Three-sector model - Wikipedia

Third phase: Tertiary civilization Three-sectormodel FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Modelineconomics Thisarticleincludesalistofgeneralreferences,butitremainslargelyunverifiedbecauseitlackssufficientcorrespondinginlinecitations.Pleasehelptoimprovethisarticlebyintroducingmoreprecisecitations.(August2008)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Economicsectors Three-sectormodel Primarysector(rawmaterials)Secondarysector(manufacturing)Tertiarysector(services) Additionalsectors Quaternarysector(informationservices)Quinarysector(humanservices) Theorists AGBFisher ·ColinClark ·JeanFourastié Sectorsbyownership Businesssector ·Privatesector ·Publicsector ·Voluntarysector vte Greymarket Types Automobile Broadcasting Stockmarketsecurities Milk Greenmarket Legalaspects Copyrightinfringement First-saledoctrine Warranty Trademark Politicalaspects Agorism Anarchism Copyleft Counter-economics Freemarket Freetrade Laissez-faire Oppositiontocopyright Relatedsubjects Whitemarket Informaleconomy Blackmarket Regionallockout vte PartofaseriesonEconomicsystems Majortypes Capitalism Socialism Communism Byideology Associative Capitalist Corporate Democratic Laissez-faire Mercantilist Neoliberal Neomercantilist Protectionist Socialmarket State Welfare Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Anarchist Communalist Communist Marketsocialist Mutualist Participatory Socialistmarket Socialist-orientedmarket State Syndicalist Socialcredit Distributist Traditionalist Corporatist Feudalism Bycoordination Closed(autarky) Decentralized Digital Dirigist Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned RobinsonCrusoe Subsistence Underground Verticalarchipelago Virtual Byregionalmodel Asian EastAsian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo-Saxon German Nordic Dutch Rhenish Soviet LatinAmerica Socialismofthe21stcentury Sectors Commonownership Private Public Voluntary Propertytypes Collectiveownership Commons(Commonownership) Privateproperty Stateownership Socialownership Transition Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Marxist Coordination Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planning Inkind Cybernetics Indicative Materialbalancing Price Self-managed Peer-to-peer Sharing Openaccess Othertypes Commons-basedpeerproduction Expeditionary Hunter-gatherer InclusiveDemocracy Information Manorialism Newlyindustrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource-based Token Traditional Transition World  Businessandeconomicsportalvte Industrialoutputin2005 Serviceoutputin2005 Thethree-sectormodelineconomicsdivideseconomiesintothreesectorsofactivity:extractionofrawmaterials(primary),manufacturing(secondary),andserviceindustrieswhichexisttofacilitatethetransport,distributionandsaleofgoodsproducedinthesecondarysector(tertiary).[1]ThemodelwasdevelopedbyAllanFisher,[2][3][4]ColinClark,[5]andJeanFourastié[6]inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,andisarepresentationofanindustrialeconomy.Ithasbeencriticisedasinappropriateasarepresentationoftheeconomyinthe21stcentury.[7] Accordingtothethree-sectormodel,themainfocusofaneconomy'sactivityshiftsfromtheprimary,throughthesecondaryandfinallytothetertiarysector.Countrieswithalowpercapitaincomeareinanearlystateofdevelopment;themainpartoftheirnationalincomeisachievedthroughproductionintheprimarysector.Countriesinamoreadvancedstateofdevelopment,withamediumnationalincome,generatetheirincomemostlyinthesecondarysector.Inhighlydevelopedcountrieswithahighincome,thetertiarysectordominatesthetotaloutputoftheeconomy. Theriseofthepost-industrialeconomyinwhichanincreasingproportionofeconomicactivityisnotdirectlyrelatedtophysicalgoodshasledsomeeconomiststoexpandthemodelbyaddingafourthquaternaryorfifthquinarysectors,whileothershaveceasedtousethemodel. Contents 1StructuraltransformationaccordingtoFourastié 1.1Firstphase:Traditionalcivilizations 1.2Secondphase:Transitionalperiod 1.3Thirdphase:Tertiarycivilization 1.4CriticismofFourastié'smodel 2Extensionstothethree-sectormodel 2.1Quaternarysector 2.2Quinarysector 3Valueadded,nationalaccountsandthethreesectormodel 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading StructuraltransformationaccordingtoFourastié[edit] ThreesectorsaccordingtoFourastié Clark'ssectormodel Thisfigureillustratesthepercentagesofacountry'seconomymadeupbydifferentsector.Thefigureillustratesthatcountrieswithhigherlevelsofsocio-economicdevelopmenttendtohavelessoftheireconomymadeupofprimaryandsecondarysectorsandmoreemphasisintertiarysectors.Thelessdevelopedcountriesexhibittheinversepattern. Fourastiésawtheprocessasessentiallypositive,andinTheGreatHopeoftheTwentiethCenturyhewroteoftheincreaseinqualityoflife,socialsecurity,blossomingofeducationandculture,higherlevelofqualifications,humanisationofwork,andavoidanceofunemployment.[6]Thedistributionoftheworkforceamongthethreesectorsprogressesthroughdifferentstagesasfollows,accordingtoFourastié: Firstphase:Traditionalcivilizations[edit] Mainarticle:Primarysectoroftheeconomy Seealso:Pre-industrialsocietyandAgrariansociety Workforcequotas: Primarysector:64.5% Secondarysector:20% Tertiarysector:15.5% Thisphaserepresentsasocietywhichisscientificallynotyetverydeveloped,withanegligibleuseofmachinery.ThestateofdevelopmentcorrespondstothatofEuropeancountriesintheearlyMiddleAges,orthatofamodern-daydevelopingcountry[citationneeded]. Secondphase:Transitionalperiod[edit] Mainarticle:Secondarysectoroftheeconomy Seealso:Industrialsociety Workforcequotas: Primarysector:40% Secondarysector:40% Tertiarysector:20% Moremachineryisdeployedintheprimarysector,whichreducesthenumberofworkersneededtoproduceagivenoutputoffoodandrawmaterials.Sincethefoodrequirementsofagivenpopulationdonotchangemuch,employmentinagriculturedeclinesasaproportionofthepopulation. Asaresult,thedemandformachineryproductioninthesecondarysectorincreasesandworkersmovefromagriculturetomanufacturing.Thetransitionalwayorphasebeginswithaneventwhichcanbeidentifiedwiththeindustrialisation:far-reachingmechanisation(andthereforeautomation)ofmanufacture,suchastheuseofconveyorbelts. Thetertiarysectorbeginstodevelop,asdothefinancialsectorandthepowerofthestate. Thirdphase:Tertiarycivilization[edit] Mainarticle:Tertiarysectoroftheeconomy Seealso:Post-industrialsociety Workforcequotas: Primarysector:10% Secondarysector:20% Tertiarysector:70% Theprimaryandsecondarysectorsareincreasinglydominatedbyautomation,andthedemandforworkforcenumbersfallsinthesesectors.Itisreplacedbythegrowingdemandsofthetertiarysector,whereproductivitygrowthisslower.[8] CriticismofFourastié'smodel[edit] Variousempiricalstudiesseeminglyconfirmthethree-sectorhypothesis,butemploymentintheprimarysectorfellfarmorethanFourastiépredicted.Germany'sFederalStatisticalOfficestudyshowsthefollowingemploymentproportionsfor2014:primarysectorat1.5%,secondarysectorat24.6%,andtertiarysectorat73.9%.[9]Furthermore,fourincorrectpredictionscanbefoundinhisbookonthesubject:[10] Fourastiépredictedthatthetransitionfromthesecondarytothetertiarysectorwouldeliminatetheproblemofunemploymentas,inhisopinion,thissectorcouldnotberationalized.Whenheconceivedofthetheoryinthe1930s,however,hedidnotforeseetheenormoustechnologicalprogressmadeintheservicesector,suchasinventionofthemoderncomputerbringingwithitthedigitalrevolution. Fourastié'sfalseprognosisisthattherewillbenocountryinthehighlydevelopedthirdphasewhichalsohasasignificantsecondarysector.ThebestexampletocounterthisisGermany:inGermaneconomy,thesecondarysectorhassharplydeclinedsincethe1950s,butnotquitetothelevelthatFourastiépredictedduetoGermany'shighexports. AnotherFourastié'sfalsepredictionstatesthatthetertiarysectorwouldalwaysplacehighdemandsonemployeesintermsofeducation,whichisnotthecase,sincetheserviceoccupationsalsoincludecleaningservices,shoeshining,parceldeliveryserviceetc. ThehighlevelofincomeequalitypredictedbyFourastiéalsodidnottakeplace;infact,theoppositedevelopmenthashappened:theinequalityofincomedistributionhasbeenincreasinginmostOECDcountries. Fourastiédescribedthetertiarysector-whichisusuallyseenasequivalentwiththeservicesector-asaproductionsectorenjoyinglittletonotechnicalprogressandthusofferingatbestaslightincreaseinlaborproductivity.Confinementoftheservicesectorwithinthetertiarysectortodayisonlytenableinfewareas.Instead,additionofthefourth"informationsector"canbeseen,leadingtowardsthedevelopmentofaknowledgesociety. Extensionstothethree-sectormodel[edit] Furtherdevelopmenthasledtotheserviceorpost-industrialsociety.Todaytheservicesectorhasgrowntosuchanenormoussizethatitissometimesfurtherdividedintoaninformation-basedquaternarysector,andevenaquinarysectorbasedonhumanservices. Quaternarysector[edit] Mainarticle:Quaternarysectoroftheeconomy Thequaternarysector,sometimesreferredtoastheresearchanddevelopmentsector,consistsmainlyofbusinessesprovidinginformationservices,intellectualactivitiesandknowledgebasedactivitiesaimedatfuturegrowthanddevelopment. Activitiesinclude,andaremainlycomposedof:scientificresearch,ICT/computing,education,consulting,informationmanagementandfinancialplanning. Contrarytowhatmightbeinferredfromthenamingconvention,thequaternarysectordoesnotaddvaluetotheoutputsofthetertiarysector,butprovidesservicesdirectlywithlimitedrelianceonpurchasedinputs.Theoutputofthequaternarysectorisdifficulttomeasure.Thevolumeofinformationproducedhasgrownrapidly,inlinewithMoore'sLaw.[11] Quinarysector[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(October2018) Definitionsofthequinarysectorvarysignificantly.Somedefineitasmerelynon-profitworksuchasforcharitiesandNGOs. Othersdefineitasthesectorthatfocusesonhumanservicesandcontrol,suchasgovernmentandsomecharities,aswellascreationornon-routineuseofinformationandnewtechnologies,linkingslightlywiththequaternarysector.[12] Sometimesreferredtoas‘goldcollar’professions,[13]theyincludespecialandhighlypaidskillsofseniorbusinessexecutives,governmentofficials,researchscientists,financialandlegalconsultants,etc.Thehighestlevelofdecisionmakersorpolicymakersperformquinaryactivities.[12] Valueadded,nationalaccountsandthethreesectormodel[edit] The3sectormodelwascloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofnationalaccounts,notablybyColinClark.Theconceptofvalueaddediscentraltonationalaccounting.Valueaddedinthesecondarysectoroftheeconomy(manufacturing)isequaltothedifferencebetweenthe(wholesale)valueofgoodsproducedandthecostofrawmaterialssuppliedbytheprimarysector.Similarly,thevalueaddedbythetertiarysectorisequaltothedifferencebetweentheretailpricepaidbyconsumersandthewholesalepricepaidtomanufacturers. Theconceptofvalueaddedislessusefulinrelationtothequaternaryandquinarysectors. Seealso[edit] ColinClark(economist) JeanFourastié Primarysectoroftheeconomy Secondarysectoroftheeconomy Tertiarysectoroftheeconomy Quaternarysectoroftheeconomy InformationRevolution De-industrialization Privatesector References[edit] ^Kjeldsen-Kragh,Søren(2007).TheRoleofAgricultureinEconomicDevelopment:TheLessonsofHistory.CopenhagenBusinessSchoolPressDK.p. 73.ISBN 978-87-630-0194-6. ^Fisher,AllanG.B.(1935).TheClashofProgressandSecurity.London:Macmillan.Retrieved2019-07-13. ^Fisher,AllanG.B.(1939)."Production,primary,secondaryandtertiary".EconomicRecord.15(1):24–38.doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1939.tb01015.x.ISSN 1475-4932. ^Fisher,AllanG.B.(1946).EconomicProgressAndSocialSecurity.London:Macmillan.Retrieved2019-07-14. ^ColinClark(1940).TheConditionsofEconomicProgress.London:Macmillan.Retrieved2019-07-13. ^abFourastié,Jean(1949).LegrandespoirduXXesiècle:Progrèstechnique,progrèséconomique,progrèssocial(inFrench).Paris:PressesuniversitairesdeFrance. ^Schafran,Alex;McDonald,Conor;López-Morales,Ernesto;Akyelken,Nihan;Acuto,Michele(2018)."Replacingtheservicessectorandthree-sectortheory:urbanizationandcontrolaseconomicsectors".RegionalStudies.52(12):1708–1719.doi:10.1080/00343404.2018.1464136. ^Baumol,William(1967)."Macroeconomicsofunbalancedgrowth:Theanatomyofurbancrisis".AmericanEconomicReview.57(47):415–26.JSTOR 1812111. ^"Gesamtwirtschaft&Umwelt-Arbeitsmarkt-Arbeitsmarkt - StatistischesBundesamt(Destatis)"[Overalleconomy&environment-Labormarket- FederalStatisticalOfficereport(Destatis)](inGerman).www.destatis.de.Retrieved2017-01-16. ^JeanFourastié:LeGrandEspoirduXXesiècle.Progrèstechnique,progrèséconomique,progrèssocial.PressesUniversitairesdeFrance,Paris1949(The20thcentury'sGreatHope.Technologicalprogress,economicprogress,socialprogress. ^Quiggin,John(2014)."Nationalaccountingandthedigitaleconomy"(PDF).EconomicAnalysisandPolicy.44(2):136–142.doi:10.1016/j.eap.2014.05.008. ^abKellerman,Aharon(1985-05-01)."Theevolutionofserviceeconomies:Ageographicalperspective1".TheProfessionalGeographer.37(2):133–143.doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1985.00133.x.ISSN 0033-0124. ^"SectorsofEconomy:Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,QuaternaryandQuinary".2014-10-05. Furtherreading[edit] BernhardSchäfers:SozialstrukturundsozialerWandelinDeutschland.("SocialStructureandSocialChangeinGermany")LuciusundLucius,Stuttgart7thedition2002 Clark,Colin(1940)ConditionsofEconomicProgress Fisher,AllanGB.Production,primary,secondaryandtertiary.EconomicRecord15.1(1939):24-38 RainerGeißler:EntwicklungzurDienstleistungsgesellschaft.In:InformationenzurpolitischenBildung.Nr.269:SozialerWandelinDeutschland,2000,p. 19f. HansJoachimPohl:KritikderDrei-Sektoren-Theorie.("CriticismoftheThreeSectorTheory")In:MitteilungenausderArbeitsmarkt-undBerufsforschung.Issue4/Year03/1970,p. 313-325 StefanNährlich:DritterSektor:"OrganisationenzwischenMarktundStaat."("ThirdSector:OrganizationsBetweenMarketandState").From"TheoriederBürgergesellschaft"desRundbriefesAktiveBürgerschaft("TheoryoftheCivilSociety"ofthenewsletter"ActiveCivilSociety")4/2003 UweStaroske:DieDrei-Sektoren-Hypothese:DarstellungundkritischeWürdigungausheutigerSicht("TheThree-Sector-Hypothesis:PresentationandCriticalAppraisalfromaContemporaryView").RodererVerlag,Regensburg1995 vteMajorindustriesNaturalsectorBioticAgriculture Arablefarming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fibercrops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanentcrops Applesetal. Berries Citrus Stonefruits Tropicalfruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinalplants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animalhusbandry Beefcattle Dairyfarming Furfarming Horses Otherlivestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Lac Silk Hunting Furtrapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Treetapping Frankincense Gumarabic Gutta-percha Maplesyrup Mastic Naturalrubber Palmsugar,syrup,&wine Pineresin Wildmushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Seaurchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Seacucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossilfuels Coal Peat Naturalgas Oilshale Petroleum Tarsands Miningofores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earthmetals Uranium Otherminerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum 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