dec22,2011at20:23 1 Kindof.Youcoulddothat.Butithardlymakessensetomakeaclassjusttoaddthings.Classesnormallyimplementdatawithbehaviours-purebehavioursarejustfunctions.I'llexpandtheanswerwithsomethingrelevant;waitabit. – Amadan Dec22,2011at20:28 3 Thankyoufortheamazinganswer.Iseeandunderstandthepowerofclassesnow.Sorry,ifitsoundsdumb.YoujustmerealizeIcansortdataandmaintainthestateofmanydifferentthingsatonce(whereasIwouldonlytrackasmanyvariablesasIcancreateormorevialoops).Sosay,Ineedtofigureouttheaveragenumberoflegsperdog?IsthereawaytoretrievealistofallobjectsIhavecreatedwithaclasssoIcanstartacalucationlikethis?orshouldIalsobemaintainingalistoftheclassesIcreate(i.e.[fido,spot]) – Lostsoul Dec23,2011at5:33 Addacomment  |  28 Tocontributemy5centstothethoroughexplanationfromAmadan. Whereclassesareadescription"ofatype"inanabstractway.Objectsaretheirrealizations:thelivingbreathingthing.Intheobject-orientatedworldthereareprincipalideasyoucanalmostcalltheessenceofeverything.Theyare: encapsulation(won'telaborateonthis) inheritance polymorphism Objectshaveone,ormorecharacteristics(=Attributes)andbehaviors(=Methods).Thebehaviormostlydependsonthecharacteristics. Classesdefinewhatthebehaviorshouldaccomplishinageneralway,butaslongastheclassisnotrealized(instantiated)asanobjectitremainsanabstractconceptofapossibility. Letmeillustratewiththehelpof"inheritance"and"polymorphism". classHuman: gender nationality favorite_drink core_characteristic favorite_beverage name age deflove defdrink deflaugh defdo_your_special_thing classAmericans(Humans) defdrink(beverage): ifbeverage!=favorite_drink:print"Youcallthatadrink?" else:print"Great!" classFrench(Humans) defdrink(beverage,cheese): ifbeverage==favourite_drinkandcheese==None:print"Nocheese?" elifbeverage!=favourite_drinkandcheese==None:print"Révolution!" classBrazilian(Humans) defdo_your_special_thing win_every_football_world_cup() classGermans(Humans) defdrink(beverage): iffavorite_drink!=beverage:print"Ineedmorebeer" else:print"Lecker!" classHighSchoolStudent(Americans): def__init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age jeff=HighSchoolStudent(name,age): hans=Germans() ronaldo=Brazilian() amelie=French() forfriendsin[jeff,hans,ronaldo]: friends.laugh() friends.drink("cola") friends.do_your_special_thing() printamelie.love(jeff) >>>True printronaldo.love(hans) >>>False Somecharacteristicsdefinehumanbeings.Buteverynationalitydifferssomewhat.So"national-types"arekindaHumanswithextras."Americans"areatypeof"Humans"andinheritsomeabstractcharacteristicsandbehaviorfromthehumantype(base-class):that'sinheritance.SoallHumanscanlaughanddrink,thereforeallchild-classescanalso!Inheritance(2). Butbecausetheyareallofthesamekind(Type/base-class:Humans)youcanexchangethemsometimes:seethefor-loopattheend.Buttheywillexposeanindividualcharacteristic,andthatsPolymorphism(3). Soeachhumanhasafavorite_drink,buteverynationalitytendtowardsaspecialkindofdrink. IfyousubclassanationalityfromthetypeofHumansyoucanoverwritetheinheritedbehaviorasIhavedemonstratedabovewiththedrink()Method. Butthat'sstillattheclass-levelandbecauseofthisit'sstillageneralization. hans=German(favorite_drink="Cola") instantiatestheclassGermanandI"changed"adefaultcharacteristicatthebeginning. (Butifyoucallhans.drink('Milk')hewouldstillprint"Ineedmorebeer"-anobviousbug...ormaybethat'swhatiwouldcallafeatureifiwouldbeaEmployeeofabiggerCompany.;-)!) Thecharacteristicofatypee.g.Germans(hans)areusuallydefinedthroughtheconstructor(inpython:__init__)atthemomentoftheinstantiation.Thisisthepointwhereyoudefineaclasstobecomeanobject.Youcouldsaybreathlifeintoanabstractconcept(class)byfillingitwithindividualcharacteristicsandbecominganobject. Butbecauseeveryobjectisaninstanceofaclasstheyshareallsomebasiccharacteristic-typesandsomebehavior.Thisisamajoradvantageoftheobject-orientatedconcept. Toprotectthecharacteristicsofeachobjectyouencapsulatethem-meansyoutrytocouplebehaviorandcharacteristicandmakeithardtomanipulateitfromoutsidetheobject.That'sEncapsulation(1) Share Improvethisanswer Follow editedAug29,2018at9:58 U12-Forward 66.1k1313goldbadges7676silverbadges9696bronzebadges answeredDec22,2011at21:03 DonQuestionDonQuestion 10.9k55goldbadges3333silverbadges5151bronzebadges Addacomment  |  6 Itisjusttoinitializetheinstance'svariables. E.g.createacrawlerinstancewithaspecificdatabasename(fromyourexampleabove). Share Improvethisanswer Follow answeredDec22,2011at20:08 jldupontjldupont 89.5k5656goldbadges195195silverbadges310310bronzebadges 4 I'msorry,Idon'treallyunderstandwhatthatmeans..intheexampleabove..couldn'tthedeveloperjusthaveaddedinhismaincode'left=foo',etc.. – Lostsoul Dec22,2011at20:10 Youmeanthedefaultvaluesofthefunction?left=NoneleftwillinitializedtoNoneifuponcreationtheleftparameterisn'tspecified. – jldupont Dec22,2011at20:13 Ithinkitsstartingtomakesense..isitlikehowyouhavetopredeclareyourvariablesinjava"Stringleft"orsomething?thenonceitsinitializedtotheclass,youcanmanipulatethevalues?ItsjustabitconfusingwhencomparedtofunctionsbecauseIcanjustsendvaluestofunctionsanddon'tneedtoinitializeanythinginadvance. – Lostsoul Dec22,2011at20:19 1 @Lostsoul:left=foowouldwork-once.Thepointofclassesistodosomethingsensibleforeverydifferentcrawler.Classesarenotfunctions,norsomethingthatcancomparetofunctions(well,notuntilyou'realotmoreadvancedandgetintofunctionalprogramming,butthat'lljustconfuseyounow).Readmyanswerforwhatclassesactuallyare-you'restillnotgettingit. – Amadan Dec22,2011at20:22 Addacomment  |  5 Followingwithyourcarexample:whenyougetacar,youjustdon'tgetarandomcar,Imean,youchoosethecolor,thebrand,numberofseats,etc.Andsomestuffisalso"initialize"withoutyouchoosingforit,likenumberofwheelsorregistrationnumber. classCar: def__init__(self,color,brand,number_of_seats): self.color=color self.brand=brand self.number_of_seats=number_of_seats self.number_of_wheels=4 self.registration_number=GenerateRegistrationNumber() So,inthe__init__methodyoudefiningtheattributesoftheinstanceyou'recreating.So,ifwewantablueRenaultcar,for2people,wewouldinitializeorinstanceofCarlike: my_car=Car('blue','Renault',2) Thisway,wearecreatinganinstanceoftheCarclass.The__init__istheonethatishandlingourspecificattributes(likecolororbrand)anditsgeneratingtheotherattributes,likeregistration_number. MoreaboutclassesinPython Moreaboutthe__init__method Share Improvethisanswer Follow editedDec22,2011at20:33 answeredDec22,2011at20:14 juliomalegriajuliomalegria 23.4k1313goldbadges6868silverbadges8989bronzebadges Addacomment  |  4 Itseemslikeyouneedtouse__init__inPythonifyouwanttocorrectlyinitializemutableattributesofyourinstances. Seethefollowingexample: >>>classEvilTest(object): ...attr=[] ... >>>evil_test1=EvilTest() >>>evil_test2=EvilTest() >>>evil_test1.attr.append('strange') >>> >>>print"Thisisevil:",evil_test1.attr,evil_test2.attr Thisisevil:['strange']['strange'] >>> >>> >>>classGoodTest(object): ...def__init__(self): ...self.attr=[] ... >>>good_test1=GoodTest() >>>good_test2=GoodTest() >>>good_test1.attr.append('strange') >>> >>>print"Thisisgood:",good_test1.attr,good_test2.attr Thisisgood:['strange'][] ThisisquitedifferentinJavawhereeachattributeisautomaticallyinitializedwithanewvalue: importjava.util.ArrayList; importjava.lang.String; classSimpleTest { publicArrayListattr=newArrayList(); } classMain { publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args) { SimpleTestt1=newSimpleTest(); SimpleTestt2=newSimpleTest(); t1.attr.add("strange"); System.out.println(t1.attr+""+t2.attr); } } producesanoutputweintuitivelyexpect: [strange][] Butifyoudeclareattrasstatic,itwillactlikePython: [strange][strange] Share Improvethisanswer Follow answeredAug30,2013at23:34 alexpirinealexpirine 2,63311goldbadge2424silverbadges3838bronzebadges Addacomment  |  3 The__init__functionissettingupallthemembervariablesintheclass.Soonceyourbiclusteriscreatedyoucanaccessthememberandgetavalueback: mycluster=bicluster(...actualvaluesgohere...) mycluster.left#returnsthevaluepassedinas'left' CheckoutthePythonDocsforsomeinfo.You'llwanttopickupanbookonOOconceptstocontinuelearning. Share Improvethisanswer Follow answeredDec22,2011at20:11 AlGAlG 14.3k44goldbadges4242silverbadges5454bronzebadges Addacomment  |  3 Classesareobjectswithattributes(state,characteristic)andmethods(functions,capacities)thatarespecificforthatobject(likethewhitecolorandflypowers,respectively,foraduck). Whenyoucreateaninstanceofaclass,youcangiveitsomeinitialpersonality(stateorcharacterlikethenameandthecolorofherdressforanewborn).Youdothiswith__init__. Basically__init__setstheinstancecharacteristicsautomaticallywhenyoucallinstance=MyClass(some_individual_traits). Share Improvethisanswer Follow editedApr28,2017at11:19 kenorb 144k7676goldbadges654654silverbadges710710bronzebadges answeredDec22,2011at20:17 joaquinjoaquin 79.6k2727goldbadges137137silverbadges151151bronzebadges Addacomment  |  2 classDog(object): #ClassObjectAttribute species='mammal' def__init__(self,breed,name): self.breed=breed self.name=name Inaboveexampleweusespeciesasaglobalsinceitwillbealwayssame(Kindofconstantyoucansay).whenyoucall__init__methodthenallthevariableinside__init__willbeinitiated(eg:breed,name). classDog(object): a='12' def__init__(self,breed,name,a): self.breed=breed self.name=name self.a=a ifyouprinttheaboveexamplebycallingbelowlikethis Dog.a 12 Dog('Lab','Sam','10') Dog.a 10 Thatmeansitwillbeonlyinitializedduringobjectcreation.soanythingwhichyouwanttodeclareasconstantmakeitasglobalandanythingwhichchangesuse__init__ Share Improvethisanswer Follow editedAug29,2018at10:01 U12-Forward 66.1k1313goldbadges7676silverbadges9696bronzebadges answeredOct11,2017at18:41 vedavyasakvedavyasak 75355silverbadges44bronzebadges Addacomment  |  YourAnswer ThanksforcontributingananswertoStackOverflow!Pleasebesuretoanswerthequestion.Providedetailsandshareyourresearch!Butavoid…Askingforhelp,clarification,orrespondingtootheranswers.Makingstatementsbasedonopinion;backthemupwithreferencesorpersonalexperience.Tolearnmore,seeourtipsonwritinggreatanswers. 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