Deciduous - Wikipedia

Generally, the term "deciduous" means "the dropping of a part that is no longer needed or useful" and the "falling away after its purpose is finished". In ... Deciduous FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Treesorshrubsthatlosetheirleavesseasonally Forotheruses,seeDeciduous(disambiguation). DeciduousforestThreedeciduousforestsshownsummer,autumnandwinter. Inthefieldsofhorticultureandbotany,thetermdeciduous(/dɛˈsɪdjuːəs/;US:/dɛˈsɪdʒuəs/)[1]means"fallingoffatmaturity"[2]and"tendingtofalloff",[3]inreferencetotreesandshrubsthatseasonallyshedleaves,usuallyintheautumn;tothesheddingofpetals,afterflowering;andtothesheddingofripefruit.Theantonymofdeciduousinthebotanicalsenseisevergreen. Generally,theterm"deciduous"means"thedroppingofapartthatisnolongerneededoruseful"andthe"fallingawayafteritspurposeisfinished".Inplants,itistheresultofnaturalprocesses."Deciduous"hasasimilarmeaningwhenreferringtoanimalparts,suchasdeciduousantlersindeer,[4]deciduousteeth(babyteeth)insomemammals(includinghumans);ordecidua,theuterineliningthatshedsoffafterbirth. Contents 1Botany 1.1Function 1.1.1Deciduouswoodyplants 1.2Regions 2Seealso 3References 4Externallinks Botany[edit] Inbotanyandhorticulture,deciduousplants,includingtrees,shrubsandherbaceousperennials,arethosethatlosealloftheirleavesforpartoftheyear.[5]Thisprocessiscalledabscission.[6]Insomecasesleaflosscoincideswithwinter—namelyintemperateorpolarclimates.[7]Inotherpartsoftheworld,includingtropical,subtropical,andaridregions,plantslosetheirleavesduringthedryseasonorotherseasons,dependingonvariationsinrainfall. Theconverseofdeciduousisevergreen,wherefoliageisshedonadifferentschedulefromdeciduousplants,thereforeappearingtoremaingreenyearroundbecausenotalltheleavesareshedatthesametime.[8]Plantsthatareintermediatemaybecalledsemi-deciduous;theyloseoldfoliageasnewgrowthbegins.[9]Otherplantsaresemi-evergreenandlosetheirleavesbeforethenextgrowingseason,retainingsomeduringwinterordryperiods.[10] Likeanumberofotherdeciduousplants,Forsythiaflowersduringtheleaflessseason. Manydeciduousplantsflowerduringtheperiodwhentheyareleafless,asthisincreasestheeffectivenessofpollination.Theabsenceofleavesimproveswindtransmissionofpollenforwind-pollinatedplantsandincreasesthevisibilityoftheflowerstoinsectsininsect-pollinatedplants.Thisstrategyisnotwithoutrisks,astheflowerscanbedamagedbyfrostor,indryseasonregions,resultinwaterstressontheplant. Theconditionsthattriggerleafoutorleafflushinginspringcanvarydependingonthespeciesorgeneraofplant.Mostherbaceousperennialsandsomewoodyplantsaretriggeredtoleafoutbywarmingairorsoiltemperatures,forexamplebirches(Betula)andwillows(Salix)willattempttosendoutflowersorleavesifthereareafewdayswhereambientairtemperaturesexceed10 °C(50 °F).Thisstrategyisriskyasarenewedburstofcoldairmayfreezeoffthenewgrowth.Otherwoodyplantssuchasoaks,walnuts,andhickoriesleafoutbasedonphotoperiod,meaningtheywaituntilthedaylengthislongenough.Thesetendtobeplantsthathavefrost-intolerantfoliage,soleafoutisheldoffuntillatespringwhenthedangeroffrosthaslargelypassed. Leafdropinthefallmonthsisbasedonphotoperiodandvariesbygeneraandspecies.WalnutstendtodroptheirleavesearlywhilesometreessuchasNorwayMapleandwillowshaveextremelylateleafdrop,ofteninthemiddleofNovember. Leafdroporabscissioninvolvescomplexphysiologicalsignalsandchangeswithinplants.Theprocessofphotosynthesissteadilydegradesthesupplyofchlorophyllsinfoliage;plantsnormallyreplenishchlorophyllsduringthesummermonths.Whenautumnarrivesandthedaysareshorterorwhenplantsaredrought-stressed,[11]deciduoustreesdecreasechlorophyllpigmentproduction,allowingotherpigmentspresentintheleaftobecomeapparent,resultinginnon-greencoloredfoliage.Thebrightestleafcolorsareproducedwhendaysgrowshortandnightsarecool,butremainabovefreezing.[12]Theseotherpigmentsincludecarotenoidsthatareyellow,brown,andorange.Anthocyaninpigmentsproduceredandpurplecolors,thoughtheyarenotalwayspresentintheleaves.Rather,theyareproducedinthefoliageinlatesummer,whensugarsaretrappedintheleavesaftertheprocessofabscissionbegins.Partsoftheworldthathaveshowydisplaysofbrightautumncolorsarelimitedtolocationswheredaysbecomeshortandnightsarecool.Inotherpartsoftheworld,theleavesofdeciduoustreessimplyfalloffwithoutturningthebrightcolorsproducedfromtheaccumulationofanthocyaninpigments.(Seealso:Autumnleafcolor) Thebeginningsofleafdropstartswhenanabscissionlayerisformedbetweentheleafpetioleandthestem.Thislayerisformedinthespringduringactivenewgrowthoftheleaf;itconsistsoflayersofcellsthatcanseparatefromeachother.Thecellsaresensitivetoaplanthormonecalledauxinthatisproducedbytheleafandotherpartsoftheplant.Whenauxincomingfromtheleafisproducedatarateconsistentwiththatfromthebodyoftheplant,thecellsoftheabscissionlayerremainconnected;inautumn,orwhenunderstress,theauxinflowfromtheleafdecreasesorstops,triggeringcellularelongationwithintheabscissionlayer.Theelongationofthesecellsbreaktheconnectionbetweenthedifferentcelllayers,allowingtheleaftobreakawayfromtheplant.Italsoformsalayerthatsealsthebreak,sotheplantdoesnotlosesap. Sometrees,particularlyoaksandbeeches,exhibitabehaviorknownas"marcescence"wherebydeadleavesarenotshedinthefallandremainonthetreeuntilbeingblownoffbytheweather.Thisiscausedbyincompletedevelopmentoftheabscissionlayer.Itismainlyseenintheseedlingandsaplingstage,althoughmaturetreesmayhavemarcescenceofleavesonthelowerbranches. Anumberofdeciduousplantsremovenitrogenandcarbonfromthefoliagebeforetheyareshedandstorethemintheformofproteinsinthevacuolesofparenchymacellsintherootsandtheinnerbark.Inthespring,theseproteinsareusedasanitrogensourceduringthegrowthofnewleavesorflowers.[13] Function[edit] Deciduousplantsinmid-tohighlatitudesshedtheirleavesastemperaturesdropinautumn.[14] Plantswithdeciduousfoliagehaveadvantagesanddisadvantagescomparedtoplantswithevergreenfoliage. Sincedeciduousplantslosetheirleavestoconservewaterortobettersurvivewinterweatherconditions,theymustregrownewfoliageduringthenextsuitablegrowingseason;thisusesresourceswhichevergreensdonotneedtoexpend. Evergreenssuffergreaterwaterlossduringthewinterandtheyalsocanexperiencegreaterpredationpressure,especiallywhensmall.Deciduoustreesexperiencemuchlessbranchandtrunkbreakagefromglazeicestormswhenleafless,andplantscanreducewaterlossduetothereductioninavailabilityofliquidwaterduringcoldwinterdays.[15] Losingleavesinwintermayreducedamagefrominsects;repairingleavesandkeepingthemfunctionalmaybemorecostlythanjustlosingandregrowingthem.[16]Removingleavesalsoreducescavitationwhichcandamagexylemvesselsinplants.Thisthenallowsdeciduousplantstohavexylemvesselswithlargerdiametersandthereforeagreaterrateoftranspiration(andhenceCO2uptakeasthisoccurswhenstomataareopen)duringthesummergrowthperiod. Deciduouswoodyplants[edit] Thedeciduouscharacteristichasdevelopedrepeatedlyamongwoodyplants.Treesincludemaple,manyoaksandnothofagus,elm,beech,aspen,andbirch,amongothers,aswellasanumberofconiferousgenera,suchaslarchandMetasequoia.Deciduousshrubsincludehoneysuckle,viburnum,andmanyothers.Mosttemperatewoodyvinesarealsodeciduous,includinggrapes,poisonivy,Virginiacreeper,wisteria,etc.Thecharacteristicisusefulinplantidentification;forinstanceinpartsofSouthernCaliforniaandtheAmericanSoutheast,deciduousandevergreenoakspeciesmaygrowsidebyside. Periodsofleaffalloftencoincidewithseasons:winterinthecaseofcool-climateplantsorthedry-seasoninthecaseoftropicalplants,[17]howevertherearenodeciduousspeciesamongtree-likemonocotyledonousplants,e.g.palms,yuccas,anddracaenas.ThehydrangeahirtaisadeciduouswoodyshrubfoundinJapan. Regions[edit] DeciduoustreeswereintroducedtothetemperateregionsofAustraliawheretheyareusedasornamentalplants,asseenhereatasuburbanstreetinSydney. Forestswhereamajorityofthetreeslosetheirfoliageattheendofthetypicalgrowingseasonarecalleddeciduousforests.Theseforestsarefoundinmanyareasworldwideandhavedistinctiveecosystems,understorygrowth,andsoildynamics.[18] Twodistinctivetypesofdeciduousforestarefoundgrowingaroundtheworld. TemperatedeciduousforestbiomesareplantcommunitiesdistributedinNorthandSouthAmerica,Asia,SouthernslopesoftheHimalayas,EuropeandforcultivationpurposesinOceania.Theyhaveformedunderclimaticconditionswhichhavegreatseasonabletemperaturevariabilitywithgrowthoccurringduringwarmsummersandleafdropinautumnanddormancyduringcoldwinters.Theseseasonallydistinctivecommunitieshavediverselifeformsthatareimpactedgreatlybytheseasonalityoftheirclimate,mainlytemperatureandprecipitationrates.Thesevaryingandregionallydifferentecologicalconditionsproducedistinctiveforestplantcommunitiesindifferentregions. Tropicalandsubtropicaldeciduousforestbiomeshavedevelopedinresponsenottoseasonaltemperaturevariationsbuttoseasonalrainfallpatterns.Duringprolongeddryperiodsthefoliageisdroppedtoconservewaterandpreventdeathfromdrought.Leafdropisnotseasonallydependentasitisintemperateclimates,andcanoccuranytimeofyearandvariesbyregionoftheworld.[citationneeded]Evenwithinasmalllocalareatherecanbevariationsinthetiminganddurationofleafdrop;differentsidesofthesamemountainandareasthathavehighwatertablesorareasalongstreamsandriverscanproduceapatchworkofleafyandleaflesstrees.[19] Dry-seasondeciduoustropicalforest Mixedtropicalandsubtropicaldeciduousforestinspring,Texas,UnitedStates TropicaldrydeciduousforestsinsouthernIndiaintheMudumalaiTigerReserve Seealso[edit] Evergreen Semi-evergreen/semi-deciduous Marcescence References[edit] ^"deciduous(adjective)".OxfordAdvancedLearner'sDictionaryatOxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. ^WilliamDwightWhitney;CenturyDictionary.TheCenturyDictionaryandCyclopedia:Dictionary.p. 1484. ^DebraJ.Housel;CapstonePublishers(2009).Ecosystems.ISBN 9780756540685. ^Gause,JohnTaylor(1955).TheCompleteWordHunter.ACrowellreferencebook.NewYork:Crowell.p. 465. ^UniversityoftheWesternCape."Treesthatlosetheirleaves".botany.uwc.ac.za.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25March2013. ^Dr.KimD.Coder;UniversityofGeorgia(1999)."FallingTreeLeaves:LeafAbscission"(PDF).forestry.uga.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on18May2013. ^ScienceDaily."Referencearticle :"Deciduous"inWikipedia".sciencedaily.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25April2015.Retrieved23March2020. ^J.RobertNuss;PennsylvaniaStateUniversity(2007)."EvergreenShrubsandTreesforPennsylvania"(PDF).psu.edu.Retrieved23March2020. ^"GlossaryofBotanicalTerms"(PDF).TheIllinois-NorthCarolinaCollaborativeEnvironmentforBotanicalResources:OpenkeyProject.p. 22.Retrieved23March2020. ^Weber,William;LeeJ.T.White;AmyVedder;LisaNaughton-Treves(2001).Africanrainforestecologyandconservationaninterdisciplinaryperspective.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress.p. 15.. ^MohammadPessarakli(2005).Handbookofphotosynthesis.CRCPress.pp. 725–.ISBN 978-0-8247-5839-4.Retrieved9October2010. ^DonaldW.Linzey(1April2008).AnaturalhistoryguidetoGreatSmokyMountainsNationalPark.Univ.ofTennesseePress.pp. 27–.ISBN 978-1-57233-612-4.Retrieved9October2010. ^Srivastava,LalitM.(2002).Plantgrowthanddevelopment.Hormonesandenvironment.Amsterdam:AcademicPress.p. 476.ISBN 0-12-660570-X. ^Bonan,Gordon(2015).EcologicalClimatology:ConceptsandApplications.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 294.ISBN 9781316425190. ^Lemon,P.C.(1961)."Forestecologyoficestorms".BulletinoftheTorreyBotanicalClub.88(1):21–29.doi:10.2307/2482410.JSTOR 2482410. ^Labandeira,C.C.;Dilcher,D.L.;Davis,D.R.;Wagner,D.L.(1994)."Ninety-sevenmillionyearsofangiosperm-insectassociation:paleobiologicalinsightsintothemeaningofcoevolution".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.91(25):12278–12282.Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112278L.doi:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278.PMC 45420.PMID 11607501. ^Cundall,Peter(2005).Flora:TheGardener'sBible:Over20,000Plants.Ultimo,NSW,Australia:ABCPublishing.ISBN 0-7333-1094-X. ^Röhrig,Ernst;Ulrich,Bernhard,eds.(1991).Temperatedeciduousforests.Ecosystemsoftheworld,7.Amsterdam:Elsevier.ISBN 0-444-88599-4. ^Bullock,StephenH.;J.ArturoSolis-Magallanes(March1990)."PhenologyofCanopyTreesofaTropicalDeciduousForestinMexico".Biotropica.22(1):22–35.doi:10.2307/2388716.JSTOR 2388716. Externallinks[edit] ThedictionarydefinitionofdeciduousatWiktionary MediarelatedtoDeciduousforestsatWikimediaCommons Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&oldid=1076310278" Categories:BotanyPeriodicphenomenaAutumnWinterHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2013AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromDecember2021CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataACwith0elements Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAragonésAsturianuবাংলাБеларускаяBikolCentralБългарскиBosanskiCatalàČeštinaDanskEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGaelgGalego한국어हिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתಕನ್ನಡKreyòlayisyenLietuviųLombardMagyarМакедонскиമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskپنجابیPortuguêsРусскийSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaqbaylitไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks