Surgeon - Wikipedia

In modern medicine, a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery. Although there are different traditions in different times and places, ... Surgeon FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Physicianwithsurgicalspecialty Forotheruses,seeSurgeon(disambiguation). Nottobeconfusedwithsturgeon. Surgeonsperformingoperations Inmodernmedicine,asurgeonisamedicalprofessionalwhoperformssurgery.Althoughtherearedifferenttraditionsindifferenttimesandplaces,amodernsurgeonusuallyisalsoalicensedphysicianorreceivedthesamemedicaltrainingasphysiciansbeforespecializinginsurgery.Therearealsosurgeonsinpodiatry,dentistry,andveterinarymedicine.Itisestimatedthatsurgeonsperformover300millionsurgicalproceduresgloballyeachyear.[1][2] Contents 1History 2TitlesintheCommonwealth 3Militarytitles 4Specialties 5Pioneersurgeons 6Organizationsandfellowships 7References History[edit] Al-Zahrawi,theIslamicGoldenAgephysicianwidelyconsideredoneofthe'"FathersofModernSurgery" Thefirstpersontodocumentasurgerywasthe6thcenturyBCIndianphysician-surgeon,SushrutaorSuśruta.Hespecializedincosmeticplasticsurgeryandevendocumentedanopenrhinoplastyprocedure.[3]HismagnumopusSuśruta-saṃhitāisoneofthemostimportantsurvivingancienttreatisesonmedicineandisconsideredafoundationaltextofbothAyurvedaandsurgery.Thetreatiseaddressesallaspectsofgeneralmedicine,butthetranslatorG.D.SinghaldubbedSushruta"thefatherofsurgicalintervention"onaccountoftheextraordinarilyaccurateanddetailedaccountsofsurgerytobefoundinthework.[4] AftertheeventualdeclineoftheSushrutaSchoolofMedicineinIndia,surgerywaslargelyignoreduntiltheIslamicGoldenAgesurgeonAl-Zahrawi(936-1013)re-establishedsurgeryasaneffectivemedicalpractice.HeisconsideredthegreatestmedievalsurgeontohaveappearedfromtheIslamicWorld,andhasalsobeendescribedasthefatherofsurgery.[5]HisgreatestcontributiontomedicineistheKitabal-Tasrif,athirty-volumeencyclopediaofmedicalpractices.[6]Hewasthefirstphysiciantodescribeanectopicpregnancy,andthefirstphysiciantoidentifythehereditarynatureofhaemophilia.[7] Hispioneeringcontributionstothefieldofsurgicalproceduresandinstrumentshadanenormousimpactonsurgerybutitwasnotuntilthe18thcenturythatsurgeryemergedasadistinctmedicaldisciplineinEngland.[7] InEurope,surgerywasmostlyassociatedwithbarber-surgeonswhoalsousedtheirhair-cuttingtoolstoundertakesurgicalprocedures,oftenatthebattlefieldandalsofortheiremployers.[8]Withadvancesinmedicineandphysiology,theprofessionsofbarbersandsurgeonsdiverged;bythe19thcenturybarber-surgeonshadvirtuallydisappeared,andsurgeonswerealmostinvariablyqualifieddoctorswhohadspecializedinsurgery.Surgeoncontinued,however,tobeusedasthetitleformilitarymedicalofficersuntiltheendofthe19thcentury,andthetitleofSurgeonGeneralcontinuestoexistforbothseniormilitarymedicalofficersandseniorgovernmentpublichealthofficers. TitlesintheCommonwealth[edit] In1950,theRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland(RCS)inLondonbegantooffersurgeonsaformalstatusviaRCSmembership.ThetitleMisterbecameabadgeofhonour,andtoday,inmanyCommonwealthcountries,aqualifieddoctorwho,afteratleastfouryears'training,obtainsasurgicalqualification(formerlyFellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons,butnowalsoMemberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsoranumberofotherdiplomas)isgiventhehonourofbeingallowedtoreverttocallingthemselvesMr,Miss,MrsorMsinthecourseoftheirprofessionalpractice,butthistimethemeaningisdifferent.Itissometimesassumedthatthechangeoftitleimpliesconsultantstatus(andsomemistakenlythinknon-surgicalconsultantsareMrtoo),butthelengthofpostgraduatemedicaltrainingoutsideNorthAmericaissuchthataqualifiedsurgeonmaybeyearsawayfromobtainingsuchapost:manydoctorspreviouslyobtainedthesequalificationsintheseniorhouseofficergrade,andremainedinthatgradewhentheybegansub-specialtytraining.ThedistinctionofMr(etc.)isalsousedbysurgeonsintheRepublicofIreland,somestatesofAustralia,Barbados,NewZealand,SouthAfrica,Zimbabwe,andsomeotherCommonwealthcountries.[9]However,asofAugust2021,theRoyalAustralasianCollegeofSurgeonshasannouncedthatthispracticeisbeingphasedoutandnowencouragestheuseofDrorappropriateacademictitlessuchasProfessor.[10] Militarytitles[edit] InmanyEnglish-speakingcountriesthemilitarytitleofsurgeonisappliedtoanymedicalpractitioner,duetothehistoricalevolutionoftheterm.TheUSArmyMedicalCorpsretainsvarioussurgeonUnitedStatesmilitaryoccupationcodesintheranksofofficerpaygrades,formilitarypersonneldedicatedtoperformingsurgeryonwoundedsoldiers. Specialties[edit] TheGrossClinic,1875,PhiladelphiaMuseumofArtandthePennsylvaniaAcademyofFineArts Cardiacsurgery(intheUnitedStatesconsideredpartofcardiothoracicsurgery) Colonandrectalsurgery Craniofacialsurgery Dentalsurgery Endocrinesurgery Generalsurgery Neurologicalsurgery Obstetricsandgynaecology Ophthalmology Oralandmaxillofacialsurgery Orthopedicsurgery Otorhinolaryngology Pediatricsurgery Plasticsurgery Podiatricsurgery Surgicaloncology Thoracicsurgery(intheUnitedStatesconsideredpartofcardiothoracicsurgery) Transplantsurgery Traumasurgery Uppergastrointestinalsurgery Urology Vascularsurgery Somephysicianswhoaregeneralpractitionersorspecialistsinfamilymedicineoremergencymedicinemayperformlimitedrangesofminor,common,oremergencysurgery.Anesthesiaoftenaccompaniessurgery,andanesthesiologistsandnurseanesthetistsmayoverseethisaspectofsurgery.Surgeon'sassistant,surgicalnurses,surgicaltechnologistsaretrainedprofessionalswhosupportsurgeons. IntheUnitedStates,theDepartmentofLabordescriptionofasurgeonis"aphysicianwhotreatsdiseases,injuries,anddeformitiesbyinvasive,minimally-invasive,ornon-invasivesurgicalmethods,suchasusinginstruments,appliances,orbymanualmanipulation".[11] Pioneersurgeons[edit] KakishRyskulova-firstfemalesurgeoninKyrgyzstan RussiansurgeonNikolayPirogov-apioneeroffieldsurgery VictorHorsleypioneeredneurosurgery Furtherinformation:Listofsurgeons Dr.AnanyaaMihir(pioneerofCardiothoracicSurgery,notableforspecializationinremovingtumors) ChristiaanBarnard(cardiacsurgery,firsthearttransplantation) Dr.TheodorBillroth,Vienna,partialgastrectomies,oneofknownmodificationsbyPólya,Hungary-US AlfredBlalock(firstmoderndaysuccessfulopenheartsurgeryin1944) NinaStarrBraunwald(Firstfemalecardiacsurgeon) Dorothy-LavianiaBrown(FirstfemaleAfrican-Americansurgeon) VictorChangAustralianpioneerofhearttransplantation HarveyCushing(pioneer,andoftenconsideredthefatherof,modernneurosurgery) EleanorDavies-Colley(SurgeonandfounderoftheSouthLondonHospitalforWomenandChildren) MichaelDeBakey(educatorandinnovatorinthefieldofcardiacsurgery) ReneFavaloro(firstsurgeontoperformbypasssurgery) SvyatoslavFyodorov(creatorofradialkeratotomy) HaroldGillies(pioneerofplasticsurgery) JesseGray(FirstfemalechiefofsurgeryatHopkinzHospital) WilliamStewartHalsted(initiatedsurgicalresidencytraininginU.S.,pioneerinmanyfields) MichaelR.Harrison(pioneeroffetalsurgery) SirVictorHorsley(neurosurgery) JohnHunter(Scottish,viewedasthefatherofmodernsurgery,performedhundredsofdissections,servedasthemodelforDr.Jekyll.) GavriilIlizarov,inventoroftheIlizarovapparatusforlengtheninglimbbonesandforthemethodofsurgerynamedafterhim,theIlizarovsurgery CharlesKelman(Inventedphacoemulsification,thetechniqueofmoderncataractsurgery) LarsLeksell(neurosurgery,inventorofradiosurgery) C.WaltonLillehei(labeled"Fatherofmoderndayopenheartsurgery") JosephLister(discovererofsurgicalsepsis,Listerinenamedinhishonour) B.K.Misra-Firstneurosurgeonintheworldtoperformimage-guidedsurgeryforaneurysms,firstinSouthAsiatoperformstereotacticradiosurgery,firstinIndiatoperformawakecraniotomyandlaparoscopicspinesurgery.[12] IoannisPallikaris(Greeksurgeon.PerformedthefirstLASIKprocedureonahumaneye.[13]DevelopedEpi-LASIK.[14]) FidelPagés(pioneerofepiduralanesthesia) SakinehPari(FirstfemalesurgeoninIran) WilderPenfield(neurosurgery) AladárPetzfirstroutinestaplinginstrument GholamA.Peyman(InventorofLASIK,[15]) NikolayPirogov(thefounderoffieldsurgery) JennieSimileRobertson(firstfemalesurgeoninCanada) KakishRyskulova(firstfemalesurgeoninKyrgyzstan) ValeryShumakov(pioneerofartificialorgansimplantation) MariaSiemionow(pioneerofnear-totalfacetransplantsurgery) MarianFrauenthalSloane(FirstJewishorthopedicsurgeonandpublishedpeerreviewedorthopaedicjournal) Sushruta(thefirsttodocumentanoperationofopenrhinoplasty[3]) PaulTessier(FrenchsurgeoninCraniofacialsurgery) MaryEdwardsWalker(firstfemalesurgeonintheUnitedStates) GaziYasargil(Turkishneurosurgeon,founderofmicroneurosurgery) al-Zahrawi,regardedasoneofthegreatestmedievalsurgeonsandafatherofsurgery.[16] Organizationsandfellowships[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoSurgeons. ACFAS FACS FRACDS FRACS FRCS FRCS(Canada) FRCS(Edinburgh) FRCSI(Ireland) MRCS References[edit] ^WeiserTG,HaynesAB,MolinaG,etal.Estimateoftheglobalvolumeofsurgeryin2012:anassessmentsupportingimprovedhealthoutcomes.Lancet.2015;385(suppl2):S11. ^LiuL.Q.,MehiganS.ASystematicReviewofInterventionsUsedtoEnhanceImplementationofandComplianceWiththeWorldHealthOrganizationSurgicalSafetyChecklistinAdultSurgery.AORNJ..2021;114(2):159-170.doi:10.1002/aorn.13469 ^abIraD.Papel,JohnFrodel,FacialPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery ^Singhal,G.D.(1972).DiagnosticconsiderationsinancientIndiansurgery:(basedonNidāna-SthānaofSuśrutaSaṁhitā).Varanasi:SinghalPublications. ^Ahmad,Z.(StThomas'Hospital)(2007),"Al-Zahrawi-TheFatherofSurgery",ANZJournalofSurgery,77(Suppl.1):A83,doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x,S2CID 57308997 ^al-Zahrāwī,Abūal-QāsimKhalafibnʻAbbās;Studies,GustaveE.vonGrunebaumCenterforNearEastern(1973).Albucasisonsurgeryandinstruments.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.ISBN 978-0-520-01532-6.Retrieved16May2011. ^abCosman,MadeleinePelner;Jones,LindaGale(2008).HandbooktoLifeintheMedievalWorld.HandbooktoLifeSeries.Vol. 2.InfobasePublishing.pp. 528–530.ISBN 978-0-8160-4887-8. ^"SurgeonsandSurgicalSpaces#Thebarbersshop".sciencemuseum.org.uk.Retrieved2020-05-05. ^"Patients:TheSurgicalTeam:Qualificationsofasurgeon".RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland.Retrieved13June2015. ^"RACSphasesoutgenderedtitlesforsurgeons".RoyalAustralasianCollegeofSurgeons.Retrieved31August2021. ^"OccupationalEmploymentStatistic:OccupationalEmploymentandWages,May2015:29-1067Surgeons".bls.gov.Retrieved2016-04-26. ^http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf ^"ALookatLASIKPast,PresentandFuture".1June2009. ^"WhenCorneaTransplantsFail.WhatNext?"Archived2006-09-09attheWaybackMachine ^USPatent4,840,175,"METHODFORMODIFYINGCORNEALCURVATURE",grantedJune20,1989 ^A.Martin-Araguz,C.Bustamante-Martinez,AjoV.Fernandez-Armayor,J.M.Moreno-Martinez(2002) AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries France(data) Germany 2 Israel UnitedStates Other NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surgeon&oldid=1070719365" Categories:SurgeonsHealthcareoccupationsPositionsofauthorityHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiersArticleswithmultipleidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةܐܪܡܝܐAsturianuAzərbaycancaБеларускаяБългарскиCatalàDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolفارسیFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGàidhligGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaעבריתҚазақшаKiswahiliКыргызчаLatinaLombardമലയാളംMaltiمصرىBahasaMelayuМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNorskbokmålOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPortuguêsRunaSimiРусскийShqipSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylitТатарча/tatarçaతెలుగుУкраїнськаTiếngViệtייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks