Tree of life - Wikipedia

The tree of life in Islamic architecture is a type of biomorphic pattern found in many artistic traditions and is considered to be any vegetal pattern with a ... Treeoflife FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Motifinartandculture Foruseinbiology(phylogeny),seeTreeoflife(biology). Forotheruses,seeTreeoflife(disambiguation). An1847depictionoftheNorseYggdrasilasdescribedintheIcelandicProseEddabyOlufOlufsenBagge 17th-centurydepictionofthetreeoflifeinPalaceofShakiKhans,Azerbaijan Confrontedanimals,hereibexes,flankatreeofLife,averycommonmotifintheartoftheancientNearEastandMediterranean Thetreeoflifeisafundamentalarchetypeinmanyoftheworld'smythologies,religious,andphilosophicaltraditions.Itiscloselyrelatedtotheconceptofthesacredtree.[1] Thetreeofknowledge,connectingtoheavenandtheunderworld,andthetreeoflife,connectingallformsofcreation,arebothformsoftheworldtreeorcosmictree,[2]andareportrayedinvariousreligionsandphilosophiesasthesametree.[3] Contents 1Religionandmythology 1.1AncientMesopotamia 1.1.1Urartu 1.2AncientIran 1.3Chinesemythology 1.4Christianity 1.4.1TheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints 1.4.2Manichaeism 1.5Europe 1.6Georgia 1.7GermanicpaganismandNorsemythology 1.8Islam 1.8.1Ahmadiyya 1.9Jewishsources 1.9.1Kabbalah 1.10Mesoamerica 1.11NorthAmerica 1.12Sererreligion 1.13Turkic 1.14Hinduism 1.15BaháʼíFaith 2Inartandfilm 3Physical"treesoflife" 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading 7Externallinks Religionandmythology[edit] Mainarticle:Treesinmythology Varioustreesoflifearerecountedinfolklore,cultureandfiction,oftenrelatingtoimmortalityorfertility.Theyhadtheirorigininreligioussymbolism.AccordingtoprofessorElvyraUsačiovaitė,a"typical"imagerypreservedinancienticonographyisthatoftwosymmetricalfiguresfacingeachother,withatreestandinginthemiddle.Thetwocharactersmayvariouslyrepresentrulers,gods,andevenadeityandahumanfollower.[4] AncientMesopotamia[edit] Assyriantreeoflife,fromNimrudpanels. TheAssyriantreeoflifewasrepresentedbyaseriesofnodesandcriss-crossinglines.Itwasapparentlyanimportantreligioussymbol,oftenattendedtoinAssyrianpalacereliefsbyhumanoreagle-headedwingedgenies,ortheKing,andblessedorfertilizedwithbucketandcone.Assyriologistshavenotreachedconsensusastothemeaningofthissymbol.Thename"TreeofLife"hasbeenattributedtoitbymodernscholarship;itisnotusedintheAssyriansources.Infact,notextualevidencepertainingtothesymbolisknowntoexist. TheUrartiantreeoflife TheEpicofGilgameshisasimilarquestforimmortality.InMesopotamianmythology,Etanasearchesfora'plantofbirth'toprovidehimwithason.Thishasasolidprovenanceofantiquity,beingfoundincylindersealsfromAkkad(2390–2249BCE). Urartu[edit] InancientUrartu,thetreeoflifewasareligioussymbolandwasdrawnonwallsoffortressesandcarvedonthearmorofwarriors.Thebranchesofthetreewereequallydividedontherightandleftsidesofthestem,witheachbranchhavingoneleaf,andoneleafontheapexofthetree.Servantsstoodoneachsideofthetreewithoneoftheirhandsupasiftheyaretakingcareofthetree. AncientIran[edit] TreeoflifeonarhytonfromMarlik,Iran,currentlyattheNationalMuseumofIran. IntheAvestanliteratureandIranianmythology,thereareseveralsacredvegetaliconsrelatedtolife,eternalityandcure,like:AmeshaSpentaAmordad(guardianofplants,goddessoftreesandimmortality),Gaokerena(orwhiteHaoma)atreethatitsvivacitywouldcertifycontinuanceoflifeinuniverse,Bastokhmak(atreewithremedialattribute,retentiveofallherbalseeds,anddestroyerofsorrow),MashyаandMashyane(parentsofthehumanraceinIranianmyths),Barsom(coppedoffshootsofpomegranate,gazorHaomathatZoroastriansuseintheirrituals),Haoma(aplant,unknowntoday,thatwassourceofsacredpotable),etc.[5] Gaokerenaisalarge,sacredHaomaplantedbyAhuraMazda.Ahriman(Ahreman,Angremainyu)createdafrogtoinvadethetreeanddestroyit,aimingtopreventalltreesfromgrowingontheearth.Asareaction,AhuraMazdacreatedtwokarfishstaringatthefrogtoguardthetree.Thetwofisharealwaysstaringatthefrogandstayreadytoreacttoit.BecauseAhrimanisresponsibleforallevilincludingdeath,whileAhuraMazdaisresponsibleforallgood(includinglife). Haomaisanothersacredplantduetothedrinkmadefromit.ThepreparationofthedrinkfromtheplantbypoundingandthedrinkingofitarecentralfeaturesofZoroastrianritual.Haomaalsopersonifiedasadivinity.Itbestowsessentialvitalqualities—health,fertility,husbandsformaidens,evenimmortality.Thesourceoftheearthlyhaomaplantisashiningwhitetreethatgrowsonaparadisiacalmountain.Sprigsofthiswhitehaomawerebroughttoearthbydivinebirds.Thetreeisconsiderablydiverse. HaomaistheAvestanformoftheSanskritsoma.ThenearidentityofthetwoinritualsignificanceisconsideredbyscholarstopointtoasalientfeatureofanIndo-IranianreligionantedatingZoroastrianism.[6][7] AnotherrelatedissueinancientmythologyofIranisthemythofMashyаandMashyane,twotreeswhoweretheancestorsofalllivingbeings.ThismythcanbeconsideredasaprototypeforthecreationmythwherelivingbeingsarecreatedbyGods(whohaveahumanform). Chinesemythology[edit] BronzeTreewithbirds,flowers,andornamentsfromSanxingdui Seealso:Fusang InChinesemythology,acarvingofatreeoflifedepictsaphoenixandadragon;thedragonoftenrepresentsimmortality.ATaoiststorytellsofatreethatproducesapeachofimmortalityeverythreethousandyears,andanyonewhoeatsthefruitreceivesimmortality. Anarchaeologicaldiscoveryinthe1990swasofasacrificialpitatSanxingduiinSichuan,China.Datingfromabout1200BCE,itcontainedthreebronzetrees,oneofthem4metershigh.Atthebasewasadragon,andfruithangingfromthelowerbranches.Atthetopisabird-like(Phoenix)creaturewithclaws.AlsofoundinSichuan,fromthelateHandynasty(c25–220CE),isanothertreeoflife.Theceramicbaseisguardedbyahornedbeastwithwings.Theleavesofthetreerepresentcoinsandpeople.AttheapexisabirdwithcoinsandtheSun. Christianity[edit] AllegoricalpaintingoftheTreeofLifeintheChurchofSanRoqueofArahal(Seville).Oiloncanvasbyanonymousauthor.Dated1723 Seealso:Treeoflife(biblical)andTreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil§ Christianity ThetreeoflifefirstappearsinGenesis2:9and3:22-24asthesourceofeternallifeintheGardenofEden,fromwhichaccessisrevokedwhenmanisdrivenfromthegarden.ItthenreappearsinthelastbookoftheBible,theBookofRevelation,andmostpredominantlyinthelastchapterofthatbook(Chapter22)asapartofthenewgardenofparadise.Accessisthennolongerforbidden,forthosewho"washtheirrobes"(orasthetextualvariantintheKingJamesVersionhasit,"theythatdohiscommandments")"haverighttothetreeoflife"(v.14).AsimilarstatementappearsinRev2:7,wherethetreeoflifeispromisedasarewardtothosewhoovercome.Revelation22beginswithareferencetothe"pureriverofwateroflife"whichproceeds"outofthethroneofGod".Theriverseemstofeedtwotreesoflife,one"oneithersideoftheriver"which"beartwelvemanneroffruits""andtheleavesofthetreewereforhealingofthenations"(v.1-2).[8]Orthismayindicatethatthetreeoflifeisavinethatgrowsonbothsidesoftheriver,asJohn15:1wouldhintat. PopeBenedictXVIhassaidthat"theCrossisthetruetreeoflife."[9]SaintBonaventuretaughtthatthemedicinalfruitofthetreeoflifeisChristhimself.[10]SaintAlberttheGreattaughtthattheEucharist,theBodyandBloodofChrist,istheFruitoftheTreeofLife.[11]AugustineofHipposaidthatthetreeoflifeisChrist: Allthesethingsstoodforsomethingotherthanwhattheywere,butallthesametheywerethemselvesbodilyrealities.Andwhenthenarratormentionedthemhewasnotemployingfigurativelanguage,butgivinganexplicitaccountofthingswhichhadaforwardreferencethatwasfigurative.SothenthetreeoflifealsowasChrist...andindeedGoddidnotwishthemantoliveinParadisewithoutthemysteriesofspiritualthingsbeingpresentedtohiminbodilyform.Sothenintheothertreeshewasprovidedwithnourishment,inthisonewithasacrament...Heisrightlycalledwhatevercamebeforehiminordertosignifyhim.[12] InEasternChristianitythetreeoflifeistheloveofGod.[13] TheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints[edit] Mainarticle:Treeoflifevision ThetreeoflifevisionisdescribedanddiscussedintheBookofMormon.AccordingtotheBookofMormon,thevisionwasreceivedinadreambytheprophetLehi,andlaterinvisionbyhissonNephi,whowroteaboutitintheFirstBookofNephi.Thevisionincludesapathleadingtoatree,thefruitofthetreesymbolizingtheloveofGod,withanironrod,symbolizingthewordofGod,alongthepathwherebyfollowersofJesusmayholdtotherodandavoidwanderingoffthepathintopitsorwaterssymbolizingthewaysofsin.Thevisionalsoincludesalargebuildingwhereinthewickedlookdownattherighteousandmockthem. ThevisionissaidtosymbolizeloveofChristandthewaytoeternallifeandisawellknownandcitedstorywithmembersofTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints.Amemberofthechurchcommentatorreflectedacommonmemberbeliefthatthevisionis"oneoftherichest,mostflexible,andfar-reachingpiecesofsymbolicprophecycontainedinthestandardworks[scriptures]."[14] Manichaeism[edit] ManichaeansworshipingtheTreeofLifeintheRealmofLight.Mid9th—early11thcentury. IntheGnosticreligionManichaeism,theTreeofLifehelpedAdamobtaintheknowledge(gnosis)necessaryforsalvationandisidentifiedasanimageofJesus.[15] Europe[edit] 11thcenturytreeoflifesculptureatanancientSwedishchurch InDictionnaireMytho-Hermetique(Paris,1737),Antoine-JosephPernety,afamousalchemist,identifiedthetreeoflifewiththeElixiroflifeandthePhilosopher'sStone. InEdenintheEast(1998),StephenOppenheimersuggeststhatatree-worshippingculturearoseinIndonesiaandwasdiffusedbytheso-called"YoungerDryas"eventofc.10,900BCEor12,900BP,afterwhichthesealevelrose.ThisculturereachedChina(Szechuan),thenIndiaandtheMiddleEast.FinallytheFinno-UgricstrandofthisdiffusionspreadthroughRussiatoFinlandwheretheNorsemythofYggdrasiltookroot. TheCelticgodLuguswasassociatedwiththeCelticversionofthetreeoflife. Georgia[edit] TheBorjgali(Georgian:ბორჯღალი)isanancientGeorgiantreeoflifesymbol. GermanicpaganismandNorsemythology[edit] InGermanicpaganism,treesplayed(and,intheformofreconstructiveHeathenryandGermanicNeopaganism,continuetoplay)aprominentrole,appearinginvariousaspectsofsurvivingtextsandpossiblyinthenameofgods. ThetreeoflifeappearsinNorsereligionasYggdrasil,theworldtree,amassivetree(sometimesconsideredayeworashtree)withextensiveloresurroundingit.PerhapsrelatedtoYggdrasil,accountshavesurvivedofGermanicTribeshonouringsacredtreeswithintheirsocieties.ExamplesincludeThor'sOak,sacredgroves,theSacredtreeatUppsala,andthewoodenIrminsulpillar.InNorseMythology,theapplesfromIðunn'sashboxprovideimmortalityforthegods. Islam[edit] Carpettreeoflife Mainarticle:Quranictreeoflife Seealso:Sidratal-MuntahaandṬūbā The"TreeofImmortality"(Arabic:شجرةالخلود)isthetreeoflifemotifasitappearsintheQuran.Itisalsoalludedtoinhadithsandtafsir.Unlikethebiblicalaccount,theQuranmentionsonlyonetreeinEden,alsocalledthetreeofimmortalityandownershipswhichdecaysnot,[16]whichAllahspecificallyforbadetoAdamandEve.[17][18]ThetreeinQuranisusedasanexampleforaconcept,idea,wayoflifeorcodeoflife.Agoodconcept/ideaisrepresentedasagoodtreeandabadidea/conceptisrepresentedasabadtree[19]MuslimsbelievethatwhenGodcreatedAdamandEve,hetoldthemthattheycouldenjoyeverythingintheGardenexceptthistree(idea,concept,wayoflife),andso,SatanappearedtothemandtoldthemthattheonlyreasonGodforbadethemtoeatfromthattreeisthattheywouldbecomeAngelsortheystartusingtheidea/conceptofOwnershipinconjunctionwithinheritancegenerationsaftergenerationswhichIblisconvincedAdamtoaccept[16][20] Thehadithsalsospeakaboutothertreesinheaven.[21] Whentheyatefromthistreetheirnakednessappearedtothemandtheybegantosewtogether,fortheircovering,leavesfromtheGarden.[22] ThetreeoflifeinIslamicarchitectureisatypeofbiomorphicpatternfoundinmanyartistictraditionsandisconsideredtobeanyvegetalpatternwithaclearoriginorgrowth.ThepatterninAlAzharmosque,Cairo'smihrab,auniqueFatimidarchitecturalvariation,isaseriesoftwoorthreeleavepalmetteswithacentralpalmetteoffiveleavesfromwhichthepatternoriginates.Thegrowthisupwardsandoutwardsandculminatesinalanternlikeflowertowardsthetopofthenicheabovewhichisasmallroundel.Thecurvatureofthenicheaccentuatestheundulatingmovementwhichdespiteitscomplexityissymmetricalalongitsverticalaxis.Therepresentationsofvaryingpalmleaveshintstospiritualgrowthattainedthroughprayerwhiletheupwardsandsidewardsmovementoftheleavesspeakstothedifferentmotionsoftheworshiperwhileinsalah.[23] Ahmadiyya[edit] AccordingtotheIndianAhmadiyyamovementfoundedin1889,Quranicreferencetothetreeissymbolic;eatingoftheforbiddentreesignifiesthatAdamdisobeyedGod.[24][25] Jewishsources[edit] Mainarticles:EtzChaimandBiblicaltreeoflife EtzChaim,Hebrewfor"treeoflife,"isacommontermusedinJudaism.Theexpression,foundintheBookofProverbs,isfigurativelyappliedtotheTorahitself.EtzChaimisalsoacommonnameforyeshivasandsynagoguesaswellasforworksofRabbinicliterature.ItisalsousedtodescribeeachofthewoodenpolestowhichtheparchmentofaSeferTorahisattached. ThetreeoflifeismentionedintheBookofGenesis;itisdistinctfromthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil.AfterAdamandEvedisobeyedGodbyeatingfruitfromthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil,theyweredrivenoutoftheGardenofEden.Remaininginthegarden,however,wasthetreeoflife.Topreventtheiraccesstothistreeinthefuture,Cherubimwithaflamingswordwereplacedattheeastofthegarden.(Genesis3:22–24) IntheBookofProverbs,thetreeoflifeisassociatedwithwisdom:"[Wisdom]isatreeoflifetothemthatlayholduponher,andhappy[iseveryone]thatretainethher."(Proverbs3:13–18)In15:4thetreeoflifeisassociatedwithcalmness:"Asoothingtongueisatreeoflife;butperversenessthereinisawoundtothespirit."[26] IntheAshkenazicliturgy,theEitzChayimisapiyyutcommonlysungastheSeferTorahisreturnedtotheTorahark. TheBookofEnoch,generallyconsiderednon-canonical,statesthatinthetimeofthegreatjudgment,GodwillgiveallthosewhosenamesareintheBookofLifefruittoeatfromthetreeoflife.[citationneeded] Kabbalah[edit] Mainarticle:Treeoflife(Kabbalah) JudaicKabbalahtreeoflife10Sefirot,throughwhichtheEinSofunknowabledivinemanifestsCreation.Theconfigurationrelatestoman Jewishmysticismdepictsthetreeoflifeintheformofteninterconnectednodes,asthecentralsymboloftheKabbalah.ItcomprisesthetenSefirotpowersinthedivinerealm.ThepanentheisticandanthropomorphicemphasisofthisemanationisttheologyinterpretedtheTorah,Jewishobservance,andthepurposeofCreationasthesymbolicesotericdramaofunificationintheSefirot,restoringharmonytoCreation.FromthetimeoftheRenaissanceonwards,JewishKabbalahbecameincorporatedasanimportanttraditioninnon-JewishWesternculture,firstthroughitsadoptionbyChristianKabbalah,andcontinuinginWesternesotericismoccultHermeticQabalah.TheseadaptedtheJudaicKabbalahtreeoflifesyncreticallybyassociatingitwithotherreligioustraditions,esoterictheologies,andmagicalpractices. Mesoamerica[edit] Mainarticle:Mesoamericanworldtree Theconceptofworldtreesisaprevalentmotifinpre-ColumbianMesoamericancosmologiesandiconography.Worldtreesembodiedthefourcardinaldirections,whichrepresentedalsothefourfoldnatureofacentralworldtree,asymbolicaxismundiconnectingtheplanesoftheUnderworldandtheskywiththatoftheterrestrialworld.[27] Depictionsofworldtrees,bothintheirdirectionalandcentralaspects,arefoundintheartandmythologicaltraditionsofculturessuchastheMaya,Aztec,Izapan,Mixtec,Olmec,andothers,datingtoatleasttheMid/LateFormativeperiodsofMesoamericanchronology.ThetombfortheAncientMayaking,K'inichJanab'PakalIofPalenquewhobecameKingatonly12yearsoldhasTreeofLifeInscriptionswithinthewallsofhisburialplace,showingjusthowimportantitwastotheMayapeople.[28]AmongtheMaya,thecentralworldtreewasconceivedasorrepresentedbyaceibatree,andisknownvariouslyasawacahchanoryaximixche,dependingontheMayanlanguage.[29]Thetrunkofthetreecouldalsoberepresentedbyanuprightcaiman,whoseskinevokesthetree'sspinytrunk.[27] DirectionalworldtreesarealsoassociatedwiththefourYearbearersinMesoamericancalendars,andthedirectionalcolorsanddeities.MesoamericancodiceswhichhavethisassociationoutlinedincludetheDresden,BorgiaandFejérváry-Mayercodices.[27]ItissupposedthatMesoamericansitesandceremonialcentersfrequentlyhadactualtreesplantedateachofthefourcardinaldirections,representingthequadripartiteconcept. Worldtreesarefrequentlydepictedwithbirdsintheirbranches,andtheirrootsextendingintoearthorwater(sometimesatopa"water-monster,"symbolicoftheunderworld).ThecentralworldtreehasalsobeeninterpretedasarepresentationofthebandoftheMilkyWay.[30] NorthAmerica[edit] InamythpasseddownamongtheIroquois,TheWorldontheTurtle'sBack,explainstheoriginofthelandinwhichatreeoflifeisdescribed.Accordingtothemyth,itisfoundintheheavens,wherethefirsthumanslived,untilapregnantwomanfellandlandedinanendlesssea.Savedbyagiantturtlefromdrowning,sheformedtheworldonitsbackbyplantingbarktakenfromthetree. ThetreeoflifemotifispresentinthetraditionalOjibwaycosmologyandtraditions.ItissometimesdescribedasGrandmotherCedar,orNookomisGiizhiginAnishinaabemowin. InthebookBlackElkSpeaks,BlackElk,anOglalaLakota(Sioux)wičhášawakȟáŋ(medicinemanandholyman),describeshisvisioninwhichafterdancingaroundadyingtreethathasneverbloomedheistransportedtotheotherworld(spiritworld)wherehemeetswiseelders,12menand12women.TheelderstellBlackElkthattheywillbringhimtomeet"OurFather,thetwo-leggedchief"andbringhimtothecenterofahoopwhereheseesthetreeinfullleafandbloomandthe"chief"standingagainstthetree.Comingoutofhistrancehehopestoseethattheearthlytreehasbloomed,butitisdead.[31] TheOneidastellthatsupernaturalbeingslivedintheSkyworldabovethewaterswhichcoveredtheearth.Thistreewascoveredwithfruitswhichgavethemtheirlight,andtheywereinstructedthatnooneshouldcutintothetreeotherwiseagreatpunishmentwouldbegiven.Asthewomanhadpregnancycravings,shesentherhusbandtogetbark,butheaccidentallydugaholetotheotherworld.Afterfallingthrough,shecametorestontheturtle'sback,andfouranimalsweresentouttofindland,whichthemuskratfinallydid.[32] Sererreligion[edit] InSererreligion,thetreeoflifeasareligiousconceptformsthebasisofSerercosmogony.TreeswerethefirstthingscreatedonEarthbythesupremebeingRoog(orKooxamongtheCangin).InthecompetingversionsoftheSerercreationmyth,theSomb(Prosopisafricana)andtheSaastree(acaciaalbida)arebothviewedastreesoflife.[33]However,theprevailingviewisthat,theSombwasthefirsttreeonEarthandtheprogenitorofplantlife.[33][34]TheSombwasalsousedintheSerertumuliandburialchambers,manyofwhichhadsurvivedformorethanathousandyears.[33]Thus,SombisnotonlythetreeoflifeinSerersociety,butthesymbolofimmortality.[33] Turkic[edit] Thetreeoflife,asseenasinflagofChuvashia,aTurkicstateintheRussianFederation TheWorldTreeortreeoflifeisacentralsymbolinTurkicmythology.[35]Itisacommonmotifincarpets.In2009itwasintroducedasthemaindesignofthecommonTurkishlirasub-unit5kuruş. TreeoflifeisknownasUlukayıninTurkiccommunities.ItisasacredbeechtreeplantedbyKayraHan.[36] Hinduism[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Treeoflife" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(March2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) InthesacredbooksofHinduism(SanatanaDharma),PuranasmentionadivinetreeKalpavriksha.ThisdivinetreeisguardedbyGandharvasinthegardenofAmaravaticityunderthecontrolofIndra,Kingofgods.Inonestory,foraverylongtime,godsanddemi-godswhoarebelievedtobefatheredbyKashyapaPrajapatiandhavedifferentmothers.Afteralongtimefrequentbattlesbetweenthetwohalf-brotherclans,bothgroupsdecidedtochurnthemilkyoceantoobtainAmruthamandshareequally.Duringthechurning,alongwithmanyothermythicalitemsemergedtheKalpavruksham.Itisgoldincolour.Ithasmesmerizingaura.Itcanbepleasedwithchantingandoffers.Whenitispleased,itgrantseverywish. NonethelessHindutraditionholdsthattherearefiveseparatekalpavrikshasandeachofthemgrantdifferenttypesofwishes.AccordinglythesetreesalsoappearinthebeliefsofJainism.[37] BaháʼíFaith[edit] TheconceptofthetreeoflifeappearsinthewritingsoftheBaháʼíFaith,whereitcanrefertotheManifestationofGod,agreatteacherwhoappearstohumanityfromagetoage.AnexampleofthiscanbefoundintheHiddenWordsofBahá'u'lláh:[38][39] "Haveyeforgottenthattrueandradiantmorn,wheninthosehallowedandblessedsurroundingsyewereallgatheredinMypresencebeneaththeshadeofthetreeoflife,whichisplantedintheall-gloriousparadise?AwestruckyelistenedasIgaveutterancetothesethreemostholywords:Ofriends!PrefernotyourwilltoMine,neverdesirethatwhichIhavenotdesiredforyou,andapproachMenotwithlifelesshearts,defiledwithworldlydesiresandcravings.Wouldyebutsanctifyyoursouls,yewouldatthispresenthourrecallthatplaceandthosesurroundings,andthetruthofMyutteranceshouldbemadeevidentuntoallofyou." Also,intheTabletofAhmadofBahá'u'lláh:"VerilyHeistheTreeofLife,thatbringethforththefruitsofGod,theExalted,thePowerful,theGreat".[40] Bahá'u'lláhreferstohismaledescendantsasbranches(Arabic:ﺍﻏﺼﺎﻥ‎ʾaghṣān)[41]andcallswomenleaves.[42] Adistinctionhasbeenmadebetweenthetreeoflifeandthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil.Thelatterrepresentsthephysicalworldwithitsopposites,suchasgoodandevilandlightanddark.Inadifferentcontextfromtheoneabove,thetreeofliferepresentsthespiritualrealm,wherethisdualitydoesnotexist.[43] Inartandfilm[edit] AustriansymbolistartistGustavKlimtportrayedhisversionofthetreeoflifeinhispainting,TheTreeofLife,StocletFrieze.Thisiconicpaintinglaterinspiredtheexternalfacadeofthe"NewResidenceHall"(alsocalledthe"TreeHouse"),acolorful21-storystudentresidencehallatMassachusettsCollegeofArtandDesigninBoston,Massachusetts.[44] AlexProyas'2009filmKnowingendswiththetwoyoungprotagonistsdirectedtowardsthetreeoflife.[45] The2006DarrenAronofskyfilmTheFountainfeaturestheJudeo-Christiantreeoflifeasamajorplotelementinitsnon-linearnarrative.InCentralAmericaduringtheAgeofDiscovery,itisthesought-afterobjectofaSpanishconquistador,whobelievesitsgiftofeternallifewillfreeSpainanditsqueenfromthetyrannyofareligiousinquisition.Inthepresentday,asamplefromwhatisimpliedtobethesametreeoflifeisusedbyamedicalresearcher—whoseeksacureforhisailingwife—todevelopaserumthatreversesthebiologicalagingprocess.Inthedistantfuture,aspacetraveler(impliedtobethesamemanfromthepresent)usesthelastvestigesofatree'sbark(again,impliedtobethesametreeoflife)tokeephimselfaliveashejourneystoXibalba,afictionaldyingstarlyinginsideanebulaintheconstellationOrion,whichhebelieveswillrejuvenatethetree—therebygrantinghimeternallife—whenitexplodes.[46] The2021adventurefilmJungleCruisefollowsaboatcaptain(DwayneJohnson)whotakesascientist(EmilyBlunt)onaquesttofindtheTree.[47] Physical"treesoflife"[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(October2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheArborvitaegetsitsnamefromtheLatinfor"treeoflife." TheTuletreeofAztecmythologyisalsoassociatedwitharealtree.ThisTuletreecanbefoundinOaxaca,Mexico. ThereisaTreeofLifeinBahrain. Metaphor:TheTreeofUtahisan87-foot(27 m)highsculptureintheUtahBonnevilleSaltFlatsthatisalsoknownasthe"TreeofLife". InsomepartsoftheCaribbeanandinthePhilippines,thecoconutisconsideredthe"treeoflife"asitspartscaneasilybeusedforshort/mediumtermsurvivalsuchasforfood,shelter,andvariousimplements. Disney'sAnimalKingdomthemeparkfeaturesanartificialtreedubbed"TheTreeofLife",whichhasabout325carvingsofdifferentspeciesofanimals.InsidethetreeistheIt'sToughtoBeaBug!attraction. TheWestAfricanMoringaoleiferatreeisregardedasa"treeoflife"or"miracletree"bysomebecauseitisarguablythemostnutritioussourceofplant-derivedfooddiscoveredontheplanet.[48]Modernscientistsandsomemissionarygroupshaveconsideredtheplantasapossiblesolutionforthetreatmentofseveremalnutrition[49]andaidforthosewithHIV/AIDS.[50] Seealso[edit] Christmastree FiveTrees Fleur-de-lis Holism Maypole NewYeartree Palmette Porphyriantree Roganart Stupa Thelemicmysticism:LearningtheTreeofLife TreeofKnowledgeofGoodandEvil TreeofLife(craft) TreesofLife Ṭūbātree References[edit] ^Giovino,Mariana(2007).TheAssyrianSacredTree:AHistoryofInterpretations,page129.Saint-Paul.ISBN 9783727816024 ^WorldtreeintheEncyclopædiaBritannica ^TryggveN.D.Mettinger(2007).TheEdenNarrative:ALiteraryandReligio-historicalStudyofGenesis2–3.Eisenbrauns.p. 5.ISBN 978-1575061412.Retrieved10July2014. ^Usačiovaitė,Elvyra."GyvybėsmedžiosimbolikaRytuoseirVakaruose"[SymbolismoftheTreeofLifeintheEastandtheWest;LifetreesymbolsintheEastandWest].In:Kultūrologija[Culturology].2005,t.12,pp.313-314.ISSN 1822-2242. ^Taheri,Sadreddin(2013)."Plantoflife,inAncientIran,Mesopotamia&Egypt".نشریههنرهایزیبا-هنرهایتجسمی.Tehran:Honarhay-eZibaJournal,Vol.18,No.2,p.15.18(2).doi:10.22059/jfava.2013.36319. ^"haoma(Zoroastrianism)-EncyclopædiaBritannica".Britannica.com.Retrieved2013-08-17. ^"HAOMAi.BOTANY–EncyclopaediaIranica".Iranicaonline.org.Retrieved2013-08-17. ^TheBible(KingJamesversion),TheRevelationofSt.John,chapter&versesasnoted. ^Gheddo,Piero(March20,2005)."PopetellsWYDyouth:theCrossofJesusistherealtreeoflife".AsiaNews.it.Retrieved2013-02-25. ^"TheTreeofLife".YaleUniversity.Retrieved2013-02-25. ^"TheEucharistastheFruitoftheTreeofLife|SaintAlberttheGreat".CrossroadsInitiative.com.Retrieved2013-02-25. ^Augustine,TheLiteralMeaningofGenesis,VIII,4,8(OnGenesis,NewCityPress,p.351-353) ^SaintIsaactheSyriansaysthat"ParadiseistheloveofGod,inwhichtheblissofallthebeatitudesiscontained,"andthat"thetreeoflifeistheloveofGod"(Homily72). ^CorbinT.Volluz,"Lehi'sDreamoftheTreeofLife:SpringboardtoProphecy,"JBMS2/2(1993):38.-asquotedinLehi'sVisionoftheTreeofLife:UnderstandingtheDreamasVisionaryLiterature,CharlesSwift,Provo,Utah:MaxwellInstitute,2005.P.52–63-onlineversionat[1] ^Heuser,Manfred;Klimkeit,Hans-Joachim(1998).StudiesinManichaeanLiteratureandArt.Brill.p. 60.ISBN 9789004107168. ^abQur'an20:120 ^Wheeler,Brannon(2002).ProphetsintheQuran:AnIntroductiontotheQuranandMuslimExegesis(annotated ed.).Continuum.p. 24.ISBN 978-0826449566.AbuHurayrah:TheProphetMuhammadsaid:"InParadiseisatreeintheshadeofwhichthestarscourse100yearswithoutcuttingit:theTreeofImmortality. ^OliverLeaman,ed.(2006).TheQur'an:AnEncyclopedia.Taylor&Francis.p. 11.ISBN 9780415326391.UnlikethebiblicalaccountofEden,theQur'anmentionsonlyonespecialtreeinEden,theTreeofImmortality,fromwhichAdamandEvewereprohibited. ^Qur'an14:24 ^ThreeTranslationsoftheKoran(Al-Qur'an)SidebySideQuran 20:120,"ShallIshowtheethetreeofimmortalityandpowerthatwastethnotaway?S:ButtheShaitanmadeanevilsuggestiontohim;hesaid:OAdam!ShallIguideyoutothetreeofimmortalityandownershipswhichdecaysnot?" ^MaulanaMuhammadAli(2011)IntroductiontotheStudyoftheHolyQur'an"Thisinitselfgivesanindicationthatitisthewell-knowntreeofevil,forbothgoodandevilarecomparedtotwotreesin14:24–25andelsewhere.Thisisfurthercorroboratedbythedevil'sdescriptionofitas"thetreeofimmortality"(20:120),..." ^Qur'an20:121 ^ElBarbary,Mohamed;AlTohamy,Aisha;Ali,Ehab(2017-02-01)."ShiiteConnotationsonIslamicArtifactsfromtheFatimidperiod(358-567A.H/969-1171A.D)PreservedintheMuseumofIslamicArtinCairo".InternationalJournalofHeritage,TourismandHospitality.11(3(SpecialIssue)):121–137.doi:10.21608/ijhth.2017.30225.ISSN 2636-414X. ^BilalKhalid(2000-02-13)."Quran,AdamandOriginalSin".AlIslam.RetrievedJune7,2014. ^TheHolyQuranwithEnglishTranslationandCommentaryVolume1.IslamInternationalPublications.p. 86.RetrievedJune7,2014. ^ForotherdirectreferencestothetreeoflifeintheJewishbiblicalcanon,seealsoProverbs11:30,13:12. ^abcMiller,Mary;KarlTaube(1993).TheGodsandSymbolsofAncientMexicoandtheMaya.London:ThamesandHudson.ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. ^"WhatdoestheTreeofLifemean?|SilverBubble".silverbubble.co.uk.Retrieved2021-03-12. ^Finley,Michael(2003)."Raisingthesky:TheMayacreationmythandtheMilkyWay".TheRealMayaProphecies:AstronomyintheInscriptionsandCodices.MayaAstronomy.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6January2007.Retrieved9July2014. ^Freidel,DavidA.;LindaSchele;JoyParker(1993).MayaCosmos:ThreeThousandYearsontheShaman'sPath.WilliamMorrow&Co.ISBN 978-0-688-10081-0. ^"BlackElkSpeaks".VisionsoftheOtherWorld.FirstPeopleofAmericaandCanada-TurtleIsland.Retrieved1January2015. ^"OneidaNation|CreationStory". ^abcd(inFrench)Gravrand,Henry,"LaCivilisationSereer-Pangool",vol.2.,LesNouvellesEditionsAfricainesduSenegal(1990),pp125–6,199–200,ISBN 2-7236-1055-1 ^(inFrenchandEnglish)Niangoran-Bouah,Georges,"L'universAkandespoidsàpeserl'or :lespoidsdanslasociété",Lesnouvelleséditionsafricaines-MLB,(1987),p25,ISBN 2723614034 ^Gamm,Niki."The'treeoflife'-anenduringsymbol".HurriyetDailyNews.Retrieved21February2019. ^"TheTreeOfLifeInTurkicCommunitiesWithItsCurrentEffects".ULUKAYIN.2021-10-03.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2021-11-26.Retrieved2021-11-26. ^RoshenDalal(2014).Hinduism:AnAlphabeticalGuide.PenguinBooks.ISBN 9788184752779.Entry:"Kalpa-vriksha/kalpa-drum/kalpa-tura" ^*Taherzadeh,Adib(1976).TheRevelationofBahá'u'lláh,Volume1:Baghdad1853-63.Oxford,UK:GeorgeRonald.p. 80.ISBN 0-85398-270-8. ^Kazemi,Farshid(2009).MysteriesofAlast:TheRealmofSubtleEntitiesandthePrimordialCovenantintheBabi-Bahá'íWritings.BahaʼiStudiesReview15. ^"TabletofAhmad".www.bahaiprayers.org. ^Smith,Peter(2000)."Aghsán".AConciseEncyclopediaoftheBahá'íFaith.Oxford:OneworldPublications.p. 30.ISBN 1-85168-184-1. ^Liya,Sally(2004).TheUseofTreesasSymbolsintheWorldReligionsin:Solas,4.Donegal,Ireland.AssociationforBaháʼíStudiesEnglish-SpeakingEurope.P.55. ^Abdu'l-Baha,SomeAnsweredQuestions,p.122. ^"MassArtResidenceStory:Thisisthehousethatcollaborationbuilt".MASCO:MedicalAcademicandScientificCommunityOrganization.MASCO,Inc.Retrieved2013-12-24. ^Albertson,Cammila(2009)."Knowing:Review".TVGuide.CBSInteractive.Retrieved30September2013. ^"Review:TheFountain".CinemaBlend.Retrieved30September2020. ^Rubin,Rebecca(August1,2021)."'JungleCruise'DocksWith$34MillioninTheaters,$30MilliononDisneyPlus".Variety.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust1,2021.RetrievedAugust1,2021. ^"Moringa".Leafforlife.org.2002-06-03.Retrieved2011-12-25. ^WeekendEditionSaturday(2000-08-12)."MoringaOleifera :MalnutritionFighter".NPR.Retrieved2011-12-25. ^BurgerDJ;FuglieL;HerzigJW(12July2002)."ThepossibleroleofMoringaoleiferainHIV/AIDSsupportivetreatment".Archivedfromtheoriginalon1September2011.Retrieved9July2014. Furtherreading[edit] Bauks,Michaela."SacredTreesintheGardenofEdenandTheirAncientNearEasternPrecursors".In:JournalofAncientJudaism3,3(2012):267-301.doi:https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00303001 Marsella,ElenaMaria(1966).TheQuestforEden.NewYork:PhilosophicalLibrary.ISBN 0802210635. McDonald,J.A.(2018)."InfluencesofEgyptianLotusSymbolismandRitualisticPracticesonSacralTreeWorshipintheFertileCrescentfrom1500BCEto200CE".In:Religions9,no.9:256.https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9090256 Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTreeoflife. tolweb.org–TreeofLifeWebProjectattolweb.org OneZoomTreeofLifeExploreratonezoom.org TreesForLifeattreesforlife.org Moringaatdemoringa.com-EncyclopediaillustratedinSpanishontheMoringa [2]TheIlanotProject.HaifaUni. 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