Quora - Wikipedia

Quora is an American social question-and-answer website based in Mountain View, California, United States. It was founded on June 25, 2009, and made ... Quora FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Question-and-answerplatform Forthelegislatureterm,seeQuorum.Forthemeatsubstituteproduct,seeQuorn. Quora,Inc.Screenshot: TypeofbusinessPrivateTypeofsiteQuestionandanswerAvailable inNumerouslanguages[1]FoundedJune 25,2009;12yearsago (2009-06-25)HeadquartersMountainView,California,U.S.Area servedWorldwideFounder(s)AdamD'AngeloCharlieCheeverKey peopleAdamD'Angelo(CEO)KellyBattles(CFO)[2]Revenue$20million(2018)[3]Employees200-300(2019)[3]URLwww.quora.comRegistrationOptionaltoread,requiredtointeractLaunchedJune 21,2010;11yearsago (2010-06-21)Current statusActiveWritten inPython,C++[4] Quora(/ˈkwɔːrə/)isanAmericansocialquestion-and-answerwebsitebasedinMountainView,California,UnitedStates.ItwasfoundedonJune25,2009,[5]andmadeavailabletothepubliconJune21,2010.[6]Userscancollaboratebyeditingquestionsandcommentingonanswersthathavebeensubmittedbyotherusers.[7]Asof2020,thewebsitewasvisitedby300millionusersamonth.[8] Contents 1History 1.1Foundingandnaming 1.22010–2013:Earlygrowth 1.32014–2017:Continuedgrowthandnewfeatures 1.3.12014organization 1.3.2Parlioacquisition 1.3.3Questiondetails 1.3.4Advertisementrollouts 1.3.5Multilingualexpansion 1.3.62017anonymitychanges 1.3.72017SeriesDfunding 1.42018–2019:Furthergrowthanddatabreach 1.52020 1.62021 2Operation 2.1Website 2.2RealNamePolicy 2.3Answerrecommendations 2.4Contentmoderation 2.5TopWritersProgram 3Reception 3.1Reviews 3.2Lawsuit 4Timeline 5Seealso 6References 7Externallinks History[edit] Foundingandnaming[edit] AdamD'Angelo,photographedin2011CharlieCheever,photographedin2009 Quorawasco-foundedbyformerFacebookemployeesAdamD'AngeloandCharlieCheeverinJune2009.[3]Inananswertothequestion"HowdidAdamD'AngeloandCharlieCheevercomeupwiththenameQuora?"writtenonQuorain2011,CharlieCheeverstated,"Wespentafewhoursbrainstormingandwritingdownalltheideasthatwecouldthinkof.Afterconsultingwithfriendsandeliminatingoneswedidn'tlove,wenarroweditdownto5or6finalists,andeventuallysettledonQuora."[9]Cheeverwentontostate,"Theclosestcompetitionthat[thename]QuorahadwasQuiver."[9] 2010–2013:Earlygrowth[edit] InMarch2010,Quora,Inc.wasvaluedat$86million.[6]QuorafirstbecameavailabletothepubliconJune21,2010,andwaspraisedforitsinterfaceandforthequalityoftheanswerswrittenbyitsusers,manyofwhomwererecognizedasexpertsintheirfields.[6]Quora'suserbaseincreasedquickly,andbylateDecember2010,thesitewasseeingspikesofvisitorsfivetotentimesitsusualload—somuchthatthewebsiteinitiallyhaddifficultieshandlingtheincreasedtraffic.[10]Until2018,Quoradidnotshowadsbecause"...adscanoftenbenegativeforuserexperience.Nobodylikesbannerads,adsfromshadycompanies,oradsthatareirrelevanttotheirneeds."[3] InJune2011,Quoraredesignedthenavigationandusabilityofitswebsite.[11]Co-founderAdamD'AngelocomparedtheredesignedQuoratoWikipedia,andstatedthatthechangestothewebsiteweremadeonthebasisofwhathadworkedandwhathadnotwhenthewebsitehadexperiencedunprecedentedgrowthsixmonthsearlier.[11]InSeptember2012,co-founderCharlieCheeversteppeddownasco-operatorofthecompany,takinganadvisoryrole.[12]Theotherco-founder,AdamD'Angelo,continuedtomaintainahighdegreeofcontroloverthecompany.[3] InJanuary2013,Quoralaunchedabloggingplatformallowinguserstopostnon-answercontent.[13]Quoralaunchedafull-textsearchofquestionsandanswersonitswebsiteonMarch20,2013,[14]andextendedthefeaturetomobiledevicesinlateMay2013.[15]ItalsoannouncedinMay2013thatusagemetricshadtripledrelativetothesametimeintheprioryear.[16]InNovember2013,QuoraintroducedafeaturecalledStatstoallowallQuorauserstoseesummaryanddetailedstatisticsofhowmanypeoplehadviewed,upvoted,andsharedtheirquestionsandanswers.[17][18]TechCrunchreportedthat,althoughQuorahadnoimmediateplansformonetization,theybelievedthatsearchadswouldlikelybetheireventualsourceofrevenue.[19] 2014–2017:Continuedgrowthandnewfeatures[edit] GoogleSearchpopularityforQuora,2012–2017 2014organization[edit] Quorawasevolvinginto"amoreorganizedYahooAnswers,aclassierReddit,anopinionatedWikipedia"andbecamepopularintechcircles.[3]InApril2014,Quoraraised$80millionfromTigerGlobalatareported$900millionvaluation.[20][21]QuorawasoneoftheSummer2014YCombinatorcompanies,[22]althoughitwasdescribedas"theoldestY-Combinatorever".[23] Parlioacquisition[edit] InMarch2016,QuoraacquiredtheonlinecommunitywebsiteParlio.[24] Questiondetails[edit] Userswereabletoadddescriptionstoquestions.OnDecember8th,2015,thesewerelimitedto300characters,andquestionsthemselvesto150,notaffectingexistingquestions.[25]OnAugust3rd,2017,questiondetailswerediscontinuedentirelyandreplacedwithanoptionalsourceURLinputfieldtoprovidecontext,reportedlytoencourageuserstophrasequestionsmoredescriptively.Existingquestiondetailswerestoredincommentsunderrespectivequestions.[26] Advertisementrollouts[edit] InApril2016,Quorabeganalimitedrolloutofadvertisingonthesite.[27]ThefirstadplacementthatthecompanyacceptedwasfromUber.[3]Overthenextfewyearsthesitebegangraduallytoshowmoreads,butstillmaintainedeffortstolimitthenumberofadsandtokeeptheadsitdidshowrelevanttotheusersseeingthem.[3] Multilingualexpansion[edit] InOctober2016,QuoralaunchedaSpanishversionofitswebsitetothepublic;[28]inearly2017,abetaversionofQuorainFrenchwasannounced.[29]InMay2017,betaversionsinGermanandItalianwereintroduced.[30]InSeptember2017abetaversioninJapanesewaslaunched.[31]InApril2018,BetaversionsinHindi,Portuguese,andIndonesianwerelaunched.[32]inSeptember2018,QuoraannouncedthatadditionalversionsinBengali,Marathi,Tamil,Telugu,Finnish,Norwegian,Swedish,andDutchwereplanned.[33] 2017anonymitychanges[edit] OnFebruary9,2017,Quoraannouncedchangestotheiranonymityfeature,detachinganonymousquestionsandeditsfromaccounts.Whenaskingoransweringanonymously,ananonymouseditlinkisgenerated,onlythroughwhichthequestionoranswercanbeeditedinthefuture.[34] Sincethen,commentinganonymouslyandtogglingone'sanswerbetweenanonymousandpublicisnolongerpossible.ThesechangeswentintoeffectonMarch20,2017.Userswereabletorequestalistofanonymouseditlinkstotheirexistinganonymousquestionsandanswersuntilthen.[35] 2017SeriesDfunding[edit] InApril2017,Quoraclaimedtohave190millionmonthlyuniquevisitors,upfrom100millionayearearlier.Thatsamemonth,QuorawasreportedtohavereceivedSeriesDfundingwithavaluationof$1.8billion.[36] 2018–2019:Furthergrowthanddatabreach[edit] InSeptember2018,Quorareportedthatitwasreceiving300millionuniquevisitorseverymonth.[3][36]Despiteitslargenumberofregisteredusers,QuoradidnotpossessthesamelevelofmainstreamculturaldominanceassiteslikeTwitter,which,atthetime,hadroughly326millionregisteredusers.[3][37]ThismayhavebeenbecausealargenumberofregisteredusersonthesitedidnotuseitregularlyandmanydidnotevenknowtheyhadaccountssincetheyhadeithercreatedthemunknowinglythroughothersocialmediasiteslinkedtoQuoraorcreatedthemyearspreviouslyandforgottenaboutthem.[37][38]Quorausespopupsandinterstitialstoforceuserstologinorregisterbeforetheycanseemoreofthecontent,similartoameteredpaywall.[39] InDecember2018,Quoraannouncedthatapproximately100millionuseraccountswereaffectedbyadatabreach.[37][40]Thehackedinformationincludedusers'names,emailaddresses,encryptedpasswords,datafromsocialnetworkslikeFacebookandTwitterifpeoplehadchosentolinkthemtotheirQuoraaccounts,questionstheyhadasked,andanswerstheyhadwritten.[40]AdamD'Angelostated,"TheoverwhelmingmajorityofthecontentaccessedwasalreadypubliconQuora,butthecompromiseofaccountandotherprivateinformationisserious."[40]CompromisedinformationcouldalsoallowhackerstologintoaQuorauser’sconnectedsocialmediaaccounts,viaaccesstokens.Aclassactionlawsuit,casenumber5:18-cv-07597-BLF,wasfiledintheNorthernDistrictofCalifornia,onbehalfofnamedplaintiffsinNewJerseyandColoradobyCapstoneLawandFranklinD.Azar&Associates,P.C.[41][42] ByMay2019,Quorawasvaluedat$2billionasacompanyanditwasfinalizinga$60millioninvestmentround,whichwasledbyValorEquityPartners,aprivateequityfirmwithtiestoTesla,Inc.andSpaceX.[3]Inspiteofthis,thesitestillshowedveryfewadscomparedtoothersitesofitskindandthecompanywasstillstrugglingtoturnaprofit,havingonlymade$20millioninrevenuein2018.[3]SeveralinvestorspassedontheopportunitytoinvestinQuora,citingthecompany's"poortrackrecordofactuallymakingmoney."[3]SchleifercharacterizedthedisparitybetweenQuora'svaluationasacompanyanditsactualprofitsasaresultof"thehighvaluationforvirtuallyeverythingthesedaysinthetechsector."[3] InDecember2019,QuoraannouncedthatitwouldopenitsfirstinternationalengineeringofficeinVancouver,whichwoulddealwithmachinelearningandotherengineeringfunctions.[43]Thatsamemonth,QuoralauncheditsArabic,Gujarati,Hebrew,Kannada,Malayalam,andTeluguversions.[44] 2020[edit] InJune2020,asaresultofthecoronaviruspandemicandemployeeresponsetowork-from-homeduringshelter-in-place,AdamD'AngeloannouncedthatQuorawouldbecome"remotefirst",meaningthatmostemployeeswouldnothavetocomeintotheofficeonceshelter-in-placeended.[45] 2021[edit] On19April,Quoraeliminatedtherequirementthatusersusetheirrealnamesandalloweduserstousepseudonyms.[46] On5August,Quorabeganallowingcontributorstomonetizetheircontent.Inaddition,theplatformlaunchedasubscriptionservicecalledQuora+whichallowssubscriberstopaya$5monthlyfeeora$50annualsubscriptiontoaccesscontentthatanycreatorchoosestoputbehindapaywall.[47][48] Operation[edit] Website[edit] URLformat URLsofquestionsonlycontainthequestiontitlewithoutanumericidentifierasusedonStackExchangesites(inadditiontoaURLslug),and/unanswered/beforethetitle,ifthequestionisunanswered. Userinterface WiththehelpofasynchronousJavaScriptandXML,somesitefunctionalityresemblesinstantmessaging,suchasupdatingfollowcountsandanindicatorshowingthatauseristypingananswer.[49] RealNamePolicy[edit] PriortoApril19,2021,QuorarequireduserstoregisterwiththecompleteformoftheirrealnamesratherthananInternetpseudonymorotherscreenname;[50]althoughverificationofnameswasnotrequired,falsenamescouldbereportedbythecommunity.Thiswasdonewiththeostensibleintentofaddingcredibilitytoanswers.Userswithacertainamountofactivityonthewebsitehavetheoptiontowritetheiranswersanonymouslybutnotbydefault.[citationneeded]Visitorsunwillingtologinorusecookieshavehadtoresorttoworkaroundstousethesite.[51]UsersmayalsologinwiththeirGoogleorFacebookaccountsbyusingtheOpenIDprotocol.TheRealNamePolicywasrescindedonApril19,2021.[46] Asof2011,theQuoracommunityincludedanswersbysomewell-knownpeoplesuchasJimmyWales,RichardA.Muller,ClaytonC.Anderson,BarackObama,HillaryClinton,andAdriánLamo,[52][53]aswellassomecurrentandformerprofessionalathleticpersonalities,scientists,andotherexpertsintheirfields. Quoraallowsuserstocreateuserprofileswithanameandphoto,andaccesstoeditcountandothersiteusestatistics.InAugust2012,bloggerIvanKiriginpointedoutthatacquaintancesandfollowerscouldseehisactivity,includingwhichquestionshehadlookedat.[54]Inresponse,Quorastoppedshowingquestionviewsinfeedslaterthatmonth.[55]Bydefault,Quoraexposesitsusers'profilestosearchengines.Userscandisablethisfeature.[56] Answerrecommendations[edit] Quorahasdevelopeditsownproprietaryalgorithmtorankanswers,whichworkssimilarlytoGoogle'sPageRank.[57]QuorausesAmazonElasticComputeCloudtechnologytohosttheserversthatrunitswebsite.[58][59] Currently,Quorahasdifferentwaystorecommendquestionstousers:[60] Homefeedquestionrecommendations Inthismethod,usershaveatimelinethatispersonalizedtotheirpreferences.Quoraalsoprovides"interesting"questionsthatarerelevanttothosepreferences. Dailydigest Inthismethod,Quorasendsadailyemailcontainingasetofquestionswithoneanswerthatisdeemedthebestanswer,givencertainrankingcriteria. Relatedquestions Inthismethod,asetofquestionsthatrelatestothecurrentquestionisdisplayedontheside.Thisdisplayisnottailoredtothespecificuser. Requestedanswers Thisfeatureletsauserdirectaquestiontootheruserswhomtheyconsiderbettersuitedtoanswerit. Contentmoderation[edit] Quorasupportsvariousfeaturestomoderatecontentpostedbyusers,thoughmainlyreliesonuserreportingandhumanmoderators. TopWritersProgram[edit] InNovember2012,QuoraintroducedtheTopWritersProgramasawaytorecognizeindividualswhohadmadeespeciallyvaluablecontentcontributionstothesiteandencouragethemtocontinue.About150writerswerechoseneachyear.Topwriterswereinvitedtooccasionalexclusiveeventsandreceivedgiftssuchasbrandedclothingitemsandbooks.Thecompanybelievedthatbycultivatingagroupofcoreuserswhowereparticularlyinvestedinthesite,apositivefeedbackloopofuserengagementwouldbecreated.[61] Afternotselectingany2019or2020English-languageTopWriters,theprogramwasofficiallyretiredinApril2021butwillcontinueinotherlanguages.[62] Reception[edit] Reviews[edit] Quorawasreviewedextensivelybythemediain2010.[63][64][65]Quorawashackedin2018leadingtolossofinformationofuserstohackers.[66]AccordingtoRobertScoble,QuorasucceededincombiningattributesofTwitterandFacebook.[67]Later,in2011,ScoblecriticizedQuoraforbeinga"horridserviceforblogging"and,althoughadecentquestionandanswerwebsite,notsubstantiallybetterthanalternatives.[68] QuorawashighlycriticizedforremovingquestiondetailsinAugust2017.Accordingtosomeusers,theremovalofquestiondetailslimitedtheabilitytosubmitpersonalquestionsandquestionsrequiringcodeexcerpts,multimedia,orcomplexityofanysortthatcouldnotfitintothelengthlimitforaURL.[69][70]Accordingtoanofficialproductupdateannouncement,theremovalofquestiondetailswasmadetoemphasizecanonicalquestions.[71] ThemoderationsystemofQuorahasbeenafrequentlycriticizedtopic.Criticismsgenerallyhingearoundthewebsite'sineffective,inconsistentandopaqueapproachtomoderationfromtheperspectiveofitsusers:apparentnon-violationsareautomaticallyflaggedbythewebsite'salgorithm(suchaspastingawebURLtociteasource)[72]whilepoststhatareeithercounter-factualwithnobackingsources,oranswersandcommentsthatarehighlyinflammatory,adversarialorharassingappeartostaydespitereporting.[73]Thewebsite'sresponsestomoderationappealsareseenbytheuserbaseasimpersonalandautomatic,leavingmanytowonderhowmuchofthewebsite'smoderationisperformedbyhumanstaffandhowmuchisautomated.[72][74][75][76] TheinconsistencyofQuoramoderationhasbeenblamedfortheproliferationofharmfulprejudicesonthewebsite.In2014,inadditiontobeingprivatelyharassed,femaleusersnotedaubiquityofpointed,sexistquestionsaboutwomenwithmoreclearlysexistquestiondetailswhereasthesamekindsofquestionsrephrasedtobeaboutmenwerequicklytakendown.Oneuserwassubjectofasexuallydefamatorypostcontainingaphotoofherwhichwasonlytakendownbymoderationaftertheincidentwaspublicizedonline.[77]RacismandextremefarrightviewpointshavebeennotedtobeubiquitousonQuoradespiteitspolicies.[78][79]Quorausershavenotedanincreaseofanti-Semitismonthewebsite,completewitha"Space"forHolocaustdenial,andfeelthatthereportfeatureisineffectiveagainstthisrise.[80]WhileapublicSpaceexistsonQuoraforfascism,seentobeadiscussiongroupforthosewhoidentifyasfascist,PalestinianprofessorRimaNajjarhadbeennotablybannedforcomparingZionismtofascism,andthespace"PalestineToday"whichsharedpostsaboutPalestinianculture,historyandpolitics,hadbeenbannedthreetimesfrom2017toFebruary2020.[81] Lawsuit[edit] OnJanuary1,2020,aretiredPalestinianAmericanprofessor,RimaNajjarMerriman,filedalawsuitagainstQuoraattheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheNorthernDistrictofCalifornia.Herlawsuitallegedthatshehadbeenwrongfullybannedfromthequestionandanswerswebsiteandaccusedofpostinghatespeechforherpro-Palestinianandanti-Zionistviews.[82][83]OnMarch23,2020,MerrimanfiledforavoluntarydismissalofherlawsuitagainstQuorawithoutadmittingguilt.[84] Timeline[edit] Date Eventtype Details June2009 Product Quorafounded June2010 Product Quoraannouncesthatitwillopenuptothepublic[85] January2011 Team MarcBodnickleavesElevationPartnerstojoinQuora[86] February2011 Technology QuorachoosesC++overCforitshigh-performanceservices[87] July2011 Product QuoraintroducesvideotoitsQ&Apages[88] July2011 Product QuoraintroducesCreditsforasking-to-answerquestions[89] September2011 Product Quoraintroducesthreadedcommentsandcommentvoting[90] September2012 Team Co-founderCharlieCheeverleaves[91] November2012 Product QuoraintroducesTopWritersprogram[92] January2013 Product Quoraintroducesblogs[13] March2013 Product Quoraintroducesapolicyeliminatingimage-onlyanswers.[93] April2014 Funding Quoraraises$80millioninaseriesCata$900millionvaluation,withTigerGlobalManagementandYCombinatorasinvestors[94] January2016 Product Quoraannouncesbountysystem,offeringfinancialbountiesforthebestanswer(selectedbythequestionasker)onselectquestions.[95] March2016 Product QuoraacquiresParlio,anonlineQ&AsitestartedbyWaelGhonim.[96] April2016 Product Quoraannouncesthatitwillstarttestingadvertisementsonasmallnumberofquestionpages.[97] May2016 Team MarcBodnick,Quora'sbusinessandmoderationteamleaderandspokesmanannouncesthatheisleavingthecompany. August2016 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheSpanishlanguage.[98] November2016 Team WikimediaFoundationtrusteeKellyBattlesannouncedasnewchieffinancialofficer(CFO).[2][99] February2017 Product QuoraintegratesWikidataintoitstopicmanagement.[100] April2017 Funding Quoraraises$85millioninaseriesDfundingroundata$1.8billionvaluation,withCollaborativeFundandYCombinatorasinvestors[101] July2017 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheGermanandItalianlanguages.[102] September2017 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheJapaneselanguage.[103] April2018 Product QuoralaunchesVideoAnswers.[104] April2018 Product QuoraintroducestheQuoraPartnerProgram.[105] June2018 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheHindi,Indonesian,andPortugueselanguages.[106] February2018 Product QuoraannouncesthelaunchoftheLinksfeature,whichshowslinkstoarticlesonotherwebsitesintheusers'feed.[107]Initially,thelinkswereautomaticallysortedtotopicsandpostedbythesoftwaretotheusers'feedsaccordingtothetopicstheyfollow,andalsoappearedina"Links"tabontopicspages.TheLinkstabwaslaterremovedfromtopicspageswithoutannouncement. May2018 Product QuoraannouncesthelaunchofSharing,[108]akindofreblogging. August2018 Product Quoralaunchestheabilityforuserstosharelinks.[109] September2018 UserBase Quorahits300millionmonthlyusers[110] November2018 Product Quoralauncesthe"Spaces"feature,[111]andsubsequentlyconvertsexistingblogsontheplatformtospaces.[112] December2018 Security Quorareportedadatabreachthataffected100millionofitsusers'data.[113] January2019 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheDutch,Danish,Finnish,Norwegian,Swedish,Marathi,Bengali,andTamillanguages.[114] December2019 Team QuoraannouncesthatitwillopenitsfirstinternationalengineeringofficeinVancouver.[43] December2019 Product QuoraannouncessupportfortheArabic,Gujarati,Hebrew,Kannada,Malayalam,andTelugulanguages.[44] 2020 Team AnundisclosednumberofQuoraemployeesarelaidoff.[115] April2021 Product Quorarescindsitsrealnamespolicy,allowinguserstousepseudonyms.[46] August2021 Product QuoraallowscontributorstomonetizetheircontentandlaunchesasubscriptionservicecalledQuora+.[47][48] Seealso[edit] ComparisonofQ&Asites References[edit] 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