Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary in Organic ...

Alcohols also follow the primary/secondary/tertiary nomenclature. The rule for alcohols is that they are named according to the number of ... SkiptocontentHome/Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,QuaternaryInOrganicChemistryAlkanesandNomenclatureByJamesAshenhurstPrimary,Secondary,Tertiary,QuaternaryInOrganicChemistryPreviousDon’tBeFutyl,LearnTheButylsNextBranching,andItsAffectOnMeltingandBoilingPointsLastupdated:March21st,2021|Organicchemists,withcarbonchemistryastheirsubject,havedevelopedallkindsofshorthandphrasestodescribestructuresandphenomenathatmightotherwisetakeasentenceoftwotoexplain.Here’stoday’sexample:theterminologyofcarbon-containingfunctionalgroups:primary,secondary,tertiary,quaternary.Primarycarbons,arecarbonsattachedtooneothercarbon.(Hydrogens–althoughusually3innumberinthiscase–areignoredinthisterminology,asweshallsee).Secondarycarbonsareattachedtotwoothercarbons.Tertiarycarbonsareattachedtothreeothercarbons.Finally,quaternarycarbonsareattachedtofourothercarbons.Youcan’tgohigherthanthat.Tohavefivesubstitutents,you’dneed10electronsaroundcarbon,aclearviolationoftheoctetrule.Whenpeopledowrite5covalentbondsaroundcarbon,it’samistake.(Inthetrade,theseareoftencalledTexascarbons–1)becauseitresemblesastar,2)becauseeverythingisbiggerinTexas,and3)becausetheonlymanwhocanputfivebondsoncarbonisalsoknownasWalker,TexasRanger.)Weusethesameterminologyforcarbocations.Aprimarycarbocationisattachedtooneothercarbon,asecondarytotwo,andatertiarytothree.Youcan’thaveaquaternarycarbocationwithoutviolatingtheoctetruleeither(you’dneedanextraemptyporbitalforthat,bringingthetotalto5).Alcoholsalsofollowtheprimary/secondary/tertiarynomenclature.Theruleforalcoholsisthattheyarenamedaccordingtothenumberofcarbonsattachedtothecarbonbearingthehydroxylgroup:inotherwords,whetherthehydroxylboundtoaprimary,secondary,ortertiarycarbon.Youcan’thaveaquaternaryalcohol–again,thatwouldinvolvebreakingtheoctetrule.[Abitofnon-essentialnomenclature:thecarbonattachedtotheOHissometimesreferredtoasthe“carbinol”carbon].Arelatedcategoryofcompoundsarethealkylhalides, whichwe encounterinSN1/SN2/E1/E2reactions(amongmanyothers).Thenamingforalkylhalidesissimilartothatforalcohols:theyarenamedaccordingtothenumberofcarbonsattachedtothehalogen,wherehalogenisfluorine,chlorine,bromine,oriodine.Next,wecometoamines,whicharealittlebitdifferent.Theyarenamedaccordingtothenumberofcarbonsattachedtonitrogen. Primary,secondary,andtertiaryaminesarenitrogensboundtoone,twoandthreecarbons,respectively.Sincethenitrogenhasalonepair,itisstillpossibletoformanotherbondtocarbon.Thesearecalledquaternaryamines,althoughtheybearapositivechargeonnitrogenandarenotatallbasic.Theyareoftenreferredtoasquaternaryammoniumsalts.You’llseethe-iumendingquiteabit–itdesignatesapositivelychargedspecies.Finally,amidesalsofallintothiscategory.Aprimaryamideisboundtoonecarbon–thecarbonylcarbon.Successivesubstitutionsofhydrogenforcarbonturntheamideintosecondaryandtertiaryamides.[Youmightask–canyouhavequaternaryamides?Well,yes.Exceptnobodycallsthemthat–they’requiteunstable,andgobyanothername.Why?Because.Whyisthepluralofgoose,“geese”,butthepluralofmooseis“moose”?Thereisnosatisfyinganswertonomenclaturequestions]00GeneralChemistryReviewGenChemandOrganicChem:Howaretheydifferent?HowGenChemRelatestoOrganicChem,Pt.1-TheAtomFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.2-ElectronsandOrbitalsFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.3-EffectiveNuclearChargeFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.4-ChemicalBondingFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.5-UnderstandingPeriodicTrendsFromGenChemtoOrgChem,Pt.6-LewisStructures,AParableFromGenChemtoOrgChem,Pt.7-LewisStructuresFromGenChemtoOrgChem,Pt.8-IonicandCovalentBondingFromGenChemtoOrgChem,Pt.9-AcidsandBasesFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.10-Hess'LawFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.11-TheSecondLawFromGenChemtoOrgChemPt.12-KineticsFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Pt.13-EquilibriaFromGenChemtoOrganicChem,Part14:Wrapup01Bonding,Structure,andResonanceHowConceptsBuildUpInOrg1("ThePyramid")ReviewofAtomicOrbitalsforOrganicChemistryHowDoWeKnowMethane(CH4)IsTetrahedral?HybridOrbitalsHowToDetermineHybridization:AShortcutOrbitalHybridizationAndBondStrengthsSigmabondscomeinsixvarieties:PibondscomeinoneAKeySkill:HowtoCalculateFormalChargePartialChargesGiveCluesAboutElectronFlowTheFourIntermolecularForcesandHowTheyAffectBoilingPoints3TrendsThatAffectBoilingPointsHowToUseElectronegativityToDetermineElectronDensity(andwhyNOTtotrustformalcharge)IntroductiontoResonanceHowToUseCurvedArrowsToInterchangeResonanceFormsEvaluatingResonanceForms(1)-TheRuleofLeastChargesHowToFindTheBestResonanceStructureByApplyingElectronegativityEvaluatingResonanceStructuresWithNegativeChargesEvaluatingResonanceStructuresWithPositiveChargeExploringResonance:Pi-DonationExploringResonance:Pi-acceptorsInSummary:EvaluatingResonanceStructuresDrawingResonanceStructures:3CommonMistakesToAvoidHowtoapplyelectronegativityandresonancetounderstandreactivityBondHybridizationPracticeStructureandBondingPracticeQuizzesResonanceStructuresPractice02AcidBaseReactionsIntroductiontoAcid-BaseReactionsAcidBaseReactionsInOrganicChemistryTheStrongerTheAcid,TheWeakerTheConjugateBaseWalkthroughofAcid-BaseReactions(3)-AcidityTrendsFiveKeyFactorsThatInfluenceAcidityAcid-BaseReactions:IntroducingKaandpKaHowtoUseapKaTableThepKaTableIsYourFriendAHandyRuleofThumbforAcid-BaseReactionsAcidBaseReactionsAreFastpKaValuesSpan60OrdersOfMagnitudeHowProtonationandDeprotonationAffectReactivityAcidBasePracticeProblems03AlkanesandNomenclatureSummarySheet-AlkaneNomenclatureMeetthe(MostImportant)FunctionalGroupsCondensedFormulas:DecipheringWhattheBracketsMeanHiddenHydrogens,HiddenLonePairs,HiddenCounterionsDon'tBeFutyl,LearnTheButylsPrimary,Secondary,Tertiary,QuaternaryInOrganicChemistryBranching,andItsAffectOnMeltingandBoilingPointsTheMany,ManyWaysofDrawingButaneCommonMistakes:DrawingTetrahedralCarbonsCommonMistakesinOrganicChemistry:PentavalentCarbonTableofFunctionalGroupPrioritiesforNomenclatureOrganicChemistryIUPACNomenclatureDemystifiedWithASimplePuzzlePieceApproachBoilingPointQuizzesOrganicChemistryNomenclatureQuizzes04ConformationsandCycloalkanesStaggeredvsEclipsedConformationsofEthaneConformationalIsomersofPropaneNewmanProjectionofButane(andGaucheConformation)PuttingtheNewmanintoACTIONIntroductiontoCycloalkanes(1)GeometricIsomersInSmallRings:CisAndTransCycloalkanesCalculationofRingStrainInCycloalkanesCycloalkanes-RingStrainInCyclopropaneAndCyclobutaneCyclohexaneConformationsCyclohexaneChairConformation:AnAerialTourHowToDrawTheCyclohexaneChairConformationTheCyclohexaneChairFlipTheCyclohexaneChairFlip-EnergyDiagramSubstitutedCyclohexanes-AxialvsEquatorialRankingTheBulkinessOfSubstituentsOnCyclohexanes:"A-Values"TheUpsandDownsofCyclohexanesCyclohexaneChairConformationStability:WhichOneIsLowerEnergy?FusedRings-Cis-DecalinandTrans-DecalinNamingBicyclicCompounds-Fused,Bridged,andSpiroBredt'sRule(AndSummaryofCycloalkanes)NewmanProjectionPracticeCycloalkanesPracticeProblems05APrimerOnOrganicReactionsTheMostImportantQuestionToAskWhenLearningaNewReactionThe4MajorClassesofReactionsinOrg1LearningNewReactions:HowDoTheElectronsMove?How(andwhy)electronsflowTheThirdMostImportantQuestiontoAskWhenLearningANewReaction7Factorsthatstabilizenegativechargeinorganicchemistry7FactorsThatStabilizePositiveChargeinOrganicChemistryCommonMistakes:FormalChargesCanMisleadNucleophilesandElectrophilesCurvedArrows(forreactions)CurvedArrows(2):InitialTailsandFinalHeadsNucleophilicityvs.BasicityTheThreeClassesofNucleophilesWhatMakesAGoodNucleophile?LeavingGroupsAreNucleophilesActingInReverseWhatmakesagoodleavinggroup?3FactorsThatStabilizeCarbocationsThreeFactorsthatDestabilizeCarbocationsWhat'saTransitionState?Hammond'sPostulateGrossman'sRuleDrawTheUglyVersionFirstLearningOrganicChemistryReactions:AChecklist(PDF)IntroductiontoAdditionReactionsIntroductiontoEliminationReactionsIntroductiontoFreeRadicalSubstitutionReactionsIntroductiontoOxidativeCleavageReactionsClemmensenReductionofKetones/AldehydestoAlkanes06FreeRadicalReactionsBondDissociationEnergies=HomolyticCleavageFreeRadicalReactions3FactorsThatStabilizeFreeRadicalsWhatFactorsDestabilizeFreeRadicals?BondStrengthsAndRadicalStabilityFreeRadicalInitiation:WhyIs"Light"Or"Heat"Required?Initiation,Propagation,TerminationMonochlorinationProductsOfPropane,Pentane,AndOtherAlkanesSelectivityInFreeRadicalReactionsSelectivityinFreeRadicalReactions:Brominationvs.ChlorinationHalogenationAtTiffany'sAllylicBrominationBonusTopic:AllylicRearrangementsInSummary:FreeRadicalsSynthesis(2)-ReactionsofAlkanesFreeRadicalsPracticeQuizzes07StereochemistryandChiralityOnCats,Part4:EnantiocatsOnCats,Part6:StereocentersTheSingleSwapRuleIntroductiontoAssigning(R)and(S):TheCahn-Ingold-PrelogRulesAssigningCahn-Ingold-Prelog(CIP)Priorities(2)-TheMethodofDotsTypesofIsomers:ConstitutionalIsomers,Stereoisomers,Enantiomers,andDiastereomersEnantiomersvsDiastereomersvsTheSame?TwoMethodsForSolvingProblemsAssigningR/SToNewmanProjections(AndConvertingNewmanToLineDiagrams)HowToDetermineRandSConfigurationsOnAFischerProjectionTheMesoTrapOpticalRotation,OpticalActivity,andSpecificRotationOpticalPurityandEnantiomericExcessWhat'saRacemicMixture?ChiralAllenesAndChiralAxesStereochemistryPracticeProblemsandQuizzes08SubstitutionReactionsIntroductiontoNucleophilicSubstitutionReactionsWalkthroughofSubstitutionReactions(1)-IntroductionTwoTypesofNucleophilicSubstitutionReactionsTheSN2MechanismWhytheSN2ReactionIsPowerfulTheSN1MechanismTheConjugateAcidIsABetterLeavingGroupComparingtheSN1andSN2ReactionsPolarProtic?PolarAprotic?Nonpolar?AllAboutSolventsStericHindranceisLikeaFatGoalieCommonBlindSpot:IntramolecularReactionsTheConjugateBaseisAlwaysaStrongerNucleophileSubstitutionPractice-SN1SubstitutionPractice-SN209EliminationReactionsEliminationReactions(1):IntroductionAndTheKeyPatternEliminationReactions(2):TheZaitsevRuleEliminationReactionsAreFavoredByHeatTwoEliminationReactionPatternsTheE1ReactionTheE2MechanismE1vsE2:ComparingtheE1andE2ReactionsAntiperiplanarRelationships:TheE2ReactionandCyclohexaneRingsBulkyBasesinEliminationReactionsComparingtheE1vsSN1ReactionsElimination(E1)ReactionsWithRearrangementsE1cB-Elimination(Unimolecular)ConjugateBaseElimination(E1)PracticeProblemsAndSolutionsElimination(E2)PracticeProblemsandSolutions10RearrangementsIntroductiontoRearrangementReactionsRearrangementReactions(1)-HydrideShiftsCarbocationRearrangementReactions(2)-AlkylShiftsTheSN1,E1,andAlkeneAdditionReactionsAllPassThroughACarbocationIntermediate11SN1/SN2/E1/E2DecisionDecidingSN1/SN2/E1/E2(1)-TheSubstrateDecidingSN1/SN2/E1/E2(2)-TheNucleophile/BaseDecidingSN1/SN2/E1/E2(3)-TheSolventDecidingSN1/SN2/E1/E2(4)-TheTemperatureWrapup:TheQuickN'DirtyGuideToSN1/SN2/E1/E2AlkylHalideReactionMapAndSummarySN1SN2E1E2PracticeProblems12AlkeneReactionsEandZNotationForAlkenes(+Cis/Trans)AlkeneStabilityAdditionReactions:Elimination'sOppositeSelectivevs.SpecificRegioselectivityInAlkeneAdditionReactionsStereoselectivityInAlkeneAdditionReactions:SynvsAntiAdditionMarkovnikovAdditionOfHClToAlkenesAlkeneHydrohalogenationMechanismAndHowItExplainsMarkovnikov'sRuleArrowPushingandAlkeneAdditionReactionsAdditionPattern#1:The"CarbocationPathway"RearrangementsinAlkeneAdditionReactionsBrominationofAlkenesBrominationofAlkenes:TheMechanismAlkeneAdditionPattern#2:The"Three-MemberedRing"PathwayHydroboration-OxidationofAlkenesHydroborationOxidationofAlkenesMechanismAlkeneAdditionPattern#3:The"Concerted"PathwayBromoniumIonFormation:A(Minor)Arrow-PushingDilemmaAFourthAlkeneAdditionPattern-FreeRadicalAdditionAlkeneReactions:OzonolysisSummary:ThreeKeyFamiliesOfAlkeneReactionMechanismsSynthesis(4)-AlkeneReactionMap,IncludingAlkylHalideReactionsAlkeneReactionsPracticeProblems13AlkyneReactionsAcetylidesfromAlkynes,AndSubstitutionReactionsofAcetylidesPartialReductionofAlkynesToObtainCisorTransAlkenesHydroborationandOxymercurationofAlkynesAlkyneReactionPatterns-Hydrohalogenation-CarbocationPathwayAlkyneHalogenation:Bromination,Chlorination,andIodinationofAlkynesAlkyneReactions-The"Concerted"PathwayAlkenesToAlkynesViaHalogenationAndEliminationReactionsAlkynesAreABlankCanvasSynthesis(5)-ReactionsofAlkynesAlkyneReactionsPracticeProblemsWithAnswersPinacolRearrangement14Alcohols,EpoxidesandEthersAlcohols(1)-NomenclatureandPropertiesAlcoholsCanActAsAcidsOrBases(AndWhyItMatters)Alcohols(3)-AcidityandBasicityTheWilliamsonEtherSynthesisWilliamsonEtherSynthesis:PlanningEthersFromAlkenes,TertiaryAlkylHalidesandAlkoxymercurationAlcoholsToEthersviaAcidCatalysisCleavageOfEthersWithAcidEpoxides-TheOutlierOfTheEtherFamilyOpeningofEpoxidesWithAcidEpoxideRingOpeningWithBaseMakingAlkylHalidesFromAlcoholsTosylatesAndMesylatesPBr3andSOCl2EliminationReactionsofAlcoholsEliminationofAlcoholsToAlkenesWithPOCl3AlcoholOxidation:"Strong"and"Weak"OxidantsDemystifyingAlcoholOxidationsIntramolecularReactionsofAlcoholsandEthersProtectingGroupsForAlcoholsThiolsAndThioethersCalculatingtheoxidationstateofacarbonOxidationandReductioninOrganicChemistryOxidationLaddersSOCl2MechanismForAlcoholsToAlkylHalides:SN2versusSNiAlcoholReactionsRoadmap(PDF)AlcoholReactionPracticeProblemsEpoxideReactionQuizzesOxidationandReductionPracticeQuizzes15OrganometallicsWhat'sAnOrganometallic?FormationofGrignardandOrganolithiumReagentsOrganometallicsAreStrongBasesReactionsofGrignardReagentsProtectingGroupsInGrignardReactionsGrignardPracticeProblems:Synthesis(1)GrignardReactionsAndSynthesis(2)Organocuprates(GilmanReagents):HowThey'reMadeGilmanReagents(Organocuprates):WhatThey'reUsedForCommonMistakeswithCarbonyls:CarboxylicAcids...AreAcids!TheHeck,Suzuki,andOlefinMetathesisReactions(AndWhyTheyDon'tBelongInMostIntroductoryOrganicChemistryCourses)ReactionMap:ReactionsofOrganometallicsGrignardPracticeProblems16SpectroscopyDegreesofUnsaturation(orIHD,IndexofHydrogenDeficiency)ConjugationAndColor(+HowBleachWorks)IntroductionToUV-VisSpectroscopyUV-VisSpectroscopy:AbsorbanceofCarbonylsUV-VisSpectroscopy:PracticeQuestionsBondVibrations,InfraredSpectroscopy,andthe"BallandSpring"ModelInfraredSpectroscopy:AQuickPrimerOnInterpretingSpectraIRSpectroscopy:4PracticeProblemsHomotopic,Enantiotopic,DiastereotopicLiquidGold:PheromonesInDoeUrineNaturalProductIsolation(1)-ExtractionNaturalProductIsolation(2)-PurificationTechniques,AnOverviewStructureDeterminationCaseStudy:DeerTarsalGlandPheromone17DienesandMOTheoryWhatToExpectInOrganicChemistry2HowConceptsBuildUpInOrg2Arethesemoleculesconjugated?ConjugationAndResonanceInOrganicChemistryBondingAndAntibondingPiOrbitalsMolecularOrbitalsofTheAllylCation,AllylRadical,andAllylAnionPiMolecularOrbitalsofButadieneReactionsofDienes:1,2and1,4AdditionThermodynamicandKineticProductsMoreOn1,2and1,4AdditionsToDieness-cisands-transTheDiels-AlderReactionCyclicDienesandDienophilesintheDiels-AlderReactionStereochemistryoftheDiels-AlderReactionExovsEndoProductsInTheDielsAlder:HowToTellThemApartHOMOandLUMOIntheDielsAlderReactionWhyAreEndovsExoProductsFavoredintheDiels-AlderReaction?Diels-AlderReaction:KineticandThermodynamicControlTheRetroDiels-AlderReactionElectrocyclicRingOpeningAndClosure(2)-Six(orEight)PiElectronsTheIntramolecularDielsAlderReactionTheCopeandClaisenRearrangementsRegiochemistryInTheDiels-AlderReactionElectrocyclicReactionsDielsAlderPracticeProblemsMolecularOrbitalTheoryPractice18AromaticityIntroductionToAromaticityRulesForAromaticityHuckel'sRule:WhatDoes4n+2Mean?"IsThisMoleculeAromatic?"SomePracticeProblemsAntiaromaticCompoundsandAntiaromaticityThePiMolecularOrbitalsofBenzeneThePiMolecularOrbitalsofCyclobutadieneFrostCirclesAromaticityPracticeQuizzes19ReactionsofAromaticMoleculesElectrophilicAromaticSubstitution:IntroductionActivatingandDeactivatingGroupsInElectrophilicAromaticSubstitutionElectrophilicAromaticSubstitution-TheMechanismOrtho-,Para-andMeta-DirectorsinElectrophilicAromaticSubstitutionUnderstandingOrtho,Para,andMetaDirectorsWhyarehalogensortho-para-directors?DisubstitutedBenzenes:TheStrongestElectron-Donor"Wins"ElectrophilicAromaticSubstitutions(1)-HalogenationofBenzeneElectrophilicAromaticSubstitutions(2)-NitrationandSulfonationEASReactions(3)-Friedel-CraftsAcylationandFriedel-CraftsAlkylationIntramolecularFriedel-CraftsReactionsNucleophilicAromaticSubstitution(NAS)NucleophilicAromaticSubstitution(2)-TheBenzyneMechanismReactionsonthe"Benzylic"Carbon:BrominationAndOxidationTheWolff-Kishner,Clemmensen,AndOtherCarbonylReductionsMoreReactionsontheAromaticSidechain:ReductionofNitroGroupsandtheBaeyerVilligerAromaticSynthesis(1)-"OrderOfOperations"SynthesisofBenzeneDerivatives(2)-PolarityReversalAromaticSynthesis(3)-SulfonylBlockingGroupsBirchReductionSynthesis(7):ReactionMapofBenzeneandRelatedAromaticCompoundsAromaticReactionsandSynthesisPracticeElectrophilicAromaticSubstitutionPracticeProblems20AldehydesandKetonesWhat'sTheAlphaCarbonInCarbonylCompounds?AldehydesandKetones:14ReactionsWithTheSameMechanismWittigReactionIminesandEnaminesOnAcetalsandHemiacetalsCarbonylChemistry:10KeyConcepts(Part 1)Carbonyls:10keyconcepts(Part 2)AcidCatalysisOfCarbonylAdditionReactions:TooMuchOfAGoodThing?BreakingDownCarbonylReactionMechanisms:AnionicNucleophiles(Part 1)BreakingDownCarbonylReactionMechanisms:ReactionsofAnionicNucleophiles(Part 2)AldehydesKetonesReactionPractice21CarboxylicAcidDerivativesSimplifyingthereactionsofcarboxylicacidderivatives(part1)CarbonylMechanisms:NeutralNucleophiles,Part 1Carbonylchemistry:AnionicversusNeutralNucleophilesProtonTransfersCanBeTrickyLet'sTalkAboutthe[1,2]EliminationCarbonylChemistry:LearnSixMechanismsForthePriceOfOneSummarySheet#5-9KeyMechanismsinCarbonylChemistrySummarySheet#7-21CarbonylMechanismson1pageHowReactionsAreLikeMusicMakingMusicWithMechanisms(PADPED)TheMagicWandofProtonTransferThePowerofAcid CatalysisAmideHydrolysisCarboxylicAcidDerivativesPracticeQuestions22EnolsandEnolatesKeto-EnolTautomerism:Key PointsAnotherawesomeexampleofacid catalysis:Acidscatalyzeketo-enoltautomerismTheAcid-CatalyzedAldolReactionClaisenCondensationandDieckmannCondensationTheMalonicEsterSynthesisTheRobinsonAnnulationHaloformReactionTheHell–Volhard–ZelinskyReactionEnolsandEnolatesPracticeQuizzes23AminesTheAmideFunctionalGroup:Properties,Synthesis,andNomenclatureBasicityofAminesAndpKaH5KeyBasicityTrendsofAminesTheMesomericEffectAndAromaticAminesNucleophilicityofAminesAlkylationofAmines(Sucks!)ReductiveAminationTheGabrielSynthesisSomeReactionsofAzidesTheHofmannEliminationTheHofmannandCurtiusRearrangementsTheCopeEliminationProtectingGroupsforAmines-CarbamatesTheStreckerSynthesisofAminoAcidsIntroductiontoPeptideSynthesisReactionsofDiazoniumSalts:SandmeyerandRelatedReactionsAminePracticeQuestions24CarbohydratesDandLNotationForSugarsWhatisMutarotation?ReducingSugarsPyranosesandFuranoses:Ring-ChainTautomerismInSugarsTheBigDamnPostOfCarbohydrate-RelatedChemistryDefinitionsTheHaworthProjectionConvertingaFischerProjectionToAHaworth(AndViceVersa)ReactionsofSugars:GlycosylationandProtectionTheRuffDegradationandKiliani-FischerSynthesisCarbohydratesPracticeAminoAcidQuizzes25FunandMiscellaneousOrganicChemistryGIFS-ResonanceFormsOrganicChemistryandtheNewMCATAGalleryofSomeInterestingMoleculesFromNatureTheOrganicChemistryBehind"ThePill"Maybetheyshouldcallthem,"FormalWins"?PlanningOrganicSynthesisWith"ReactionMaps"OrganicChemistryIsShitThe8TypesofArrowsInOrganicChemistry,ExplainedTheMostAnnoyingExceptionsinOrg1(Part1)TheMostAnnoyingExceptionsinOrg1(Part2)ReproducibilityInOrganicChemistryScrewOrganicChemistry,I'mJustGoingToWriteAboutCatsOnCats,Part1:ConformationsandConfigurationsOnCats,Part2:CatLineDiagramsTheMarriageMayBeBad,ButtheDivorceStillCostsMoneyWhyDoOrganicChemistsUseKilocalories?WhatHoldsTheNucleusTogether?9NomenclatureConventionsToKnowCommentsCommentsection44thoughtson“Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,QuaternaryInOrganicChemistry”HiJames,Justquicklylookedatyourwebsitehere.Itlooksgood.Iliketoseeotherorganicchemistsgettingbusywithblogs,exploitingWeb2.0.IstartedoffwithabloganddecidedIwouldbuildmyselfawebsite.ItismyoverglorifiedCVbutIoftenpostarticlesfromindustry.Checkitoutatpharmnbiofuel.com.BrianReplyThankyouforyoursite!It’ssavingmyHiney!!ReplyAccutallyyouCANput5substituentsatonecarbon–andtheguyhowcandothisiscalledGeorgeOlah!http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/SCNRChrisReplyYesofcourse,pentavalentcarboncations(carboniums)arebelievedtoexist,butJames’blogisintendedforundergaduate-levelstudentsandheisquiterightinpresentingitasanon-option.Thissmallwhiteliewillsavemanystudentsfrommistakes,andthosefewthatareinterestedinamoreadvancedtruthcaneasilylookintothematterthemselves.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium_ionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie-to-childrenReplyHowacarbongeta10electronsReplyFinally!Someonewasabletoexplaintheprimary,secondary,andtertiaryaminething.I’mnotanO-chemguyatall,butItotallygotthispage.Thanksforputtingittogether.Itfinallymakessense.DReplyHithere,mayiknowifwecandescribethecarbonsinanaromaticcompoundasprimary,secondary,tertiaryorquaternarycarbon?Ortheyareonlyappliedtoaliphaticcarbons?Hopeyoucanhelp.Thankyousomuch!ReplyForalkenes,theconventionistouse“monosubstituted”,“disubstituted”,etc.Sameforarenes.ReplyCansecondarycarbonbeattachedtotwocarbonswithonesinglebond,andonedoublebond?Hereistheproblemwhichison:http://ir.kmu.edu.tw/bitstream/310902000/36554/2/%E9%86%AB%E8%97%A5%E6%9A%A8%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB%E7%8F%AD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4.pdfThestructurebelowisapotentanalgesicagent(painreliever)(J.Med.Chem.,2009,5685).Howmanysecondarycarbonsareinthisstructure?ReplyIbelievethedefinitions,“primary,secondary,tertiary”onlyholdforalkylgroups.http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00228.htmlSotherewouldonlybe6secondarycarbonsandthealkenesdonotcount.ReplyHelloJames,Isthereatechnicaltermtocallacarbonwithonehydroxylgroupattached?Canwecallthem“hydroxylcarbon”or“hydroxyliccarbon”?Thanks,OJReply“Carbinol”isthepreferrednomenclatureReplyWhyquarternaryhydrogendoesntexist?ReplyThat’sanexerciseforyoutoponder.ReplyHowisthedegreechangedifthereisadoublebondinvolved?ReplyPrimary,secondary,tertiaryisonlydefinedforalkylgroups.ReplyWhyisthequaternarycarbontheleastreactive?ReplyTheleastreactiveinwhatsense?ReplyWassearchinganswerformychemistryhomework…..didntgotonbook….remeberedgooglehasanswertoeachquestion….camehere….understoodeverythinginmatterofseconds…blessedyouwithallmyheartagoodlife…….THANKYOUJames…??????ReplySo,Helloandcanyoudescribethesamethingsforhydrogen.Like1°2°3°Hydrogen.IfYesplzletmeknow.Thanx.Replywhatproductwouldyouexpectfrommono-brominationofp-methylbenzoicacid?somebodychewituppleaseReplyGotothispost.“Strongestdonorwins”.https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2018/03/19/eas-disubstituted-benzenes/ReplyThankyouformakingthisWAAAAAYeasierthenmyteacherdid!Ireallyappreciateit.ReplyOK–thanksforstoppingbyMar,gladyoufindituseful!ReplyLIFECHANGINGINFORMATIONReplyPingback:WhatIsIsopropylAlcohol?|ReAgentChemicalServiceswhydoesaminesdoesn’thavethenomenclatureasalothers?imeaninallotherthefunctionalgrpisattachedtothecarboniscountedandhenceprimaryorsecondarynameisgivenbutinaminesitsnotthatwaywhy?ReplyAminesfollowtheirownrules,bothinnomenclatureandintheflask…ReplyWhydoesn’tquaternaryradicalexist?ReplyThinkaboutthemaximumnumberofsubstituentsthatcarboncanhave.ReplyPingback:Writing,IngredientLists,andOrganicChemistryTermsV|TheAlchemist'sHandbookhowmany2-degreecarbonatomsarethereinacetone,imeaniscarbonatombondedtooxygenconsideredas2-degreeornot?ReplyIhaveneverseenprimary,secondary,tertiary,andquaternaryisdefinedforcarbonsotherthanalkyl.Reference:https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.1995.67.issue-8-9/pac199567081307/pac199567081307.xmlReplyPingback:Primary,Secondary&TertiaryAlcohol:Definition&ExampleWhatistheimportanceofquarternarycarbonwhennamingmolecules?ReplyInthecaseofimidazoleisitpossibletotalkaboutprimary,secondary,tertiarycarbonsorthosenamesareonlyusedforalkyls?ReplyOnlyforalkyls.ReplyThishelped,thanks🙏🤗ReplyWhatifdoublebond?Isitstillconsidertobeaprimary(Ifitonlyonecarbonbonded)?ReplyHiJosh–no,primary,secondary,tertiaryisnottheappropriatenomenclaturewithdoublebonds.We’lloftenclassifythembytreatingtheC-Cdoublebondasaunitandthencountinghowmanycarbonsareboundtoit.Wecanthenhavemonosubstituted,disubstituted,trisubstitutedandtetrasubstituteddoublebonds.That’snotquiteenough,becausethereareactually3waystohavedisubstituteddoublebonds!Thesewerefertoroughlyas“cis”,“trans’and1,1-disubstituted.Seethispost.https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2020/04/30/alkene-stability/ReplyPingback:PracticeQuestionsforYear12ChemistryExternalAssessment(EA)Pingback:PracticeQuestionsforUnit3&4ChemistryExternalAssessment-EducationInIndiaWhattypeofcarbonismethane?(inthecaseofprimary,secondary,tertiaryorquaternary)Oritcalledsomethingelse??Canyouhelpmeplz!ReplyItisuniqueandbelongsinitsowncategory,likeammonia(NH3)foraminesandmethanol(CH3OH)foralcohols.Thetermsprimary,secondary,tertiarydonotapply.ReplyLeaveaReplyYouremailaddresswillnotbepublished.Requiredfieldsaremarked*CommentName*Email*WebsiteSavemyname,email,andwebsiteinthisbrowserforthenexttimeIcomment.Notifymeviae-mailifanyoneanswersmycomment.ΔThissiteusesAkismettoreducespam.Learnhowyourcommentdataisprocessed.