Laboratory rat - Wikipedia

Sprague Dawley rat Laboratoryrat FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch InbredstrainsofRattusnorvegicususedforscientificresearch "Labrat"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeLabrat(disambiguation). Thealbinolaboratoryratwithitsredeyesandwhitefurisaniconicmodelorganismforscientificresearchinavarietyoffields AlaboratoryratorlabratisabrownratofthesubspeciesRattusnorvegicusdomesticawhichisbredandkeptforscientificresearch.Whilelesscommonlyusedforresearchthanmice(seelaboratorymouse),ratshaveservedasanimportantanimalmodelforresearchinpsychologyandbiomedicalscience.[1] Contents 1Origins 2Useinresearch 3Stocksandstrains 3.1Wistarrat 3.2Long–Evansrat 3.3SpragueDawleyrat 3.4Biobreedingrat 3.5Brattlebororat 3.6Hairlessrat 3.7Lewisrat 3.8RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsrat 3.9ShakingratKawasaki 3.10Zuckerrat 3.11Knockoutrats 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading 7Externallinks Origins[edit] Rat-baiting In18thcenturyEurope,wildbrownratsranrampantandthisinfestationfueledtheindustryofrat-catching.Rat-catcherswouldnotonlymakemoneybytrappingtherodents,butalsobysellingthemforfoodor,morecommonly,forrat-baiting. Rat-baitingwasapopularsport,whichinvolvedfillingapitwithratsandtiminghowlongittookforaterriertokillthemall.Overtime,breedingtheratsforthesecontestsmayhaveproducedvariationsincolor,notablythealbinoandhoodedvarieties.Thefirsttimeoneofthesealbinomutantswasbroughtintoalaboratoryforastudywasin1828foranexperimentonfasting.Overthenext30 years,ratswereusedforseveralmoreexperimentsandeventuallythelaboratoryratbecamethefirstanimaldomesticatedforpurelyscientificreasons.[2] Twohoodedrats InJapan,therewasawidespreadpracticeofkeepingratsasadomesticatedpetduringtheEdoperiodandinthe18thcenturyguidebooksonkeepingdomesticratswerepublishedbyYousoTamanokakehashi(1775)andChinganSodategusa(1787).Geneticanalysisof117albinoratstrainscollectedfromallpartsoftheworldcarriedoutbyateamledbyTakashiKuramotoatKyotoUniversityin2012showedthatthealbinoratsdescendedfromhoodedratsandallthealbinoratsdescendedfromasingleancestor.[3]Asthereisevidencethatthehoodedratwasknownasthe"Japaneserat"intheearly20thcentury,KuramotoconcludedthatoneormoreJapanesehoodedratsmighthavebeenbroughttoEuropeortheAmericasandanalbinoratthatemergedasaproductofthebreedingofthesehoodedratswasthecommonancestorofallthealbinolaboratoryratsinusetoday.[3] Useinresearch[edit] Alabratdissection Theratfoundearlyuseinlaboratoryresearchinfiveareas:W.S.Smallsuggestedthattherateoflearningcouldbemeasuredbyratsinamaze;asuggestionemployedbyJohnB.WatsonforhisPh.D.dissertationin1903.[4]ThefirstratcolonyinAmericausedfornutritionresearchwasstartedinJanuary1908byElmerMcCollum[5]andthen,nutritiverequirementsofratswereusedbyThomasBurrOsborneandLafayetteMendeltodeterminethedetailsofproteinnutrition.ThereproductivefunctionofratswasstudiedattheInstituteforExperimentalBiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleybyHerbertMcLeanEvansandJosephA.Long.[6]ThegeneticsofratswasstudiedbyWilliamErnestCastleattheBusseyInstituteofHarvardUniversityuntilitclosedin1994.Ratshavelongbeenusedincancerresearch;forinstanceattheCrockerInstituteforCancerResearch.[7] AratundergoingaMorriswaternavigationtest Thehistoricalimportanceofthisspeciestoscientificresearchisreflectedbytheamountofliteratureonit:roughly50%morethanthatonlaboratorymice.[2]Laboratoryratsarefrequentlysubjecttodissectionormicrodialysistostudyinternaleffectsonorgansandthebrain,suchasforcancerorpharmacologicalresearch.Laboratoryratsnotsacrificedmaybeeuthanizedor,insomecases,becomepets. AratbeingdeprivedofREMsleepusingtheflowerpottechnique Domesticratsdifferfromwildratsinmanyways:theyarecalmerandsignificantlylesslikelytobite,theycantolerategreatercrowding,theybreedearlierandproducemoreoffspring,andtheirbrains,livers,kidneys,adrenalglands,andheartsaresmaller. Scientistshavebredmanystrainsor"lines"ofratsspecificallyforexperimentation.MostarederivedfromthealbinoWistarrat,whichisstillwidelyused.OthercommonstrainsaretheSpragueDawley,Fischer344,[8]Holtzmanalbinostrains,Long–Evans,andListerblackhoodedrats.Inbredstrainsarealsoavailable,butarenotascommonlyusedasinbredmice. MuchofthegenomeofRattusnorvegicushasbeensequenced.[9]InOctober2003,researcherssucceededincloningtwolaboratoryratsbynucleartransfer.Thiswasthefirstinaseriesofdevelopmentsthathavebeguntomakeratstractableasgeneticresearchsubjects,althoughtheystilllagbehindmice,whichlendthemselvesbettertotheembryonicstemcelltechniquestypicallyusedforgeneticmanipulation.Manyinvestigatorswhowishtotraceobservationsonbehaviorandphysiologytounderlyinggenesregardaspectsoftheseinratsasmorerelevanttohumansandeasiertoobservethaninmice,givingimpetustothedevelopmentofgeneticresearchtechniquesapplicabletorat. PlaymediaArattraversingcomplexterrainundertheinfluenceofelectrodeinputstoitsbrain A1972studycomparedneoplasmsinSpragueDawleyratsfromsixdifferentcommercialsuppliersandfoundhighlysignificantdifferencesintheincidencesofendocrineandmammarytumors.Therewereevensignificantvariationsintheincidencesofadrenalmedullatumorsamongratsfromthesamesourceraisedindifferentlaboratories.Allbutoneofthetesticulartumorsoccurredintheratsfromasinglesupplier.TheresearchersfoundthattheincidenceoftumorsinSprague-Dawleyratsfromdifferentcommercialsourcesvariedasmuchfromeachotherasfromtheotherstrainsofrats.Theauthorsofthestudy"stressedtheneedforextremecautioninevaluationofcarcinogenicitystudiesconductedatdifferentlaboratoriesand/oronratsfromdifferentsources."[10] DuringfoodrationingduetoWorldWarII,Britishbiologistsatelaboratoryrat,creamed.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Stocksandstrains[edit] Forvarietiesbredaspets,seeFancyrat§ Varieties. Astrain,inreferencetorodents,isagroupinwhichallmembersare,asnearlyaspossible,geneticallyidentical.Inrats,thisisaccomplishedthroughinbreeding.Byhavingthiskindofpopulation,itispossibletoconductexperimentsontherolesofgenes,orconductexperimentsthatexcludevariationsingeneticsasafactor.Bycontrast,outbredpopulationsareusedwhenidenticalgenotypesareunnecessaryorapopulationwithgeneticvariationisrequired,andtheseratsareusuallyreferredtoasstocksratherthanstrains.[17][18] Wistarrat[edit] AWistarrat TheWistarratisanoutbredalbinorat.ThisbreedwasdevelopedattheWistarInstitutein1906foruseinbiologicalandmedicalresearch,andisnotablythefirstratdevelopedtoserveasamodelorganismatatimewhenlaboratoriesprimarilyusedthehousemouse(Musmusculus).MorethanhalfofalllaboratoryratstrainsaredescendedfromtheoriginalcolonyestablishedbyphysiologistHenryHerbertDonaldson,scientificadministratorMiltonJ.Greenman,andgeneticresearcher/embryologistHelenDeanKing.[19][20][21] TheWistarratiscurrentlyoneofthemostpopularratsusedforlaboratoryresearch.Itischaracterizedbyitswidehead,longears,andataillengththatisalwayslessthanitsbodylength.TheSpragueDawleyratandLong–EvansratweredevelopedfromWistarrats.WistarratsaremoreactivethanotherslikeSpragueDawleyrats.ThespontaneouslyhypertensiveratandtheLewisratareotherwell-knownstocksdevelopedfromWistarrats. Long–Evansrat[edit] TheLong–EvansratisanoutbredratdevelopedbyDrs.LongandEvansin1915bycrossingseveralWistarfemaleswithawildgraymale.Long-Evansratsarewhitewithablackhood,oroccasionallywhitewithabrownhood.Theyareutilizedasamultipurposemodelorganism,frequentlyinbehavioralandobesityresearch. SpragueDawleyrat[edit] ASpragueDawleyrat TheSpragueDawleyratisanoutbred,multipurposebreedofalbinoratusedextensivelyinmedicalandnutritionalresearch.[22][23][24][25]Itsmainadvantageisitscalmnessandeaseofhandling.[26]ThisbreedofratwasfirstproducedbytheSprague-Dawleyfarms(latertobecometheSprague-DawleyAnimalCompany)inMadison,Wisconsin,in1925.Thenamewasoriginallyhyphenated,althoughthebrandstylingtoday(SpragueDawley,thetrademarkusedbyEnvigo)isnot.TheaveragelittersizeoftheSpragueDawleyratis11.0.[27] TheseratstypicallyhavealongertailinproportiontotheirbodylengththanWistarrats.TheywereinvolvedintheSéraliniaffair,wheretheherbicideRoundUpwasclaimedtoincreasetheoccurrenceoftumorintheserats.However,sincetheseratsareknowntogrowtumorsatahigh(andveryvariable)rate,thestudywasconsideredflawedindesignanditsfindingsunsubstantiated.[28] Biobreedingrat[edit] Mainarticle:Biobreedingrat Thebiobreedingrat(a.k.a.thebiobreedingdiabetes-proneratorBBDPrat)isaninbredstrainthatspontaneouslydevelopsautoimmunetype1diabetes.LikeNODmice,biobreedingratsareusedasananimalmodelforType1diabetes.Thestrainre-capitulatesmanyofthefeaturesofhumantype1diabetesandhascontributedgreatlytotheresearchofT1DMpathogenesis.[29] Brattlebororat[edit] Mainarticle:Brattlebororat TheBrattlebororatisastrainthatwasdevelopedbyHenryA.SchroederandtechnicianTimVintoninWestBrattleboro,Vermont,beginningin1961,forDartmouthMedicalSchool.Ithasanaturallyoccurringgeneticmutationthatmakesspecimensunabletoproducethehormonevasopressin,whichhelpscontrolkidneyfunction.TheratswerebeingraisedforlaboratoryusebyDr.HenrySchroederandtechnicianTimVinton,whonoticedthatthelitterof17drankandurinatedexcessively. Hairlessrat[edit] Seealso:Hairlessfancyrat Hairlesslaboratoryratsprovideresearcherswithvaluabledataregardingcompromisedimmunesystemsandgenetickidneydiseases.Itisestimatedthatthereareover25genesthatcauserecessivehairlessnessinlaboratoryrats.[30]Themorecommononesaredenotedasrnu(Rowettnude),fz(fuzzy),andshn(shorn). ARowettnuderat Rowettnuderats,firstidentifiedin1953inScotland,havenothymus.Thelackofthisorganseverelycompromisestheirimmunesystem,withinfectionsoftherespiratorytractandeyesincreasingthemostdramatically.[31] Fuzzyratswereidentifiedin1976inaPennsylvanialab.Theleadingcauseofdeathamongfz/fzratsisultimatelyaprogressivekidneyfailurethatbeginsaroundtheageof1year.[32] ShornratswerebredfromSpragueDawleyratsinConnecticutin1998.[33]Theyalsosufferfromseverekidneyproblems. Lewisrat[edit] TheLewisratwasdevelopedbyMargaretLewisfromWistarstockintheearly1950s.Characteristicsincludealbinocoloring,docilebehavior,andlowfertility.[34] TheLewisratsuffersfromseveralspontaneouspathologies:first,theycansufferfromhighincidencesofneoplasms,withtherat'slifespanmainlydeterminedbythis.Themostcommonareadenomasofthepituitaryandadenomas/adenocarcinomasoftheadrenalcortexinbothsexes,mammaryglandtumorsandendometrialcarcinomasinfemales,andC-celladenomas/adenocarcinomasofthethyroidglandandtumorsofthehaemopoieticsysteminmales.Second,Lewisratsarepronetodevelopaspontaneoustransplantablelymphaticleukaemia.Lastly,wheninadvancedage,theysometimesdevelopspontaneousglomerularsclerosis.[34] Researchapplicationsincludetransplantationresearch,inducedarthritisandinflammation,experimentalallergicencephalitis,andSTZ-induceddiabetes.[35][34] RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsrat[edit] PlaymediaARoyalCollegeofSurgeonsratundergoingvisualacuitytesting TheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsrat(orRCSrat)isthefirstknownanimalwithinheritedretinaldegeneration.Althoughthegeneticdefectwasnotknownformanyyears,itwasidentifiedintheyear2000asamutationinthegeneMERTK.Thismutationresultsindefectiveretinalpigmentepitheliumphagocytosisofphotoreceptoroutersegments.[36] ShakingratKawasaki[edit] TheshakingratKawasaki(SRK)isanautosomalrecessivemutantratthathasashortdeletionintheRELN(reelin)gene.[37]Thisresultsintheloweredexpressionofreelinprotein,essentialforpropercortexlaminationandcerebellumdevelopment.Itsphenotypeissimilartothewidelyresearchedreelermouse.ShakingratKawasakiwasfirstdescribedin1988.[38]ThisandtheLewisratarewell-knownstocksdevelopedfromWistarrats. Zuckerrat[edit] AZuckerrat,bredforobesity TheZuckerratwasbredtobeageneticmodelforresearchonobesityandhypertension.TheyarenamedafterLoisM.ZuckerandTheodoreF.Zucker,pioneerresearchersinthestudyofthegeneticsofobesity.TherearetwotypesofZuckerrat:aleanZuckerrat,denotedasthedominanttrait(Fa/Fa)or(Fa/fa);andthecharacteristicallyobese(orfatty)ZuckerratorZuckerdiabeticfattyrat(ZDFrat),whichisactuallyarecessivetrait(fa/fa)oftheleptinreceptor,capableofweighingupto1kilogram(2.2 lb)—morethantwicetheaverageweight.[39][40][41] ObeseZuckerratshavehighlevelsoflipidsandcholesterolintheirbloodstream,areresistanttoinsulinwithoutbeinghyperglycemic,andgainweightfromanincreaseinboththesizeandnumberoffatcells.[42]ObesityinZuckerratsisprimarilylinkedtotheirhyperphagicnatureandexcessivehunger;however,foodintakedoesnotfullyexplainthehyperlipidemiaoroverallbodycomposition.[40][42] Knockoutrats[edit] Mainarticle:Knockoutrat Aknockoutrat(alsospelledknockoutorknock-out)isageneticallyengineeredratwithasinglegeneturnedoffthroughatargetedmutation.Knockoutratscanmimichumandiseases,andareimportanttoolsforstudyinggenefunctionandfordrugdiscoveryanddevelopment.Theproductionofknockoutratsbecametechnicallyfeasiblein2008,throughworkfinancedby$120millioninfundingfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)viatheRatGenomeSequencingProjectConsortium,andworkaccomplishedbythemembersoftheKnockOutRatConsortium(KORC).KnockoutratdiseasemodelsforParkinson'sdisease,Alzheimer'sdisease,hypertension,anddiabetes,usingzinc-fingernucleasetechnology,arebeingcommercializedbySAGELabs. 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Furtherreading[edit] SuckowMA,WeisbrothSH,FranklinCL,eds.(2005).TheLaboratoryRat(2nd ed.).AcademicPress.ISBN 0080454321–viaGoogleBooks. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoLabrats. "RatGenome",Nature RatGenomeDatabase,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin IndexofInbredRatStrainsdatabase,JacsksonLaboratory RatModelSummarydatabase,KnockOutRatConsortium(archivedcopy) vteMajormodelorganismsingenetics Lambdaphage E.coli Chlamydomonas Tetrahymena Buddingyeast Fissionyeast Neurospora Maize Arabidopsis Medicagotruncatula C.elegans Drosophila Xenopus Zebrafish Rat Mouse AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries France(data) UnitedStates Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_rat&oldid=1077125748" Categories:LaboratoryratsAnimalmodelsHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:url-statusArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages EspañolفارسیFrançaisBahasaIndonesia日本語Suomi中文 Editlinks