Safety - Wikipedia

Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other danger. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards ... Safety FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Stateofbeingsecurefromharm,injury,danger,orothernon-desirableoutcomes Forotheruses,seeSafety(disambiguation). Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Relevantdiscussionmaybefoundonthetalkpage.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Safety" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July2010)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Warningsigns,suchasthisone,canimprovesafetyawareness. Safetyisthestateofbeing"safe",theconditionofbeingprotectedfromharmorotherdanger.Safetycanalsorefertothecontrolofrecognizedhazardsinordertoachieveanacceptablelevelofrisk. Contents 1Meanings 2Limitations 3Types 3.1Normative 3.2Substantive 3.3Perceived 3.4Security 4Risksandresponses 5Systemsafetyandreliabilityengineering 6Measures 7Standardsorganizations 7.1UnitedStates 7.1.1AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute 7.1.2Governmentagencies 7.1.3Testinglaboratories 7.2EuropeanUnion 7.2.1Institutions 7.2.2Testinglaboratories 7.3Othercountries 7.3.1Standardsinstitutions 7.3.2Testinglaboratories 8Seealso 9References 10Furtherreading Meanings "AfterWhiskeyDrivingRisky."SafetyroadsigninLadakh,India Platformscreendoorsareprimarilyusedforpassengersafety Therearetwoslightlydifferentmeaningsofsafety.Forexample,homesafetymayindicateabuilding'sabilitytoprotectagainstexternalharmevents(suchasweather,homeinvasion,etc.),ormayindicatethatitsinternalinstallations(suchasappliances,stairs,etc.)aresafe(notdangerousorharmful)foritsinhabitants. Discussionsofsafetyoftenincludementionofrelatedterms.Securityissuchaterm.Withtimethedefinitionsbetweenthesetwohaveoftenbecomeinterchanged,equated,andfrequentlyappearjuxtaposedinthesamesentence.Readersunfortunatelyarelefttoconcludewhethertheycomprisearedundancy.Thisconfusestheuniquenessthatshouldbereservedforeachbyitself.Whenseenasunique,asweintendhere,eachtermwillassumeitsrightfulplaceininfluencingandbeinginfluencedbytheother. Safetyistheconditionofa“steadystate”ofanorganizationorplacedoingwhatitissupposedtodo.“Whatitissupposedtodo”isdefinedintermsofpubliccodesandstandards,associatedarchitecturalandengineeringdesigns,corporatevisionandmissionstatements,andoperationalplansandpersonnelpolicies.Foranyorganization,place,orfunction,largeorsmall,safetyisanormativeconcept.Itcomplieswithsituation-specificdefinitionsofwhatisexpectedandacceptable.[1] Usingthisdefinition,protectionfromahome'sexternalthreatsandprotectionfromitsinternalstructuralandequipmentfailures(seeMeanings,above)arenottwotypesofsafetybutrathertwoaspectsofahome'ssteadystate. Intheworldofeverydayaffairs,notallgoesasplanned.Someentity'ssteadystateischallenged.Thisiswheresecurityscience,whichisofmorerecentdate,enters.Drawingfromthedefinitionofsafety,then: Securityistheprocessormeans,physicalorhuman,ofdelaying,preventing,andotherwiseprotectingagainstexternalorinternal,defects,dangers,loss,criminals,andotherindividualsoractionsthatthreaten,hinderordestroyanorganization’s“steadystate,”anddepriveitofitsintendedpurposeforbeing. Usingthisgenericdefinitionofsafetyitispossibletospecifytheelementsofasecurityprogram.[1] Limitations Safetycanbelimitedinrelationtosomeguaranteeorastandardofinsurancetothequalityandunharmfulfunctionofanobjectororganization.Itisusedinordertoensurethattheobjectororganizationwilldoonlywhatitismeanttodo. Itisimportanttorealizethatsafetyisrelative.Eliminatingallrisk,ifevenpossible,wouldbeextremelydifficultandveryexpensive.Asafesituationisonewhererisksofinjuryorpropertydamagearelowandmanageable. Whensomethingiscalledsafe,thisusuallymeansthatitissafewithincertainreasonablelimitsandparameters.Forexample,amedicationmaybesafe,formostpeople,undermostcircumstances,iftakeninacertainamount. Achoicemotivatedbysafetymayhaveother,unsafeconsequences.Forexample,frailelderlypeoplearesometimesmovedoutoftheirhomesandintohospitalsorskillednursinghomeswiththeclaimthatthiswillimprovetheperson'ssafety.Thesafetyprovidedisthatdailymedicationswillbesupervised,thepersonwillnotneedtoengageinsomepotentiallyriskyactivitiessuchasclimbingstairsorcooking,andifthepersonfallsdown,someonetherewillbeabletohelpthepersongetbackup.However,theendresultmightbedecidedlyunsafe,includingthedangersoftransfertrauma,hospitaldelirium,elderabuse,hospital-acquiredinfections,depression,anxiety,andevenadesiretodie.[2] Types Thereisadistinctionbetweenproductsthatmeetstandards,thataresafe,andthatmerelyfeelsafe.Thehighwaysafetycommunityusestheseterms: Normative Normativesafetyisachievedwhenaproductordesignmeetsapplicablestandardsandpracticesfordesignandconstructionormanufacture,regardlessoftheproduct'sactualsafetyhistory. Substantive Substantiveorobjectivesafetyoccurswhenthereal-worldsafetyhistoryisfavorable,whetherornotstandardsaremet. Perceived Perceivedorsubjectivesafetyreferstotheusers'levelofcomfortandperceptionofrisk,withoutconsiderationofstandardsorsafetyhistory.Forexample,trafficsignalsareperceivedassafe,yetundersomecircumstances,theycanincreasetrafficcrashesatanintersection.Trafficroundaboutshaveagenerallyfavorablesafetyrecord[3]yetoftenmakedriversnervous. Lowperceivedsafetycanhavecosts.Forexample,afterthe9/11attacksin2001,manypeoplechosetodriveratherthanfly,despitethefactthat,evencountingterroristattacks,flyingissaferthandriving.Perceivedriskdiscouragespeoplefromwalkingandbicyclingfortransportation,enjoymentorexercise,eventhoughthehealthbenefitsoutweightheriskofinjury.[4] Security Alsocalledsocialsafetyorpublicsafety,securityaddressestheriskofharmduetointentionalcriminalactssuchasassault,burglaryorvandalism. Becauseofthemoralissuesinvolved,securityisofhigherimportancetomanypeoplethansubstantivesafety.Forexample,adeathduetomurderisconsideredworsethanadeathinacarcrash,eventhoughinmanycountries,trafficdeathsaremorecommonthanhomicides. Risksandresponses Safetyisgenerallyinterpretedasimplyingarealandsignificantimpactonriskofdeath,injuryordamagetoproperty.Inresponsetoperceivedrisksmanyinterventionsmaybeproposedwithengineeringresponsesandregulationbeingtwoofthemostcommon. Probablythemostcommonindividualresponsetoperceivedsafetyissuesisinsurance,whichcompensatesfororprovidesrestitutioninthecaseofdamageorloss. Systemsafetyandreliabilityengineering Systemsafetyandreliabilityengineeringisanengineeringdiscipline.Continuouschangesintechnology,environmentalregulationandpublicsafetyconcernsmaketheanalysisofcomplexsafety-criticalsystemsmoreandmoredemanding. Acommonfallacy,forexampleamongelectricalengineersregardingstructurepowersystems,isthatsafetyissuescanbereadilydeduced.Infact,safetyissueshavebeendiscoveredonebyone,overmorethanacenturyinthecasementioned,intheworkofmanythousandsofpractitioners,andcannotbededucedbyasingleindividualoverafewdecades.Aknowledgeoftheliterature,thestandardsandcustominafieldisacriticalpartofsafetyengineering.Acombinationoftheoryandtrackrecordofpracticesisinvolved,andtrackrecordindicatessomeoftheareasoftheorythatarerelevant.(IntheUS,personswithastatelicenseinProfessionalEngineeringinElectricalEngineeringareexpectedtobecompetentinthisregard,theforegoingnotwithstanding,butmostelectricalengineershavenoneedofthelicensefortheirwork.) Safetyisoftenseenasoneofagroupofrelateddisciplines:quality,reliability,availability,maintainabilityandsafety.(Availabilityissometimesnotmentioned,ontheprinciplethatitisasimplefunctionofreliabilityandmaintainability.)Theseissuestendtodeterminethevalueofanywork,anddeficitsinanyoftheseareasareconsideredtoresultinacost,beyondthecostofaddressingtheareainthefirstplace;goodmanagementisthenexpectedtominimizetotalcost. Measures Safetymeasuresareactivitiesandprecautionstakentoimprovesafety,i.e.reduceriskrelatedtohumanhealth.Commonsafetymeasuresinclude: Chemicalanalysis Destructivetestingofsamples Drugtestingofemployees,etc. Examinationofactivitiesbyspecialiststominimizephysicalstressorincreaseproductivity Geologicalsurveystodeterminewhetherlandorwatersourcesarepolluted,howfirmthegroundisatapotentialbuildingsite,etc. Governmentregulationsosuppliersknowwhatstandardstheirproductisexpectedtomeet. Industryregulationsosuppliersknowwhatlevelofqualityisexpected.Industryregulationisoftenimposedtoavoidpotentialgovernmentregulation. Instructionmanualsexplaininghowtouseaproductorperformanactivity Instructionalvideosdemonstratingproperuseofproducts Rootcauseanalysistoidentifycausesofasystemfailureandcorrectdeficiencies. InternetsafetyorOnlineSafety,isprotectionoftheuser'ssafetyfromcyberthreatsorcomputercrimeingeneral. Periodicevaluationsofemployees,departments,etc. Physicalexaminationstodeterminewhetherapersonhasaphysicalconditionthatwouldcreateaproblem. Processsafetymanagementisananalyticaltoolfocusedonpreventingreleasesofhighlyhazardouschemicals. Safetymargins/Safetyfactors.Forinstance,aproductratedtoneverberequiredtohandlemorethan200poundsmightbedesignedtofailunderatleast400pounds,asafetyfactoroftwo.Highernumbersareusedinmoresensitiveapplicationssuchasmedicalortransitsafety. Self-imposedregulationofvarioustypes. Implementationofstandardprotocolsandproceduressothatactivitiesareconductedinaknownway. Statementsofethicsbyindustryorganizationsoranindividualcompanysoitsemployeesknowwhatisexpectedofthem. Stresstestingsubjectsapersonorproducttostressesinexcessofthosethepersonorproductisdesignedtohandle,todeterminingthe"breakingpoint". Trainingofemployees,vendors,productusers Visualexaminationfordangeroussituationssuchasemergencyexitsblockedbecausetheyarebeingusedasstorageareas. Visualexaminationforflawssuchascracks,peeling,looseconnections. X-rayanalysistoseeinsideasealedobjectsuchasaweld,acementwalloranairplaneouterskin. Standardsorganizations Anumberofstandardsorganizationsexistthatpromulgatesafetystandards.Thesemaybevoluntaryorganizationsorgovernmentagencies.Theseagenciesfirstdefinethesafetystandards,whichtheypublishintheformofcodes.TheyarealsoAccreditationBodiesandentitleindependentthirdpartiessuchastestingandcertificationagenciestoinspectandensurecompliancetothestandardstheydefined.Forinstance,theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)formulatedacertainnumberofsafetystandardsinitsBoilerandPressureVesselCode(BPVC)andaccreditedTÜVRheinlandtoprovidecertificationservicestoguaranteeproductcompliancetothedefinedsafetyregulations.[5] UnitedStates AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute AmajorAmericanstandardsorganizationistheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI).Usually,membersofaparticularindustrywillvoluntarilyformacommitteetostudysafetyissuesandproposestandards.ThosestandardsarethenrecommendedtoANSI,whichreviewsandadoptsthem.ManygovernmentregulationsrequirethatproductssoldorusedmustcomplywithaparticularANSIstandard. Governmentagencies Manygovernmentagenciessetsafetystandardsformattersundertheirjurisdiction,suchas: theFoodandDrugAdministration theConsumerProductSafetyCommission theUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency Testinglaboratories Productsafetytesting,fortheUnitedStates,islargelycontrolledbytheConsumerProductSafetyCommission.Inaddition,workplacerelatedproductscomeunderthejurisdictionoftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),whichcertifiesindependenttestingcompaniesasNationallyRecognizedTestingLaboratories(NRTL),see.[6] EuropeanUnion Institutions theEuropeanCommission(EC) theEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN) theEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA) theEuropeanSafetyFederation(ESF) Testinglaboratories TheEuropeanCommissionprovidesthelegalframework,butthedifferentMemberStatesmayauthorizetestlaboratoriestocarryoutsafetytesting. Othercountries Standardsinstitutions BritishStandardsInstitution CanadianStandardsAssociation DeutschesInstitutfürNormung InternationalOrganizationforStandardization StandardsAustralia Testinglaboratories Manycountrieshavenationalorganizationsthathaveaccreditationtotestand/orsubmittestreportsforsafetycertification.ThesearetypicallyreferredtoasaNotifiedorCompetentBody. Safetyteacup Seealso Accident Aircraft Airsafety Accidentsandincidentsinaviation Listofaircraftaccidents Aisles:Safetyandregulatoryconsiderations AmericanSocietyofSafetyEngineers ArcFlash SafetyinAustralia Automobile Caraccident Automobilesafety Trafficsafety Bicycle Bicyclesafety Behavior-basedsafety Boat Boatsafety CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDC Certifiedsafetyprofessional Child Childsafetyseat Toysafety Poisoncontrol SafeKidsUSA Consumerproductsafety Door#Door-relatedaccidents Electricalsafety Explosivessafety Firesafety Gunsafety Listofrailaccidents Listofnuclearaccidents Motorcyclesafety Patientsafety Pedestriansafety Privatesecurity Riskmanagement Roadsafety Sailingshipaccidents Safetyengineering Fail-safe Fail-secure Poka-yoke SoftwareSystemSafety Safetystatement Security Seismicperformance Sportsinjurysafety OccupationalSafetyandHealth Criticalityaccident Safetydatasheet Personalprotectiveequipment Workaccident References WikivoyagehastravelinformationforStaysafe. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoSafety. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Safety ^abCharlesG.Oakes,PhD,BlueEmberTechnologies,LLC."SafetyversusSecurityinFireProtectionPlanningArchived2012-03-13attheWaybackMachine,"TheAmericanInstituteofArchitects:KnowledgeCommunities,May2009.RetrievedonJune22,2011. ^Neumann,Ann(February2019)."GoingtoExtremes".Harper'sMagazine.ISSN 0017-789X.Retrieved2019-01-22. ^"ProvenSafetyCountermeasures:Roundabouts".FederalHighwayAdministration.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-07-31.Retrieved2012-08-13. ^JeroenJohandeHartog;HannaBoogaard;HansNijland;GerardHoek(1August2010)."DotheHealthBenefitsofCyclingOutweightheRisks?".EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.118(8):1109–1116.doi:10.1289/ehp.0901747.PMC 2920084.PMID 20587380. ^Rheinland,TÜV."PressureVesselInspectionAccordingtoASME".www.tuv.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14January2017.Retrieved2May2018. ^"NationallyRecognizedTestingLaboratories(NRTLs)-OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration".www.osha.gov.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8April2018.Retrieved2May2018. Furtherreading Wildavsky,Aaron;Wildavsky,Adam(2008)."RiskandSafety".InDavidR.Henderson(ed.).ConciseEncyclopediaofEconomics(2nd ed.).Indianapolis:LibraryofEconomicsandLiberty.ISBN 978-0865976658.OCLC 237794267. Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety&oldid=1052372398" Categories:SafetyHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromJuly2010AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataACwith0elements Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquoteWikivoyage Languages AfrikaansالعربيةBân-lâm-gúБългарскиCatalàDanskEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어हिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaעבריתქართულიKreyòlayisyenNaVosaVakavitiNederlands日本語PortuguêsРусскийSimpleEnglishTagalogతెలుగుТоҷикӣTürkçeTiếngViệt中文 Editlinks