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University of Cambridge - Wikipedia

2024-11-14

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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate research university in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III in ... UniversityofCambridge FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PublicuniversityinCambridge,UnitedKingdom Fortheformerparliamentaryconstituency,seeCambridgeUniversity(UKParliamentconstituency). UniversityofCambridgeCoatofarmsLatin:UniversitasCantabrigiensisOthernameTheChancellor,MastersandScholarsoftheUniversityofCambridgeMottoLatin:HinclucemetpoculasacraMottoin EnglishLiteral:Fromhere,lightandsacreddraughts. Nonliteral:Fromthisplace,wegainenlightenmentandpreciousknowledge.TypePublicresearchuniversityEstablishedc. 1209;813 yearsago (1209)Academicaffiliations RussellGroup EUA G5Universities GoldenTriangle LERU IARU UniversitiesUK Endowment£7.121 billion(includingcolleges)[3]Budget£2.308billion(excludingcolleges)[4]ChancellorTheLordSainsburyofTurvilleVice-ChancellorStephenJ.ToopeAcademicstaff6,170(2020)[5]Administrativestaff3,615(excludingcolleges)[5]Students24,450(2020)[6]Undergraduates12,850(2020)Postgraduates11,600(2020)LocationCambridge,EnglandCampusUniversitytown288hectares(710acres)[7]Colours CambridgeBlue[8]SportingaffiliationsTheSportingBlueWebsitecam.ac.uk TheUniversityofCambridgeisacollegiateresearchuniversityinCambridge,UnitedKingdom.Foundedin1209[9]andgrantedaroyalcharterbyHenryIIIin1231,Cambridgeisthesecond-oldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworldandtheworld'sfourth-oldestsurvivinguniversity.[10]TheuniversitygrewoutofanassociationofscholarswholefttheUniversityofOxfordafteradisputewiththetownspeople.[11]ThetwoEnglishancientuniversitiessharemanycommonfeaturesandareoftenjointlyreferredtoasOxbridge.Cambridgeisrankedamongthemostprestigiousuniversitiesintheworld. Cambridgeisformedfromavarietyofinstitutionswhichinclude31semi-autonomousconstituentcollegesandover150academicdepartments,facultiesandotherinstitutionsorganisedintosixschools.Allthecollegesareself-governinginstitutionswithintheuniversity,eachcontrollingitsownmembershipandwithitsowninternalstructureandactivities.Allstudentsaremembersofacollege.Theuniversitydoesnothaveamaincampus,anditscollegesandcentralfacilitiesarescatteredthroughoutthecity.UndergraduateteachingatCambridgecentresonweeklysmall-groupsupervisionsinthecollegesingroupsoftypically1–4students.Thisintensivemethodofteachingiswidelyconsideredthe'jewelinthecrown'ofanOxbridgeundergraduateeducation.[12][13][14][15][16]Inaddition,lectures,seminars,laboratoryworkandoccasionallyfurthersupervisionsareprovidedbythecentraluniversityfacultiesanddepartments.Postgraduateteachingisprovidedpredominantlycentrally. CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmentcombinestheoldestuniversitypressintheworldwithoneoftheworld'sleadingexaminingbodies,whichprovidesassessmenttoovereightmillionlearnersgloballyeveryyear.Theuniversityalsooperateseightculturalandscientificmuseums,includingtheFitzwilliamMuseum,aswellasabotanicgarden.Cambridge'slibraries,ofwhichthereareover100,holdatotalofaround16 millionbooks,aroundnine millionofwhichareinCambridgeUniversityLibrary,alegaldepositlibrary.Theuniversityishometo,butindependentof,theCambridgeUnion–theworld'soldestdebatingsociety.Theuniversityiscloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofthehigh-techbusinessclusterknownas'SiliconFen',thelargesttechnologyclusterinEurope.[17]ItisthecentralmemberofCambridgeUniversityHealthPartners,anacademichealthsciencecentrebasedaroundtheCambridgeBiomedicalCampus. Byendowmentsize,CambridgeisthewealthiestuniversityinEurope.[18][19]Inthefiscalyearending31July2019,thecentraluniversity,excludingcolleges,hadatotalincomeof£2.192 billion,ofwhich£592.4 millionwasfromresearchgrantsandcontracts.[4]Attheendofthesamefinancialyear,thecentraluniversityandcollegestogetherpossessedacombinedendowmentofover£7.1 billionandoverallconsolidatednetassets(excluding'immaterial'historicalassets)ofover£12.5 billion.[20]Amemberofnumerousassociationsandpartofthe'goldentriangle'ofEnglishuniversities,Cambridgehaseducatedmanynotablealumni,includingeminentmathematicians,scientists,politicians,lawyers,philosophers,writersandactors.AsofOctober 2020[update],121Nobellaureates,11FieldsMedalists,7TuringAwardwinners,47headsofstate,and14BritishprimeministershavebeenaffiliatedwithCambridgeasstudents,alumni,facultyorresearchstaff.[21]Asof2016[update],Universityalumnihadwon194Olympicmedals.[22] Contents 1History 1.1Foundationofthecolleges 1.2Mathematicsandmathematicalphysics 1.3Modernperiod 1.3.1Parliamentaryrepresentation 1.4Women'seducation 1.5Myths,legendsandtraditions 2Locationsandbuildings 2.1Buildings 2.2Sites 2.3'Townandgown' 3Organisationandadministration 3.1Colleges 3.2Schools,facultiesanddepartments 3.3Centraladministration 3.3.1ChancellorandVice-Chancellor 3.3.2SenateandtheRegentHouse 3.3.3CouncilandtheGeneralBoard 3.4Finances 3.4.1Benefactionsandfundraising 3.4.2Bonds 3.5Affiliationsandmemberships 4Academicprofile 4.1Admissions 4.1.1Procedure 4.1.2Access 4.2Teaching 4.3Research 4.4Graduation 4.5Librariesandmuseums 4.6Publishingandassessments 4.7Reputationandrankings 4.8Sexualharassment 5Studentlife 5.1StudentUnions 5.2Sport 5.3Societies 5.4Newspapersandradio 5.5JCRandMCR 5.6FormalHallsandMayBalls 6Notablealumniandacademics 6.1Mathematicsandsciences 6.2Humanities,musicandart 6.3Literature 6.4Sports 6.5Education 6.6Politics 7Inliteratureandpopularculture 8Gallery 9Seealso 10Notes 11References 11.1Sources 12Bibliography 13Externallinks History[edit] Seealso:TimelineofCambridge Bythelate12thcentury,theCambridgeareaalreadyhadascholarlyandecclesiasticalreputation,duetomonksfromthenearbybishopricchurchofEly.However,itwasanincidentatOxfordwhichismostlikelytohaveledtotheestablishmentoftheuniversity:threeOxfordscholarswerehangedbythetownauthoritiesforthedeathofawoman,withoutconsultingtheecclesiasticalauthorities,whowouldnormallytakeprecedence(andpardonthescholars)insuchacase,butwereatthattimeinconflictwithKingJohn.Fearingmoreviolencefromthetownsfolk,scholarsfromtheUniversityofOxfordstartedtomoveawaytocitiessuchasParis,Reading,andCambridge.Subsequently,enoughscholarsremainedinCambridgetoformthenucleusofanewuniversitywhenithadbecomesafeenoughforacademiatoresumeatOxford.[9][23][24]Inordertoclaimprecedence,itiscommonforCambridgetotraceitsfoundingtothe1231charterfromHenry IIIgrantingittherighttodisciplineitsownmembers(iusnon-trahiextra)andanexemptionfromsometaxes;Oxfordwasnotgrantedsimilarrightsuntil1248.[25] Abullin1233fromPopeGregoryIXgavegraduatesfromCambridgetherighttoteach"everywhereinChristendom".[26]AfterCambridgewasdescribedasastudiumgeneraleinaletterfromPopeNicholasIVin1290,[27]andconfirmedassuchinabullbyPopeJohnXXIIin1318,[28]itbecamecommonforresearchersfromotherEuropeanmedievaluniversitiestovisitCambridgetostudyortogivelecturecourses.[27] Foundationofthecolleges[edit] ThecollegesattheUniversityofCambridgewereoriginallyanincidentalfeatureofthesystem.Nocollegeisasoldastheuniversityitself.Thecollegeswereendowedfellowshipsofscholars.Therewerealsoinstitutionswithoutendowments,calledhostels.Thehostelsweregraduallyabsorbedbythecollegesoverthecenturies,buttheyhaveleftsometraces,suchasthenameofGarretHostelLane.[29] Peterhouse,Cambridge'sfirstcollege,wasfoundedin1284 HughBalsham,BishopofEly,foundedPeterhouse,Cambridge'sfirstcollege,in1284.Manycollegeswerefoundedduringthe14thand15thcenturies,butcollegescontinuedtobeestablisheduntilmoderntimes,althoughtherewasagapof204yearsbetweenthefoundingofSidneySussexin1596andthatofDowningin1800.ThemostrecentlyestablishedcollegeisRobinson,builtinthelate1970s.However,HomertonCollegeonlyachievedfulluniversitycollegestatusinMarch2010,makingitthenewestfullcollege(itwaspreviouslyan"ApprovedSociety"affiliatedwiththeuniversity). Inmedievaltimes,manycollegeswerefoundedsothattheirmemberswouldprayforthesoulsofthefounders,andwereoftenassociatedwithchapelsorabbeys.Thecolleges'focuschangedin1536withtheDissolutionoftheMonasteries.HenryVIIIorderedtheuniversitytodisbanditsFacultyofCanonLaw[30]andtostopteaching"scholasticphilosophy".Inresponse,collegeschangedtheircurriculaawayfromcanonlaw,andtowardstheclassics,theBible,andmathematics. Nearlyacenturylater,theuniversitywasatthecentreofaProtestantschism.Manynobles,intellectualsandevencommonerssawthewaysoftheChurchofEnglandastoosimilartotheCatholicChurch,andfeltthatitwasusedbytheCrowntousurptherightfulpowersofthecounties.EastAngliawasthecentreofwhatbecamethePuritanmovement.InCambridge,themovementwasparticularlystrongatEmmanuel,StCatharine'sHall,SidneySussexandChrist'sCollege.[31]Theyproducedmany"non-conformist"graduateswhogreatlyinfluenced,bysocialpositionorpreaching,some20,000PuritanswholeftforNewEnglandandespeciallytheMassachusettsBayColonyduringtheGreatMigrationdecadeofthe1630s.OliverCromwell,ParliamentarycommanderduringtheEnglishCivilWarandheadoftheEnglishCommonwealth(1649–1660),attendedSidneySussex. EmmanuelCollegeChapel Mathematicsandmathematicalphysics[edit] ExaminationinmathematicswasoncecompulsoryforallundergraduatesstudyingfortheBachelorofArtsdegree,themainfirstdegreeatCambridgeinbothartsandsciences.FromthetimeofIsaacNewtoninthelater17thcenturyuntilthemid-19thcentury,theuniversitymaintainedanespeciallystrongemphasisonappliedmathematics,particularlymathematicalphysics.TheexamisknownasaTripos.[32]Studentsawardedfirst-classhonoursaftercompletingthemathematicsTriposaretermedwranglers,andthetopstudentamongthemistheSeniorWrangler.TheCambridgeMathematicalTriposiscompetitiveandhashelpedproducesomeofthemostfamousnamesinBritishscience,includingJamesClerkMaxwell,LordKelvinandLordRayleigh.[33]However,somefamousstudents,suchasG.H.Hardy,dislikedthesystem,feelingthatpeopleweretoointerestedinaccumulatingmarksinexamsandnotinterestedinthesubjectitself. PuremathematicsatCambridgeinthe19thcenturyachievedgreatthings,butalsomissedoutonsubstantialdevelopmentsinFrenchandGermanmathematics.PuremathematicalresearchatCambridgefinallyreachedthehighestinternationalstandardintheearly20thcentury,thanksabovealltoG.H.Hardy,hiscollaboratorJ.E.LittlewoodandSrinivasaRamanujan.Ingeometry,W.V.D.HodgebroughtCambridgeontotheinternationalmainstreaminthe1930s. Althoughdiversifiedinitsresearchandteachinginterests,Cambridgetodaymaintainsitsstrengthinmathematics.CambridgealumnihavewonsixFieldsMedalsandoneAbelPrizeformathematics,whileindividualsrepresentingCambridgehavewonfourFieldsMedals.[34] Modernperiod[edit] SelwynCollegewasfoundedin1882 AftertheCambridgeUniversityAct1856formalisedtheorganisationalstructureoftheuniversity,thestudyofmanynewsubjectswasintroduced,suchastheology,historyandmodernlanguages.[35]Resourcesnecessaryfornewcoursesinthearts,architectureandarchaeologyweredonatedbyViscountFitzwilliam,ofTrinityCollege,whoalsofoundedtheFitzwilliamMuseum.[36]In1847,PrinceAlbertwaselectedChancelloroftheUniversityofCambridgeafteraclosecontestwiththeEarlofPowis.AlbertusedhispositionasChancellortocampaignsuccessfullyforreformedandmoremodernuniversitycurricula,expandingthesubjectstaughtbeyondthetraditionalmathematicsandclassicstoincludemodernhistoryandthenaturalsciences.Between1896and1902,DowningCollegesoldpartofitslandtobuildtheDowningSite,withnewscientificlaboratoriesforanatomy,geneticsandEarthsciences.[37]Duringthesameperiod,theNewMuseumsSitewaserected,includingtheCavendishLaboratory,whichhassincemovedtotheWestCambridgeSite,andotherdepartmentsforchemistryandmedicine.[38] TheUniversityofCambridgebegantoawardPhDdegreesinthefirstthirdofthe20thcentury.ThefirstCambridgePhDinmathematicswasawardedin1924.[39] IntheFirstWorldWar,13,878membersoftheuniversityservedand2,470werekilled.Teaching,andthefeesitearned,camealmosttoastopandseverefinancialdifficultiesfollowed.Asaconsequencetheuniversityfirstreceivedsystematicstatesupportin1919,andaRoyalCommissionappointedin1920recommendedthattheuniversity(butnotthecolleges)shouldreceiveanannualgrant.[40]FollowingtheSecondWorldWar,theuniversitysawarapidexpansionofstudentnumbersandavailableplaces;thiswaspartlyduetothesuccessandpopularitygainedbymanyCambridgescientists.[41] Parliamentaryrepresentation[edit] Mainarticle:UniversityofCambridge(UKParliamentconstituency) TheuniversitywasoneofonlytwouniversitiestoholdparliamentaryseatsintheParliamentofEnglandandwaslateroneofeightrepresentedintheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom.TheconstituencywascreatedbyaRoyalCharterof1603andreturnedtwomembersofparliamentuntil1950,whenitwasabolishedbytheRepresentationofthePeopleAct1948. Theconstituencywasnotageographicalarea.Itselectorateconsistedofthegraduatesoftheuniversity.Before1918thefranchisewasrestrictedtomalegraduateswithadoctorateorMAdegree. Women'seducation[edit] NewnhamCollegeisoneoftwoexistingwomen'scolleges Foritsfirstseveralcenturiesonlymalestudentswereenrolledintotheuniversity.ThefirstcollegesforwomenwereGirtonCollege(foundedbyEmilyDavies)in1869andNewnhamCollegein1872(foundedbyAnneCloughandHenrySidgwick),followedbyHughesHallin1885(foundedbyElizabethPhillipsHughesastheCambridgeTeachingCollegeforWomen),MurrayEdwardsCollege(foundedbyRosemaryMurrayasNewHall)in1954,andLucyCavendishCollegein1965.Thefirstwomenstudentswereexaminedin1882butattemptstomakewomenfullmembersoftheuniversitydidnotsucceeduntil1948.[42]Womenwereallowedtostudycourses,sitexaminations,andhavetheirresultsrecordedfrom1881;forabriefperiodaftertheturnofthetwentiethcentury,thisallowedthe"steamboatladies"toreceiveadeundemdegreesfromtheUniversityofDublin.[43] From1921womenwereawardeddiplomaswhich"conferredtheTitleoftheDegreeofBachelorofArts".Astheywerenot"admittedtotheDegreeofBachelorofArts"theywereexcludedfromthegoverningoftheuniversity.Sincestudentsmustbelongtoacollege,andsinceestablishedcollegesremainedclosedtowomen,womenfoundadmissionsrestrictedtocollegesestablishedonlyforwomen.DarwinCollege,thefirstwhollygraduatecollegeoftheuniversity,matriculatedbothmenandwomenstudentsfromitsinceptionin1964–andelectedamixedfellowship.Oftheundergraduatecolleges,startingwithChurchill,ClareandKing'sColleges,theformermen'scollegesbegantoadmitwomenbetween1972and1988.Oneofthefemale-onlycolleges,Girton,alsobegantoadmitmalestudentsfrom1979,buttheotherfemale-onlycollegesdidnotdolikewise.AsaresultofStHilda'sCollege,Oxford,endingitsbanonmalestudentsin2008,CambridgeisnowtheonlyremainingUnitedKingdomuniversitywithfemale-onlycolleges(NewnhamandMurrayEdwards).[44][45]Intheacademicyear2004–5,theuniversity'sstudentsexratio,includingpost-graduates,wasmale52%:female48%.[46] Myths,legendsandtraditions[edit] TheMathematicalBridgeovertheRiverCam(atQueens'College) Mainarticle:UniversityofCambridgelegendsSeealso:Category:TerminologyoftheUniversityofCambridge Asaninstitutionwithsuchalonghistory,theuniversityhasdevelopedalargenumberofmythsandlegends.Thevastmajorityoftheseareuntrue,buthavebeenpropagatednonethelessbygenerationsofstudentsandtourguides. Adiscontinuedtraditionisthatofthewoodenspoon,the'prize'awardedtothestudentwiththelowestpassinghonoursgradeinthefinalexaminationsoftheMathematicalTripos.Thelastofthesespoonswasawardedin1909toCuthbertLempriereHolthouse,anoarsmanoftheLadyMargaretBoatClubofStJohn'sCollege.Itwasoveronemetreinlengthandhadanoarbladeforahandle.ItcannowbeseenoutsidetheSeniorCombinationRoomofStJohn's.Since1908,examinationresultshavebeenpublishedalphabeticallywithinclassratherthaninstrictorderofmerit.Thismadeithardertoascertainwhowas"entitled"tothespoon(unlesstherewasonlyonepersoninthethirdclass),andsothepracticewasabandoned. EachChristmasEve,BBCradioandtelevisionbroadcastsTheFestivalofNineLessonsandCarolssungbytheChoirofKing'sCollege,Cambridge.TheradiobroadcasthasbeenanationalChristmastraditionsinceitwasfirsttransmittedin1928(thoughthefestivalhasexistedsince1918).TheradiobroadcastiscarriedworldwidebytheBBCWorldServiceandisalsosyndicatedtohundredsofradiostationsintheUS.Thefirsttelevisionbroadcastofthefestivalwasin1954.[47][48] FrontCourtofKing'sCollege Locationsandbuildings[edit] Buildings[edit] TheuniversityoccupiesacentrallocationwithinthecityofCambridge,withthestudentstakingupasignificantproportion(nearly20%)ofthetown'spopulationandheavilyaffectingtheagestructure.[49]MostoftheoldercollegesaresituatednearbythecitycentreandriverCam,alongwhichitistraditionaltopunttoappreciatethebuildingsandsurroundings.[50] ExamplesofnotablebuildingsincludeKing'sCollegeChapel,[51]thehistoryfacultybuilding[52]designedbyJamesStirling;andtheCrippsBuildingatStJohn'sCollege.[53]Thebrickworkofseveralofthecollegesisalsonotable:Queens'Collegecontains"someoftheearliestpatternedbrickworkinthecountry"[54]andthebrickwallsofStJohn'sCollegeprovideexamplesofEnglishbond,FlemishbondandRunningbond.[55] TheentrancetotheoriginalCavendishLaboratoryontheNewMuseumsSite TheFacultyofEducation TheFacultyofLawontheSidgwickSite Sites[edit] Theuniversityisdividedintoseveralsiteswherethedifferentdepartmentsareplaced.Themainonesare:[56] Addenbrooke's DowningSite Madingley/Girton NewMuseumsSite OldAddenbroke's OldSchools SilverStreet/MillLane SidgwickSite WestCambridge NorthWestCambridgeDevelopment Theuniversity'sSchoolofClinicalMedicineisbasedinAddenbrooke'sHospitalwherestudentsinmedicineundergotheirthree-yearclinicalplacementperiodafterobtainingtheirBAdegree,[57]whiletheWestCambridgesiteisundergoingamajorexpansionandwillhostanewsportsdevelopment.[58]Inaddition,theJudgeBusinessSchool,situatedonTrumpingtonStreet,providesmanagementeducationcoursessince1990andisconsistentlyrankedwithinthetop20businessschoolsgloballybytheFinancialTimes.[59] GiventhatthesitesareinrelativecloseproximitytoeachotherandtheareaaroundCambridgeisreasonablyflat,oneofthefavouritemodesoftransportforstudentsisthebicycle:afifthofthejourneysinthecityaremadebybike,afigureenhancedbythefactthatstudentsarenotpermittedtoholdcarparkpermits,exceptunderspecialcircumstances.[60] 'Townandgown'[edit] Mainarticle:Townandgown Therelationshipbetweentheuniversityandthecityhasnotalwaysbeenpositive.ThephrasetownandgownisemployedtodifferentiateinhabitantsofCambridgefromstudentsattheuniversity,whohistoricallyworeacademicaldress.Therearemanystoriesofferociousrivalrybetweenthetwocategories.DuringthePeasants'Revoltof1381,strongclashesbroughtaboutattacksandlootingofuniversitypropertieswhilelocalscontestedtheprivilegesgrantedbythegovernmenttotheacademicstaff,theuniversity'sledgersbeingburnedinMarketSquaretotherallyingcry"Awaywiththelearningofclerks,awaywithit!".[61]Followingtheseevents,theChancellorwasgivenspecialpowersallowinghimtoprosecutethecriminalsandre-establishorderinthecity.Attemptstoreconcilethetwogroupsfollowedovertime,andinthe16thcenturyagreementsweresignedtoimprovethequalityofstreetsandstudentaccommodationaroundthecity.However,thiswasfollowedbynewconfrontationswhentheplaguehitCambridgein1630andcollegesrefusedtohelpthoseaffectedbythediseasebylockingtheirsites.[62] Nowadays,theseconflictshavesomewhatsubsidedandtheuniversityhasbecomeanopportunityforemploymentamongthepopulation,providinganincreasedlevelofwealthinthearea.[63]Theenormousgrowthinthenumberofhigh-tech,biotech,providersofservicesandrelatedfirmssituatednearCambridgehasbeentermedtheCambridgePhenomenon:theadditionof1,500new,registeredcompaniesandasmanyas40,000jobsbetween1960and2010hasbeendirectlyrelatedtothepresenceoftheuniversityasasourceofemploymentforCambridgeresidents.[64] Organisationandadministration[edit] Seealso:ListofInstitutionsoftheUniversityofCambridge ViewoverTrinityCollege,GonvilleandCaius,TrinityHallandClareCollegetowardsKing'sCollegeChapel,seenfromStJohn'sCollegechapelwhereasontheleft,justinfrontofKing'sCollegechapel,istheuniversitySenateHouse Cambridgeisacollegiateuniversity,meaningthatitismadeupofself-governingandindependentcolleges,eachwithitsownpropertyandincome.Mostcollegesbringtogetheracademicsandstudentsfromabroadrangeofdisciplines,andwithineachfaculty,schoolordepartmentwithintheuniversity,academicsfrommanydifferentcollegesarepresent. Thefacultiesareresponsibleforensuringthatlecturesaregiven,arrangingseminars,performingresearchanddeterminingthesyllabiforteaching,overseenbytheGeneralBoard.TogetherwiththecentraladministrationheadedbytheVice-Chancellor,theymakeuptheentireCambridgeUniversity.Facilitiessuchaslibrariesareprovidedonalltheselevels:bytheuniversity(theCambridgeUniversityLibrary),bytheFaculties(FacultylibrariessuchastheSquireLawLibrary),andbytheindividualcolleges(allofwhichmaintainamulti-disciplinelibrary,generallyaimedmainlyattheirundergraduates). Legally,theuniversityisanexemptcharityandacommonlawcorporationwiththecorporatetitle"TheChancellor,Masters,andScholarsoftheUniversityofCambridge".[65] Colleges[edit] Mainarticle:CollegesoftheUniversityofCambridge ThePresident'sLodgeatQueens'College MargaretWilemanBuilding,HughesHallTheBridgeofSighsatStJohn'sCollege Thecollegesareself-governinginstitutionswiththeirownendowmentsandproperty,foundedasintegralpartsoftheuniversity.Allstudentsandmostacademicsareattachedtoacollege.Theirimportanceliesinthehousing,welfare,socialfunctions,andundergraduateteachingtheyprovide.Allfaculties,departments,researchcentres,andlaboratoriesbelongtotheuniversity,whicharrangeslecturesandawardsdegrees,butundergraduatesreceivetheirsupervisions—small-groupteachingsessions,oftenwithjustonestudent—withinthecolleges(thoughinmanycasesstudentsgotoothercollegesforsupervisioniftheteachingfellowsattheircollegedonotspecialiseintheareasconcerned).Eachcollegeappointsitsownteachingstaffandfellows,whoarealsomembersofauniversitydepartment.Thecollegesalsodecidewhichundergraduatestoadmittotheuniversity,inaccordancewithuniversityregulations. Cambridgehas31colleges,ofwhichtwo,MurrayEdwardsandNewnham,admitwomenonly.Theothercollegesaremixed,thoughmostwereoriginallyall-male.Darwinwasthefirstcollegetoadmitbothmenandwomen,whileChurchill,Clare,andKing'swerethefirstpreviouslyall-malecollegestoadmitfemaleundergraduates,in1972.Magdalenebecamethelastall-malecollegetoacceptwomen,in1988.[66]ClareHallandDarwinadmitonlypostgraduates,andHughesHall,StEdmund'sandWolfsonadmitonlymature(i.e.21yearsorolderondateofmatriculation)students,encompassingbothundergraduateandgraduatestudents.LucyCavendish,whichwaspreviouslyawomen-onlymaturecollege,announcedthattheywouldadmitmenandwomenfromtheageof18from2021onwards.[67]Allothercollegesadmitbothundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentswithnoagerestrictions. Collegesarenotrequiredtoadmitstudentsinallsubjects,withsomecollegeschoosingnottooffersubjectssuchasarchitecture,historyofartortheology,butmostofferclosetothecompleterange.Somecollegesmaintainabiastowardscertainsubjects,forexamplewithChurchillleaningtowardsthesciencesandengineering,[68]whileotherssuchasStCatharine'saimforabalancedintake.[69]Othersmaintainmuchmoreinformalreputations,suchasforthestudentsofKing'stoholdleft-wingpoliticalviews,[70]orRobinson'sandChurchill'sattemptstominimisetheirenvironmentalimpact.[71] Coststostudents(accommodationandfoodprices)varyconsiderablyfromcollegetocollege.[72][73]Similarly,collegeexpenditureonstudenteducationalsovarieswidelybetweenindividualcolleges.[74] TherearealsoseveraltheologicalcollegesinCambridge,separatefromCambridgeUniversity,includingWestcottHouse,WestminsterCollegeandRidleyHallTheologicalCollege,thatare,toalesserdegree,affiliatedtotheuniversityandaremembersoftheCambridgeTheologicalFederation.[75] The31collegesare:[76] Christ's Churchill Clare ClareHall CorpusChristi Darwin Downing Emmanuel Fitzwilliam Girton Gonville&Caius Homerton HughesHall Jesus King's LucyCavendish Magdalene MurrayEdwards Newnham Pembroke Peterhouse Queens' Robinson Selwyn SidneySussex StCatharine's StEdmund's StJohn's Trinity TrinityHall Wolfson Schools,facultiesanddepartments[edit] Mainarticle:ListofinstitutionsoftheUniversityofCambridge§ Schools,Faculties,andDepartments InstituteofContinuingEducation,MadingleyHall. Inadditiontothe31colleges,theuniversityismadeupofover150departments,faculties,schools,syndicatesandotherinstitutions.[77]Membersoftheseareusuallyalsomembersofoneofthecollegesandresponsibilityforrunningtheentireacademicprogrammeoftheuniversityisdividedamongthem. Theuniversityalsohasadepartmentdedicatedtoprovidingcontinuingeducation,theInstituteofContinuingEducation,whichisprimarilybasedinMadingleyHall,a16th-centurymanorhouseinCambridgeshire.Itsaward-bearingprogrammesrangefromUndergraduateCertificatesthroughtopart-timemaster'sdegrees.[78] TheOldSchools(left)aretheadministrativecentreoftheuniversity A"School"intheUniversityofCambridgeisabroadadministrativegroupingofrelatedfacultiesandotherunits.Eachhasanelectedsupervisorybody—the"Council"oftheschool—comprisingrepresentativesoftheconstituentbodies.Therearesixschools:[79] ArtsandHumanities BiologicalSciences ClinicalMedicine HumanitiesandSocialSciences PhysicalSciences Technology TeachingandresearchinCambridgeisorganisedbyfaculties.Thefacultieshavedifferentorganisationalsub-structureswhichpartlyreflecttheirhistoryandpartlytheiroperationalneeds,whichmayincludeanumberofdepartmentsandotherinstitutions.Inaddition,asmallnumberofbodiescalled'Syndicates'haveresponsibilitiesforteachingandresearch,e.g.CambridgeAssessment,theUniversityPress,andtheUniversityLibrary. Centraladministration[edit] ChancellorandVice-Chancellor[edit] OfficersoftheRegentHouse,includingVice-ChancellorBorysiewicz,afteragraduationceremony Seealso:ListofVice-ChancellorsoftheUniversityofCambridgeandListofChancellorsoftheUniversityofCambridge TheofficeofChancelloroftheuniversity,forwhichtherearenotermlimits,ismainlyceremonialandisheldbyDavidSainsbury,BaronSainsburyofTurville,followingtheretirementoftheDukeofEdinburghonhis90thbirthdayinJune2011.LordSainsburywasnominatedbytheofficialNominationBoardtosucceedhim,[80]andAbdulArain,ownerofalocalgrocerystore,BrianBlessedandMichaelMansfieldwerealsonominated.[81][82][83]Theelectiontookplaceon14and15October2011.[83]DavidSainsburywontheelectiontaking2,893ofthe5,888votescast,winningonthefirstcount. FacultyofDivinityatCambridgeUniversityThecurrentVice-ChancellorisStephenToope.[84]WhiletheChancellor'sofficeisceremonial,theVice-Chancelloristhedefactoprincipaladministrativeofficeroftheuniversity.Theuniversity'sinternalgovernanceiscarriedoutalmostentirelybyitsownmembers,[85]withverylittleexternalrepresentationonitsgoverningbody,theRegentHouse(thoughthereisexternalrepresentationontheAuditCommittee,andtherearefourexternalmembersontheUniversity'sCouncil,whoaretheonlyexternalmembersoftheRegentHouse).[86] SenateandtheRegentHouse[edit] LightshowontheSenateHouse,forthe800thanniversaryofthefoundationoftheuniversity OldCourt,ClareCollege TheSenateconsistsofallholdersoftheMAdegreeorhigherdegrees.ItelectstheChancellorandtheHighSteward,andelectedtwomembersoftheHouseofCommonsuntiltheCambridgeUniversityconstituencywasabolishedin1950.Priorto1926,itwastheuniversity'sgoverningbody,fulfillingthefunctionsthattheRegentHousefulfilstoday.[87]TheRegentHouseistheuniversity'sgoverningbody,adirectdemocracycomprisingallresidentseniormembersoftheuniversityandthecolleges,togetherwiththeChancellor,theHighSteward,theDeputyHighSteward,andtheCommissary.[88]ThepublicrepresentativesoftheRegentHousearethetwoProctors,electedtoserveforoneyear,onthenominationoftheColleges. CouncilandtheGeneralBoard[edit] AlthoughtheUniversityCouncilistheprincipalexecutiveandpolicy-makingbodyoftheuniversity,itmustreportandbeaccountabletotheRegentHousethroughavarietyofchecksandbalances.Ithastherightofreportingtotheuniversity,andisobligedtoadvisetheRegentHouseonmattersofgeneralconcerntotheuniversity.ItdoesbothofthesebycausingnoticestobepublishedbyauthorityintheCambridgeUniversityReporter,theofficialjournaloftheuniversity.SinceJanuary2005,themembershipofthecouncilhasincludedtwoexternalmembers,[89]andtheRegentHousevotedforanincreasefromtwotofourinthenumberofexternalmembersinMarch2008,[90][91]andthiswasapprovedbyHerMajestytheQueeninJuly2008.[92] SenateHousePassageinthesnowwithSenateHouseontherightandGonvilleandCaiusCollegeontheleft TheGeneralBoardoftheFacultiesisresponsiblefortheacademicandeducationalpolicyoftheuniversity,[93]andisaccountabletothecouncilforitsmanagementoftheseaffairs.[citationneeded] FacultyBoardsareresponsibletotheGeneralBoard;otherBoardsandSyndicatesareresponsibleeithertotheGeneralBoard(ifprimarilyforacademicpurposes)ortothecouncil.Inthisway,thevariousarmsoftheuniversityarekeptunderthesupervisionofthecentraladministration,andthustheRegentHouse.[citationneeded] Finances[edit] Benefactionsandfundraising[edit] In2000,BillGatesofMicrosoftdonatedUS$210 millionthroughtheBillandMelindaGatesFoundationtoendowtheGatesScholarshipsforstudentsfromoutsidetheUKseekingpostgraduatestudyatCambridge.[94] Inthefiscalyearending31July2019,thecentraluniversity,excludingcolleges,hadatotalincomeof£2.192 billion,ofwhich£592.4 millionwasfromresearchgrantsandcontracts.[4] Overthepastdecadeto2019,Cambridgehasreceivedanaverageof£271mayearinphilanthropicdonations.[4] The'StormzyScholarshipforBlackUKStudents'coverstuitioncostsfortwostudentsandmaintenancegrantsforuptofouryears.[95] InOctober2021,theUniversitypausedthe£400mcollaborationwiththeUnitedArabEmirates,citingtheclaimsoftheArabnation’sinvolvementinthecontroversialhackingusingtheNSOGroup'sPegasussoftware.Asperthereports,theEmirateswasthemajorcountryinvolvedintheleakofover50,000phonenumbers,includinghundredsbelongingtotheBritish.TheUniversity’soutgoingVice-Chancellor,StephenToopesaidthedecisiontoreconsiderplanswiththeUAEwascausedbyfurtherrevelationsaboutthePegasussoftwarehacking.[96] Bonds[edit] TheUniversityofCambridgeborrowed£350 millionbyissuinga40-yearsecuritybondinOctober2012.[97]Itsinterestrateisabout0.6percenthigherthanaBritishgovernment40-yearbond.Vice-ChancellorLeszekBorysiewiczhailedthesuccessoftheissue.[98]Ina2010report,theRussellGroupof20leadinguniversitiesmadeaconclusionthathighereducationcouldbefinancedbyissuingbonds.[97] Affiliationsandmemberships[edit] CambridgeisamemberoftheRussellGroupofresearch-ledBritishuniversities,theG5,theLeagueofEuropeanResearchUniversities,andtheInternationalAllianceofResearchUniversities,andformspartofthe"goldentriangle"ofresearchintensiveandsouthernEnglishuniversities.[99]Itisalsocloselylinkedwiththedevelopmentofthehigh-techbusinessclusterknownas"SiliconFen",andaspartoftheCambridgeUniversityHealthPartners,anacademichealthsciencecentre. Academicprofile[edit] Admissions[edit] WinterPoolisintheprocessofbeingmergedintothissection.Ifpossible,pleaseeditonlythisarticle,asthearticlementionedabovemaybeturnedintoaredirect.Relevantdiscussionmaybefoundhere.(December2021) UCASadmissionstatistics 2019[100] 2018[101] 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Applications[102] 19,359 18,378 17,235 16,795 16,505 16,970 16,330 OfferRate(%)[103] 24.3 24.8 31.2 33.8 33.5 32.5 32.2 Enrols[104] 3,528 3,465 3,480 3,440 3,430 3,425 3,355 Yield(%) 75.2 76.0 64.7 60.6 62.0 62.1 63.8 Applicant/EnrolledRatio 5.49 5.30 4.95 4.88 4.81 4.95 4.87 AverageEntryTariff[105][note1] n/a n/a n/a 226 592 600 601 PeterhouseOldCourt GreatCourtofTrinityCollege,datingbacktothe16thCentury Procedure[edit] UndergraduateapplicationstoCambridgemustbemadethroughUCASintimefortheearlydeadline,currentlymid-Octoberintheyearbeforestarting.Untilthe1980scandidatesforallsubjectswererequiredtositspecialentranceexaminations,[106]sincereplacedbyadditionaltestsforsomesubjects,suchastheThinkingSkillsAssessmentandtheCambridgeLawTest.[107]Theuniversityhasattimesconsideredreintroducinganadmissionsexamforallsubjects.[108]Theuniversitygaveoffersofadmission(typicallyconditionalonexamresults)to33.5%ofitsapplicantsin2016,the2ndlowestamongsttheRussellGroup,behindOxford(aneffectofCambridge'saverageofferconditionsbeinghigherthanthatofOxford).[109][110][111][112]Theacceptancerateforstudentsinthe2018–2019cyclewas18.8%.[113][114]In2021,Cambridgeintroducedan'over-subscription'clausetoitsoffers,whichallowsittowithdrawplacesiftoomanystudentsmeetitsentrancecriteria.Theclausecanbeinvokedintheeventof'circumstancesoutsidethereasonablecontroloftheuniversity'.ItwasintroducedduetoarecordnumberofA-levelpupilsgettingthehighestgradesfromteacherassessment,whichwasintroducedduetothecancellationofA-levelsintheCOVID-19pandemic.[115][116] MostapplicantswhoarecalledforinterviewwillhavebeenpredictedatleastthreeA-gradeA-levelqualificationsrelevanttotheirchosenundergraduatecourse,ortheequivalentinotherqualifications,suchasgettingatleast7,7,6forhigher-levelsubjectsatIB.TheA*A-levelgrade(introducedin2010)nowplaysapartintheacceptanceofapplications,withtheuniversity'sstandardofferformostcoursesbeingsetatA*AA,[117][118]withA*A*Aforsciencescourses.Duetoahighproportionofapplicantsreceivingthehighestschoolgrades,theinterviewprocessisneededfordistinguishingbetweenthemostablecandidates.TheinterviewisperformedbyCollegeFellows,whoevaluatecandidatesonunexaminedfactorssuchaspotentialfororiginalthinkingandcreativity.[119]Forexceptionalcandidates,aMatriculationOfferwassometimespreviouslyoffered,requiringonlytwoA-levelsatgradeEorabove.In2006,5,228studentswhowererejectedwentontoget3AlevelsormoreatgradeA,representingabout63%ofallapplicantsrejected.[120]TheSuttonTrustmaintainsthatOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityrecruitdisproportionatelyfrom8schoolswhichaccountedfor1,310Oxbridgeplacesduringthreeyears,contrastedwith1,220from2,900otherschools.[121] StrongapplicantswhoarenotsuccessfulattheirchosencollegemaybeplacedintheWinterPool,wheretheycanbeofferedplacesbyothercolleges.Thisisinordertomaintainconsistencythroughoutthecolleges,someofwhichreceivemoreapplicantsthanothers. Graduateadmissionisfirstdecidedbythefacultyordepartmentrelatingtotheapplicant'ssubject.Whenanofferismade,thiseffectivelyguaranteesadmissiontoacollege—thoughnotnecessarilytheapplicant'spreferredchoice.[122] Access[edit] Percentageofstate-schoolstudentsatOxfordandCambridge[123][124] PublicdebateintheUnitedKingdomcontinuesoverwhetheradmissionsprocessesatOxfordandCambridgeareentirelymeritbasedandfair;whetherenoughstudentsfromstateschoolsareencouragedtoapplytoCambridge;andwhetherthesestudentssucceedingainingentry.In2007–08,57%ofallsuccessfulapplicantswerefromstateschools[125](roughly93percentofallstudentsintheUKattendstateschools).CriticshavearguedthatthelackofstateschoolapplicantswiththerequiredgradesapplyingtoCambridgeandOxfordhashadanegativeimpactonOxbridge'sreputationformanyyears,andtheuniversityhasencouragedpupilsfromstateschoolstoapplyforCambridgetohelpredresstheimbalance.[126]Otherscounterthatgovernmentpressuretoincreasestateschooladmissionsconstitutesinappropriatesocialengineering.[127][128]Theproportionofundergraduatesdrawnfromindependentschoolshasdroppedovertheyears,andsuchapplicantsnowforma(verylarge)minority(43%)[125][129]oftheintake.In2005,32%ofthe3599applicantsfromindependentschoolswereadmittedtoCambridge,asopposedto24%ofthe6674applicationsfromstateschools.[130]In2008theUniversityofCambridgereceivedagiftof£4mtoimproveitsaccessibilitytocandidatesfrommaintainedschools.[131]Cambridge,togetherwithOxfordandDurham,isamongthoseuniversitiesthathaveadoptedformulaethatgivesaratingtotheGCSEperformanceofeveryschoolinthecountryto"weight"thescoresofuniversityapplicants.[132][failedverification] Withthereleaseofadmissionsfigures,a2013articleinTheGuardianreportedthatethnicminoritycandidateshadlowersuccessratesinindividualsubjectsevenwhentheyhadthesamegradesaswhiteapplicants.Theuniversitywashencecriticisedforwhatwasseenasinstitutionaldiscriminationagainstethnicminorityapplicantsinfavourofwhiteapplicants.Theuniversitydeniedtheclaimsofinstitutionaldiscriminationbystatingthefiguresdidnottakeintoaccount"othervariables".[133]Afollowingarticlestatedthatintheyears2010–2012ethnicminorityapplicantstomedicinewith3A*gradesorhigherwere20%lesslikelytogainadmissionthanwhiteapplicantswithsimilargrades.Theuniversityrefusedtoprovidefiguresforawiderrangeofsubjectsclaimingitwouldbetoocostly.[134] Thereareanumberofeducationalconsultanciesthatoffersupportwiththeapplicationsprocess.Somemakeclaimsofimprovedchancesofadmissionbuttheseclaimsarenotindependentlyverified.NoneofthesecompaniesareaffiliatedtoorendorsedbytheUniversityofCambridge.Theuniversityinformsapplicantsthatallimportantinformationregardingtheapplicationprocessispublicknowledgeandnoneoftheseservicesisprovidinganyinsideinformation.[135] CambridgeUniversityhasbeencriticisedbecausemanycollegesadmitalowproportionofblackstudentsthoughmanyapply.Ofthe31collegesatCambridge6admittedfewerthan10blackormixedracestudentsfrom2012to2016.[136]Figuresfrom2019showthat2%ofstudentswerewhiteand'workingclass'.[137] InJanuary2021,Cambridgecreatedfoundationcoursesfor'disadvantaged'students.[138]WhiletheusualentryrequirementsareA*AAinA-Levels,theone-yearfoundationcoursehas50placesforstudentswhoachieveBBB.[139]Ifsuccessfulonthecourse,studentswillreceivearecognisedCertHEqualificationandcanprogresstodegreesinthearts,humanitiesandsocialsciencesatCambridge.[138]Candidatesincludethosewhohavebeenincare,whoareestrangedfromtheirfamilies,whohavemissedsignificantperiodsoflearningbecauseofhealthissues,thosefromlow-incomebackgroundsandthosefromschoolsthatsendfewstudentstouniversity.[138] Teaching[edit] ResultsfortheCambridgeMathematicalTriposarereadoutinsideSenateHouseandthentossedfromthebalcony Theacademicyearisdividedintothreeacademicterms,determinedbythestatutesoftheuniversity.[140]MichaelmastermlastsfromOctobertoDecember;LenttermfromJanuarytoMarch;andEastertermfromApriltoJune. Withinthesetermsundergraduateteachingtakesplacewithineight-weekperiodscalledFullTerms.Accordingtotheuniversitystatutes,itisarequirementthatduringthisperiodallstudentsshouldlivewithin3milesoftheChurchofStMarytheGreat;thisisdefinedasKeepingterm.Studentscangraduateonlyiftheyfulfillthisconditionfornineterms(threeyears)whenobtainingaBachelorofArtsortwelveterms(fouryears)whenstudyingforaMasterofScience,EngineeringorMathematics.[141] ThesetermsareshorterthanthoseofmanyotherBritishuniversities.[142]Undergraduatesarealsoexpectedtoprepareheavilyinthethreeholidays(knownastheChristmas,EasterandLongVacations). Triposesinvolveamixtureoflectures(organisedbytheuniversitydepartments),andsupervisions(organisedbythecolleges).Sciencesubjectsalsoinvolvelaboratorysessions,organisedbythedepartments.Therelativeimportanceofthesemethodsofteachingvariesaccordingtotheneedsofthesubject.Supervisionsaretypicallyweeklyhour-longsessionsinwhichsmallgroupsofstudents(usuallybetweenoneandthree)meetwithamemberoftheteachingstafforwithadoctoralstudent.Studentsarenormallyrequiredtocompleteanassignmentinadvanceofthesupervision,whichtheywilldiscusswiththesupervisorduringthesession,alongwithanyconcernsordifficultiestheyhavehadwiththematerialpresentedinthatweek'slectures.Theassignmentisoftenanessayonasubjectsetbythesupervisor,oraproblemsheetsetbythelecturer.Dependingonthesubjectandcollege,studentsmightreceivebetweenoneandfoursupervisionsperweek.[143]ThispedagogicalsystemisoftencitedasbeinguniquetoOxford(where"supervisions"areknownas"tutorials")[144]andCambridge. AtutornamedWilliamFarishdevelopedtheconceptofgradingstudents'workquantitativelyattheUniversityofCambridgein1792.[145] Research[edit] Seealso:Category:DepartmentsoftheUniversityofCambridge TheUniversityofCambridgehasresearchdepartmentsandteachingfacultiesinmostacademicdisciplines.Allresearchandlecturesareconductedbyuniversitydepartments.Thecollegesareinchargeofgivingorarrangingmostsupervisions,studentaccommodation,andfundingmostextracurricularactivities.Duringthe1990s,Cambridgeaddedasubstantialnumberofnewspecialistresearchlaboratoriesonseveralsitesaroundthecity,andmajorexpansioncontinuesonanumberofsites.[146] CambridgealsohasaresearchpartnershipwithMITintheUnitedStates:theCambridge–MITInstitute. Graduation[edit] GraduandsentertheSenateHouseatagraduationceremony Unlikeinmostuniversities,theCambridgeMasterofArtsisnotawardedbymeritofstudy,butbyright,sixyearsandonetermaftermatriculation. AttheUniversityofCambridge,eachgraduationisaseparateactoftheuniversity'sgoverningbody,theRegentHouse,andmustbevotedonaswithanyotheract.AformalmeetingoftheRegentHouse,knownasaCongregation,isheldforthispurpose.[147] Thisisthecommonlastactatwhichallthedifferentuniversityprocedures(for:undergraduateandgraduatestudents;andthedifferentdegrees)land.Afterdegreesareapproved,tohavethemconferredcandidatesmustasktheirCollegestobepresentedduringaCongregation. UniversityofficialsleadingtheVice-Chancellor'sdeputyintotheSenateHouse Graduatesreceivinganundergraduatedegreeweartheacademicdressthattheywereentitledtobeforegraduating:forexample,moststudentsbecomingBachelorsofArtswearundergraduategownsandnotBAgowns.Graduatesreceivingapostgraduatedegree(e.g.PhDorMaster's)weartheacademicdressthattheywereentitledtobeforegraduating,onlyiftheirfirstdegreewasalsofromtheUniversityofCambridge;iftheirfirstdegreeisfromanotheruniversity,theyweartheacademicdressofthedegreethattheyareabouttoreceive,theBAgownwithoutthestringsiftheyareunder24yearsofage,ortheMAgownwithoutstringsiftheyare24andover.[148]GraduatesarepresentedintheSenateHousecollegebycollege,inorderoffoundationorrecognitionbytheuniversity,exceptfortheroyalcolleges. Duringthecongregation,graduandsarebroughtforthbythePraelectoroftheircollege,whotakesthembytherighthand,andpresentsthemtothevice-chancellorforthedegreetheyareabouttotake.ThePraelectorpresentsgraduandswiththefollowingLatinstatement(thefollowingformswereusedwhenthevice-chancellorwasfemale),substituting"____"withthenameofthedegree: "Dignissimadomina,DominaProcancellariaettotaAcademiapraesentovobishuncvirumquemsciotammoribusquamdoctrinaesseidoneumadgradumassequendum_____;idquetibifidemeapraestototiqueAcademiae. (MostworthyVice-ChancellorandthewholeUniversity,IpresenttoyouthismanwhomIknowtobesuitableasmuchbycharacterasbylearningtoproceedtothedegreeof____;forwhichIpledgemyfaithtoyouandtothewholeUniversity.)" andfemalegraduandswiththefollowing: "Dignissimadomina,DominaProcancellariaettotaAcademiapraesentovobishancmulieremquamsciotammoribusquamdoctrinaesseidoneamadgradumassequendum____;idquetibifidemeapraestototiqueAcademiae. (MostworthyVice-ChancellorandthewholeUniversity,IpresenttoyouthiswomanwhomIknowtobesuitableasmuchbycharacterasbylearningtoproceedtothedegreeof____;forwhichIpledgemyfaithtoyouandtothewholeUniversity.)" Afterpresentation,thegraduandiscalledbynameandkneelsbeforethevice-chancellorandprofferstheirhandstothevice-chancellor,whoclaspsthemandthenconfersthedegreethroughthefollowingLatinstatement—theTrinitarianformula(innominePatris...)maybeomittedattherequestofthegraduand: "Auctoritatemihicommissaadmittoteadgradum____,innominePatrisetFiliietSpiritusSancti. (Bytheauthoritycommittedtome,Iadmityoutothedegreeof____,inthenameoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolyGhost.)" Thenow-graduatethenrises,bowsandleavestheSenateHousethroughtheDoctor'sdoor,wheretheyreceivetheircertificate,intoSenateHousePassage.[147] Librariesandmuseums[edit] Mainarticle:LibrariesoftheUniversityofCambridge Seealso:Category:MuseumsoftheUniversityofCambridge TrinityCollege'sWrenLibrary Theuniversityhas116libraries.[149]TheCambridgeUniversityLibraryisthecentralresearchlibrary,whichholdsover8 millionvolumes.Itisalegaldepositlibrary,thereforeitisentitledtorequestafreecopyofeverybookpublishedintheUKandIreland.[150]InadditiontotheUniversityLibraryanditsdependents,almosteveryfacultyordepartmenthasaspecialisedlibrary;forexample,theHistoryFaculty'sSeeleyHistoricalLibrarypossessesmorethan100,000books.Furthermore,everycollegehasalibraryaswell,partiallyforthepurposesofundergraduateteaching,andtheoldercollegesoftenpossessmanyearlybooksandmanuscriptsinaseparatelibrary.Forexample,TrinityCollege'sWrenLibraryhasmorethan200,000booksprintedbefore1800,whileCorpusChristiCollege'sParkerLibrarypossessesoneofthegreatestcollectionsofmedievalmanuscriptsintheworld,withover600manuscripts. TheFitzwilliamMuseum,theartandantiquitiesmuseumoftheUniversityofCambridge CambridgeUniversityoperateseightarts,cultural,andscientificmuseums,andabotanicgarden.[151]TheFitzwilliamMuseum,istheartandantiquitiesmuseum,theKettle'sYardisacontemporaryartgallery,theMuseumofArchaeologyandAnthropologyhousestheuniversity'scollectionsoflocalantiquities,togetherwitharchaeologicalandethnographicartefactsfromaroundtheworld,theCambridgeUniversityMuseumofZoologyhousesawiderangeofzoologicalspecimensfromaroundtheworldandisknownforitsiconicfinbackwhaleskeletonthathangsoutside.ThisMuseumalsohasspecimenscollectedbyCharlesDarwin.Othermuseumsinclude,theMuseumofClassicalArchaeology,theWhippleMuseumoftheHistoryofScience,theSedgwickMuseumofEarthScienceswhichisthegeologymuseumoftheuniversity,thePolarMuseum,partoftheScottPolarResearchInstitutewhichisdedicatedtoCaptainScottandhismen,andfocusesontheexplorationofthePolarRegions. TheCambridgeUniversityBotanicGardenisthebotanicgardenoftheuniversity,createdin1831. Publishingandassessments[edit] Theuniversity'spublishingarm,theCambridgeUniversityPress,istheoldestprinterandpublisherintheworld,anditisthesecondlargestuniversitypressintheworld.[152][153] TheuniversitysetupitsLocalExaminationSyndicatein1858.Today,thesyndicate,whichisknownasCambridgeAssessment,isEurope'slargestassessmentagencyanditplaysaleadingroleinresearching,developinganddeliveringassessmentsacrosstheglobe.[154] Reputationandrankings[edit] RankingsNationalrankingsComplete(2022)[155]2Guardian(2022)[156]2Times/SundayTimes(2022)[157]3GlobalrankingsARWU(2021)[158]3QS(2022)[159]3THE(2022)[160]5BritishGovernmentassessmentTeachingExcellenceFramework[161]Gold Asof2021,theUniversityofCambridgeranked3rdintheworldbytheprestigiousARWUrankings(1stintheUK),onlybehindHarvardandStanford.[162]Cambridgeisalsorankedasthe3rdbestUniversityintheworldbytheQSRanking,thistimebehindMITandOxford,andtiedwithStanford,[163]and5thintheworld(tiedwithMIT)bythe2022TimesHigherEducationRankings.[164]Cambridgealsorankedfourthinthe2020WorldReputationRankingbehindHarvard,MITandStanford,andaheadofOxford.[165] Cambridgeisconsistentlyrankedasoneofthetopuniversitiesintheworld.[166][167][168]In2011,TimesHigherEducation(THE)recognisedCambridgeasoneoftheworld's"sixsuperbrands"onitsWorldReputationRankings,alongwithBerkeley,Harvard,MIT,OxfordandStanford.[169] WithintheUK,CambridgeisrankedatNo.1bytheTimesRankingandatNo.2byTheCompleteGuide.Accordingtothe2016CompleteUniversityGuide,theUniversityofCambridgeisrankedfirstamongsttheUK'suniversities;thisrankingisbasedonabroadraftofcriteriafromentrystandardsandstudentsatisfactiontoqualityofteachinginspecificsubjectsandjobprospectsforgraduates.[170]Theuniversityisrankedasthe2ndbestuniversityintheUKforthequalityofgraduatesaccordingtorecruitersfromtheUK'smajorcompanies.[171] In2014–15,accordingtoUniversityRankingbyAcademicPerformance(URAP),CambridgeisrankedsecondinUK(comingsecondtoOxford)andrankedfifthintheworld.[172] Inthe2001and2008GovernmentResearchAssessmentExercises,Cambridgewasrankedfirstinthecountry.[173]In2005,itwasreportedthatCambridgeproducesmorePhDsperyearthananyotherBritishuniversity(over30%morethansecondplacedOxford).[174]In2006,aThomsonScientificstudyshowedthatCambridgehasthehighestresearchpaperoutputofanyBritishuniversity,andisalsothetopresearchproducer(asassessedbytotalpapercitationcount)in10outof21majorBritishresearchfieldsanalysed.[175]AnotherstudypublishedthesameyearbyEvidenceshowedthatCambridgewonalargerproportion(6.6%)oftotalBritishresearchgrantsandcontractsthananyotheruniversity(comingfirstinthreeoutoffourbroaddisciplinefields).[176] Theuniversityisalsocloselylinkedwiththedevelopmentofthehigh-techbusinessclusterinandaroundCambridge,whichformstheareaknownasSiliconFenorsometimesthe"CambridgePhenomenon".In2004,itwasreportedthatSiliconFenwasthesecondlargestventurecapitalmarketintheworld,afterSiliconValley.EstimatesreportedinFebruary2006suggestthattherewereabout250activestartupcompaniesdirectlylinkedwiththeuniversity,wortharoundUS$6 billion.[177] CambridgehasbeenhighlyrankedbymostinternationalandUKleaguetables.Inparticular,ithadtoppedtheQSWorldUniversityRankingsfrom2010/11to2011/12.[178][179]A2006Newsweekoverallranking,whichcombinedelementsoftheTHES-QSandARWUrankingswithotherfactorsthatpurportedlyevaluatedaninstitution'sglobal"opennessanddiversity",suggestedCambridgewassixtharoundtheglobe.[180]InTheGuardiannewspaper's2012rankings,CambridgehadovertakenOxfordinphilosophy,law,politics,theology,maths,classics,anthropologyandmodernlanguages.[181]Inthe2009TimesGoodUniversityGuideSubjectRankings,itwasrankedtop(orjointtop)in34outofthe42subjectswhichitoffers.[182]ButCambridgehasbeenrankedonly30thintheworldand3rdintheUKbytheMinesParisTech:ProfessionalRankingofWorldUniversitiesbasedonthenumberofalumniholdingCEOpositioninFortuneGlobal500companies. Sexualharassment[edit] Inrecentyears,Cambridgehascomeunderincreasedcriticismandlegalchallengesforitsmishandlingofsexualharassmentclaims.[183][184]In2019,forexample,formerstudentDanielleBradfordsuedCambridgethroughnotedsexualharassmentlawyerAnnOlivariusforhowtheuniversityhandledhercomplaintofsexualmisconduct."IwastoldthatIshouldthinkaboutitverycarefullybecausemakingacomplaintcouldaffectmyplaceinmydepartment."[185]In2020,hundredsofcurrentandformerstudentsaccusedtheuniversityinaletterof"acompletefailure"todealwithcomplaintsofsexualmisconduct.[186] Studentlife[edit] TheUniversityCentremaindininghall StudentUnions[edit] Mainarticle:CambridgeStudents'Union AllstudentsattheUniversityofCambridgearerepresentedbyCambridgeStudents'Union.TheSUwasfoundedin2020asamergeroftwoexistingStudentUnionsinCambridge:CUSU(theCambridgeUniversityStudents‘Union)andtheGU(theGraduateUnion).CUSUpreviouslyrepresentedallUniversitystudents,andtheGUsolelyrepresentedgraduatestudents.[187][188] TheeightmostimportantpositionsintheSUareoccupiedbysabbaticalofficers.[189]In2020,thesabbaticalofficerswereelectedwithaturnoutof20.88%ofthewholestudentbody.[190] In2021,CambridgeStudents'UnionstartedapetitionagainstthefinancialcollaborationbetweentheuniversityandthegovernmentoftheUnitedArabEmiratesworth£400m.TheUnioncitedthecauseofthepetitionasthewarningofthe"valuesgap"andthreatto"academicfreedomandinstitutionalautonomy"reviewedintheinternaldocuments.Citingthegravehistoryofviolatingtheinternationallawofhumanrights,theCambridgeUCUwarnedoftheuniversitystaffofbeingvulnerabletotherepressionofgender,sexuality,orfreedomofexpression.[191] Sport[edit] Seealso:Category:SportattheUniversityofCambridge TheboathouseoftheCambridgeUniversityBoatClub RowingisaparticularlypopularsportatCambridge,andtherearecompetitionsbetweencolleges,notablythebumpsraces,andagainstOxford,theBoatRace.TherearealsoVarsitymatchesagainstOxfordinmanyothersports,rangingfromcricketandrugby,tochessandtiddlywinks.AthletesrepresentingtheuniversityincertainsportsareentitledtoapplyforaCambridgeBlueatthediscretionoftheBluesCommittee,consistingofthecaptainsofthethirteenmostprestigioussports.Thereisalsotheself-described"unashamedlyelite"Hawks'Club,whichisformenonly,whosemembershipisusuallyrestrictedtoCambridgeFullBluesandHalfBlues.[192]TheOspreysaretheequivalentfemaleclub. TheUniversityofCambridgeSportsCentreopenedinAugust2013.Phase1includeda37x34mSportsHall,aFitnessSuite,aStrengthandConditioningRoom,aMulti-PurposeRoomandEtonandRugbyFivescourts.Phase1bincluded5glassbackedsquashcourtsandaTeamTrainingRoom.Futurephasesincludeindoorandoutdoortenniscourtsandaswimmingpool.[193] TheuniversityalsohasanAthleticsTrackatWilberforceRoad,anIndoorCricketSchoolandFenner'sCricketGround. Societies[edit] Seealso:ListofsocialactivitiesattheUniversityofCambridgeandCategory:ClubsandsocietiesoftheUniversityofCambridge StephenFryintheMainChamberoftheCambridgeUnion Numerousstudent-runsocietiesexistinordertoencouragepeoplewhoshareacommonpassionorinteresttoperiodicallymeetordiscuss.Asof2010[update],therewere751registeredsocieties.[194]Inadditiontothese,individualcollegesoftenpromotetheirownsocietiesandsportsteams. Althoughtechnicallyindependentfromtheuniversity,theCambridgeUnionservesasafocusfordebatingandpublicspeaking,astheoldestfreespeechsocietyintheworld,andthelargestinCambridge.DramasocietiesnotablyincludetheAmateurDramaticClub(ADC)andthecomedyclubFootlights,whichareknownforproducingwell-knownshow-businesspersonalities.TheCambridgeUniversityChamberOrchestraexploresarangeofprogrammes,frompopularsymphoniestolesserknownworks;membershipoftheorchestraiscomposedofstudentsoftheuniversity. Newspapersandradio[edit] Seealso:Category:PublicationsassociatedwiththeUniversityofCambridge Cambridge'soldeststudentnewspaperisVarsity.Establishedin1947,notablefigurestohaveeditedthepaperincludeJeremyPaxman,BBCmediaeditorAmolRajan,andVogueinternationaleditorSuzyMenkes.IthasalsofeaturedtheearlywritingsofZadieSmith(whoappearedinVarsity'sliteraryanthologyoffshoot,TheMays),RobertWebb,TristramHunt,andTonyWilson. Withaprintrunof9,000,Varsityistheonlystudentpapertogotoprintonaweeklybasis.NewsstoriesfromthepaperhaverecentlyappearedinTheGuardian,TheTimes,TheSundayTimes,TheDailyTelegraph,TheIndependent,andThei. OtherstudentpublicationsincludeTheCambridgeStudent,whichisfundedbyCambridgeUniversityStudents'Unionandgoestoprintonafortnightlybasis,andTheTab.FoundedbytwoCambridgestudentsin2009,TheTabisonline-only(apartfromoneprinteditioninFreshers'Week),andmostlyfeatureslight-heartedfeaturescontent. TheMaysisaliteraryanthologymadeupofstudentprose,poetry,andvisualartfrombothCambridgeandOxford.Foundedin1992bythreeCambridgestudents,theanthologygoestoprintonanannualbasis.ItisoverseenbyVarsityPublicationsLtd,thesamebodythatisresponsibleforVarsity,thenewspaper. Therearemanyotherjournals,magazines,andzines.Anotherliteraryjournal,Notes,ispublishedroughlytwotimesperterm.Manycollegesalsohavetheirownpublicationsrunbystudents. Thestudentradiostation,CamFM,isruntogetherwithstudentsfromAngliaRuskinuniversity.OneoffewstudentradiostationstohaveanFMlicence(frequency97.2 MHz),thestationhostsamixtureofmusic,talk,andsportsshows. JCRandMCR[edit] TheMainHallatChrist'sCollege Inadditiontouniversity-widerepresentation,studentscanbenefitfromtheirowncollegestudentunions,whichareknownasJCR(JuniorCombinationRoom)forundergraduatesandMCR(MiddleCombinationRoom)forpostgraduates.Theseserveasalinkbetweencollegestaffandmembersandconsistsofofficerselectedannuallybetweenthefellowstudents;individualJCRandMCRsalsoreporttoCUSU,whichofferstrainingcoursesforsomeofthepositionswithinthebody.[195] FormalHallsandMayBalls[edit] ThebridgeovertheRiverCamatClareCollegeduringits2005MayBall OneprivilegeofstudentlifeatCambridgeistheopportunitytoattendformaldinnersatcollege.ThesearecalledFormalHallandoccurregularlyduringtermtime,oftendailyatsomecolleges.Studentssitdownforamealintheirgowns,whileFellowseatseparatelyatHighTable:thebeginningandendofthefunctionisusuallymarkedwithagracesaidinLatin.SpecialFormalHallsareorganisedforeventssuchasChristmasandtheCommemorationofBenefactors.[196] Aftertheexamperiod,MayWeekisheldanditiscustomarytocelebratebyattendingMayBalls.Theseareall-nightlonglavishpartiesheldinthecollegeswherefoodanddrinksareservedandentertainmentisprovided.TimemagazinearguesthatsomeofthelargerMayBallsareamongthebestprivatepartiesintheworld.SuicideSunday,thefirstdayofMayWeek,isapopulardatefororganisinggardenparties.[197] Notablealumniandacademics[edit] Seealso:ListofUniversityofCambridgepeople,ListofNobellaureatesaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofCambridge,AlumniCantabrigienses,Category:AlumnioftheUniversityofCambridge,andCategory:AcademicsoftheUniversityofCambridge Overthecourseofitshistory,anumberofCambridgeUniversityacademicsandalumnihavebecomenotableintheirfields,bothacademicandinthewiderworld.AsofOctober2020,121affiliatesoftheUniversityofCambridgehavewon122Nobelprizes(FrederickSangerwontwice[198][199]),with70formerstudentsoftheuniversityhavingwontheprize.Inaddition,asof2019,Cambridgealumni,facultymembersandresearchershavewon11FieldsMedalsand7TuringAwards. Mathematicsandsciences[edit] CharlesDarwin—whosefamilywasalsobenefactorofDarwinCollege StephenHawking AmongthemostfamousofCambridgenaturalphilosophersisSirIsaacNewton,whoconductedmanyofhisexperimentsinthegroundsofTrinityCollege.OthersareSirFrancisBacon,whowasresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthescientificmethodandthemathematiciansJohnDeeandBrookTaylor.PuremathematiciansincludeG.H.Hardy,JohnEdensorLittlewood,MaryCartwrightandAugustusDeMorgan;SirMichaelAtiyah,aspecialistingeometry;WilliamOughtred,inventorofthelogarithmicscale;JohnWallis,firsttostatethelawofacceleration;SrinivasaRamanujan,theself-taughtgeniuswhomadesubstantialcontributionstomathematicalanalysis,numbertheory,infiniteseriesandcontinuedfractions;andJamesClerkMaxwell,whobroughtaboutthe"secondgreatunificationofphysics"(thefirstbeingaccreditedtoNewton)withhisclassicaltheoryofelectromagneticradiation.In1890,mathematicianPhilippaFawcettwasthepersonwiththehighestscoreintheCambridgeMathematicalTriposexams,butasawomanwasunabletotakethetitleof'SeniorWrangler'. Inbiology,CharlesDarwin,famousfordevelopingthetheoryofnaturalselection,wasanalumnusofChrist'sCollege,althoughhiseducationwasintendedtoallowhimtobecomeaclergyman.BiologistsFrancisCrickandJamesWatsonworkedoutamodelforthethree-dimensionalstructureofDNAwhileworkingattheCavendishLaboratory;CambridgegraduatesMauriceWilkinsandespeciallyRosalindFranklinproducedkeyX-raycrystallographydata,whichwassharedwithWatsonbyWilkins.WilkinswentontohelpverifytheproposedstructureandwintheNobelPrizewithWatsonandCrick.Morerecently,SirIanWilmutwaspartoftheteamresponsibleforthefirstcloningofamammal(DollytheSheepin1996),naturalistandbroadcasterDavidAttenborough,ethologistJaneGoodall,expertonchimpanzeeswasaPhDstudent,anthropologistDameAlisonRichard,formervice-chancelloroftheuniversity,andFrederickSanger,abiochemistknownfordevelopingSangersequencingandreceivingtwoNobelprizes. Despitetheuniversity'sdelayinadmittingwomentofulldegrees,Cambridgewomenwereattheheartofscientificresearchthroughoutthe20thcentury.Notablefemalescientistsinclude;biochemistMarjoryStephenson,plantphysiologistGabrielleHoward,socialanthropologistAudreyRichards,psycho-analystAlixStrachey,whowithherhusbandtranslatedtheworksofSigmundFreud,KavliPrize-winnerBrendaMilner,co-discoveryofspecialisedbrainnetworksformemoryandcognition.VeterinaryepidemiologistSarahCleavelandhasworkedtoeliminaterabiesintheSerengeti.[200] Theuniversitycanbeconsideredthebirthplaceofthecomputer,mathematicianand"fatherofthecomputer"CharlesBabbagedesignedtheworld'sfirstcomputingsystemasearlyasthemid-1800s.AlanTuringwentontodevisewhatisessentiallythebasisformoderncomputingandMauriceWilkeslatercreatedthefirstprogrammablecomputer.ThewebcamwasalsoinventedatCambridgeUniversity,showingtheTrojanRoomcoffeepotintheComputerLaboratories. Inphysics,ErnestRutherfordwhoisregardedasthefatherofnuclearphysics,spentmuchofhislifeattheuniversitywhereheworkedcloselywithE.J.WilliamsandNielsBohr,amajorcontributortotheunderstandingoftheatom,J.J.Thomson,discovereroftheelectron,SirJamesChadwick,discovereroftheneutron,andSirJohnCockcroftandErnestWalton,responsibleforfirstsplittingtheatom.J.RobertOppenheimer,leaderoftheManhattanProjectthatdevelopedtheatomicbomb,alsostudiedunderRutherfordandThomson.JoanCurrandevisedthe'chaff'techniqueduringtheSecondWorldWartodisruptradaronenemyplanes. PaulDirac,theoreticalphysicist AstronomersSirJohnHerschel,SirArthurEddington,PaulDirac,thediscovererofantimatterandoneofthepioneersofquantummechanics;StephenHawking,theoreticalphysicistandtheuniversity'slong-servingLucasianProfessorofMathematicsuntil2009;andLordMartinRees,thecurrentAstronomerRoyalandformerMasterofTrinityCollege.JohnPolkinghorne,amathematicianbeforehisentranceintotheAnglicanministry,receivedtheTempletonPrizeforhisworkreconcilingscienceandreligion. OthersignificantscientistsincludeHenryCavendish,thediscovererofhydrogen;FrankWhittle,co-inventorofthejetengine;WilliamThomson(LordKelvin),whoformulatedtheoriginalLawsofThermodynamics;WilliamFoxTalbot,whoinventedthecamera,AlfredNorthWhitehead,Einstein'smajoropponent;SirJagadishChandraBose,oneofthefathersofradioscience;LordRayleigh,whomadeextensivecontributionstoboththeoreticalandexperimentalphysicsinthe20thcentury;andGeorgesLemaître,whofirstproposedaBigBangtheory. MuhammadIqbal,philosopher,poet Humanities,musicandart[edit] Inthehumanities,GreekstudieswereinauguratedatCambridgeintheearlysixteenthcenturybyDesideriusErasmus;contributionstothefieldweremadebyRichardBentleyandRichardPorson.JohnChadwickwasassociatedwithMichaelVentrisinthedeciphermentofLinearB.TheLatinistA.E.HousmantaughtatCambridgebutismorewidelyknownasapoet.SimonOckleymadeasignificantcontributiontoArabicStudies. LudwigWittgenstein,philosopher DistinguishedCambridgeacademicsincludeeconomistssuchasJohnMaynardKeynes,ThomasMalthus,AlfredMarshall,MiltonFriedman,JoanRobinson,PieroSraffa,Ha-JoonChangandAmartyaSen,aformerMasterofTrinityCollege.PhilosophersSirFrancisBacon,BertrandRussell,LudwigWittgenstein,LeoStrauss,GeorgeSantayana,G.E.M.Anscombe,SirKarlPopper,SirBernardWilliams,SirAllamaMuhammadIqbalandG.E.MoorewereallCambridgescholars,aswerehistorianssuchasThomasBabingtonMacaulay,FredericWilliamMaitland,LordActon,JosephNeedham,E.H.Carr,HughTrevor-Roper,RhodaDorsey,E.P.Thompson,EricHobsbawm,QuentinSkinner,NiallFergusonandArthurM.Schlesinger,Jr.andKarlWSchweizer,authorandhistorian. ReligiousfigureshaveincludedRowanWilliams,formerarchbishopofCanterburyandhispredecessors;WilliamTyndale,thebiblicaltranslator;ThomasCranmer,HughLatimer,andNicholasRidley,knownasthe"Oxfordmartyrs"fromtheplaceoftheirexecution;BenjaminWhichcoteandtheCambridgePlatonists;WilliamPaley,theChristianphilosopherknownprimarilyforformulatingtheteleologicalargumentfortheexistenceofGod;WilliamWilberforceandThomasClarkson,largelyresponsiblefortheabolitionoftheslavetrade;EvangelicalchurchmanCharlesSimeon;JohnWilliamColenso,thebishopofNatalwhodevelopedviewsontheinterpretationofScriptureandrelationswithnativepeoplesthatseemeddangerouslyradicalatthetime;JohnBainbridgeWebsterandDavidF.Ford,theologians;andsixwinnersoftheTempletonPrize,thehighestaccoladeforthestudyofreligionsinceitsfoundationin1972. ThomasCranmer ComposersRalphVaughanWilliams,SirCharlesVilliersStanford,WilliamSterndaleBennett,OrlandoGibbonsand,morerecently,AlexanderGoehr,ThomasAdès,JohnRutter,JulianAnderson,JudithWeirandMauryYestonwereallatCambridge.Theuniversityhasalsoproducedinstrumentalistsandconductors,includingColinDavis,JohnEliotGardiner,RogerNorrington,TrevorPinnock,AndrewManze,RichardEgarr,MarkElder,RichardHickox,ChristopherHogwood,AndrewMarriner,DavidMunrow,SimonStandage,EndellionQuartetandFitzwilliamQuartet.Althoughknownprimarilyforitschoralmusic,theuniversityhasalsoproducedmembersofcontemporarybandssuchasRadiohead,HotChip,ProcolHarum,CleanBandit,SportsTeamsongwriterandentertainerJonathanKing,HenryCow,andthesinger-songwriterNickDrake. ArtistsQuentinBlake,RogerFry,RoseFerrabyandJulianTrevelyan,sculptorsAntonyGormley,MarcQuinnandSirAnthonyCaro,andphotographersAntonyArmstrong-Jones,SirCecilBeatonandMickRockallattendedasundergraduates. Literature[edit] TheMarloweportrait,oftenclaimedtobeChristopherMarlowe,playwright WriterstohavestudiedattheuniversityincludetheElizabethandramatistChristopherMarlowe,hisfellowUniversityWitsThomasNasheandRobertGreene,arguablythefirstprofessionalauthorsinEngland,andJohnFletcher,whocollaboratedwithShakespeareonTheTwoNobleKinsmen,HenryVIIIandthelostCardenioandsucceededhimashouseplaywrightofTheKing'sMen.SamuelPepysmatriculatedin1650,knownforhisdiary,theoriginalmanuscriptsofwhicharenowhousedinthePepysLibraryatMagdaleneCollege.LawrenceSterne,whosenovelTristramShandyisjudgedtohaveinspiredmanymodernnarrativedevicesandstyles.Inthefollowingcentury,thenovelistsW.M.Thackeray,bestknownforVanityFair,CharlesKingsley,authorofWestwardHo!andWaterBabies,andSamuelButler,rememberedforTheWayofAllFleshandErewhon,wereallatCambridge. GhoststorywriterM.R.JamesservedasprovostofKing'sCollegefrom1905to1918.NovelistAmyLevywasthefirstJewishwomantoattendtheuniversity.ModernistwriterstohaveattendedtheuniversityincludeE.M.Forster,RosamondLehmann,VladimirNabokov,ChristopherIsherwoodandMalcolmLowry.Althoughnotastudent,VirginiaWoolfwroteheressayARoomofOne'sOwnwhileinresidenceatNewnhamCollege.PlaywrightJ.B.Priestley,physicistandnovelistC.P.Snowandchildren'swriterA.A.Milnewerealsoamongthosewhopassedthroughtheuniversityintheearly20thcentury.TheywerefollowedbythepostmodernistsPatrickWhite,J.G.Ballard,andtheearlypostcolonialwriterE.R.Braithwaite.Morerecently,alumniincludecomedywritersDouglasAdams,TomSharpeandHowardJacobson,thepopularnovelistsA.S.Byatt,SirSalmanRushdie,NickHornby,ZadieSmith,LouiseDean,RobertHarrisandSebastianFaulks,theactionwritersMichaelCrichton,DavidGibbinsandJinYong,andcontemporaryplaywrightsandscreenwriterssuchasJulianFellowes,StephenPoliakoff,MichaelFraynandSirPeterShaffer. LordByron,Englishpoet ZadieSmith,Author CambridgepoetsincludeEdmundSpenser,authorofTheFaerieQueene,theMetaphysicalpoetsJohnDonne(whopenned"ForWhomtheBellTolls"),GeorgeHerbertandAndrewMarvell,JohnMilton,renownedforhislateepicParadiseLost,theRestorationpoetandplaywrightJohnDryden,thepre-romanticThomasGray,bestknownhisElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,WilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,whosejointworkLyricalBalladsisoftenseentomarkthebeginningoftheRomanticmovement,laterRomanticssuchasLordByronandthepostromanticAlfred,LordTennyson,authorsofthebestknowncarpediempoemsincludingRobertHerrickbestknown"TotheVirgins,toMakeMuchofTime"withthefirstline"Gatheryerosebudswhileyemay"andAndrewMarvellwhoauthored"ToHisCoyMistress",classicalscholarandlyricpoetA.E.Housman,warpoetsSiegfriedSassoonandRupertBrooke,modernistT.E.Hulme,confessionalpoetsTedHughes,SylviaPlathandJohnBerryman,and,morerecently,CecilDay-Lewis,JosephBrodsky,KathleenRaineandGeoffreyHill.AtleastnineofthePoetsLaureategraduatedfromCambridge.Theuniversityhasalsomadeanotablecontributiontoliterarycriticism,havingproduced,amongothers,F.R.Leavis,I.A.Richards,C.K.OgdenandWilliamEmpson,oftencollectivelyknownastheCambridgeCritics,theMarxistsRaymondWilliams,sometimesregardedasthefoundingfatherofculturalstudies,andTerryEagleton,authorofLiteraryTheory:AnIntroduction,themostsuccessfulacademicbookeverpublished,theAestheticianHaroldBloom,theNewHistoricistStephenGreenblatt,andbiographicalwriterssuchasLyttonStrachey,acentralfigureintheBloomsburyGroup,PeterAckroydandClaireTomalin. StephenFry,comedianandactor ActorsanddirectorssuchasSirIanMcKellen,EleanorBron,MiriamMargolyes,SirDerekJacobi,SirMichaelRedgrave,JamesMason,EmmaThompson,StephenFry,HughLaurie,JohnCleese,JohnOliver,FreddieHighmore,EricIdle,GrahamChapman,GraemeGarden,TimBrooke-Taylor,BillOddie,SimonRussellBeale,TildaSwinton,ThandieNewton,GeorgieHenley,RachelWeisz,SachaBaronCohen,TomHiddleston,SaraMohr-Pietsch,EddieRedmayne,DanStevens,JamieBamber,LilyCole,DavidMitchell,RobertWebb,RichardAyoade,MelGiedroycandSuePerkinsallstudiedattheuniversity,asdiddirectorssuchasMikeNewell,SamMendes,StephenFrears,PaulGreengrass,ChrisWeitzandJohnMadden. Sports[edit] Asof2016[update],athleteswhoareuniversitygraduatesorattendeeshadwonatotalof194Olympicmedals,including88gold.[22]ThelegendaryChinesesix-timeworldtabletennischampionDengYaping;thesprinterandathleticsheroHaroldAbrahams;theinventorsofthemoderngameoffootball,H.deWintonandJ.C.Thring;andGeorgeMallory,thefamedmountaineerallattendedCambridge.Furthermore,IndianCricketerColonelH.H.ShriSirRanjitsinhjiVibhajiII,JamSahebofNawanagar(oftenknownasRanji),iswidelyregardedasoneofthebestbatsmenofnotonlyhisgenerationbutalsoalltime.Heonlyplayedforoneyearattheuniversityfrom1893to1894. Education[edit] NotableeducationaliststohaveattendedtheuniversityincludethefoundersandearlyprofessorsofHarvardUniversity,includingJohnHarvardhimself;EmilyDavies,founderofGirtonCollege,thefirstresidentialhighereducationinstitutionforwomen,andJohnHadenBadley,founderofthefirstmixed-sexpublicschool(i.e.notpublic)inEngland;AnilKumarGain,20thcenturymathematicianandfounderoftheVidyasagarUniversityinBengal,SiramGovindarajuluNaidufoundervicechancellorofSriVenkateswaraUniversityandMenachemBen-Sasson,IsraeliPresidentofHebrewUniversityofJerusalem. Politics[edit] Cambridgehasastrongreputationinthefieldofpolitics,havingeducated:[201] FourteenBritishPrimeMinisters,includingRobertWalpole,consideredtobethefirstPrimeMinisterofGreatBritain. Atleast30foreignHeadsofState/Government,includingpresidentsofIndia,Ireland,Zambia,SouthKorea,UgandaandTrinidadandTobago;alongwithPrimeMinistersofIndia,Burma,Pakistan,SouthAfrica,NewZealand,Poland,Australia,France,Singapore,SriLanka,Malta,Thailand,Malaysia,andJordan.(FormerpresidentofIndianNationalCongressSoniaGandhihadclaimedtobealumnabutlater,afterconfirmationithasbeenfoundthatshewasnot.) Atleastninemonarchs,includingEdwardVII,GeorgeVI,KingPeterIIofYugoslavia,QueenMargretheIIofDenmarkandQueenSofíaofSpain.TheuniversityhasalsoeducatedCharles,PrinceofWalesandalargenumberofotherroyals. ThreesignatoriesoftheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence(ThomasLynchJr.,ArthurMiddleton,ThomasNelsonJr.).[202] OliverCromwell,LordProtectorofEngland(1653–58).[203] Inliteratureandpopularculture[edit] Mainarticle:UniversityofCambridgeinpopularculture Seealso:ListoffictionalCambridgecolleges Throughoutitshistory,theuniversityhasfrequentlyfeaturedinliteratureandartisticworksbyvariousauthors.Asof2020,IMDblists71filmsorTVshowsthatincludeCambridgeasafilminglocation.[204] Cambridgewasmentionedasearlyasthe14thcenturyinChaucer'sCanterburyTales.InTheReeve'sTale,thetwomaincharactersarestudentsataCambridgecollegecalled"SolerHalle".ItisbelievedthatthisreferstoKing'sHall,whichisnowpartofTrinityCollege.[205] Theuniversityhasbeenthesettingforallorpartofnumerousnovels,includingDouglasAdams'DirkGently'sHolisticDetectiveAgency,RoseMacaulay'sTheyWereDefeated,[206]andTomSharpe'sPorterhouseBlue.[207] OthernotableexamplesofCambridgeinpopularcultureinclude: XuZhimo'sbest-knownpoem(1928)isZaibieKangqiao(simplifiedChinese:再别康桥;traditionalChinese:再別康橋;.:'again(or"oncemore")leaveCambridge'),variouslytranslatedintoEnglishas"OnLeavingCambridge","SayingGoodbyetoCambridgeAgain","GoodbyeAgain,Cambridge",etc.ThepoemispartofChina'snationalcurriculumtaughttoallschoolchildrenandhasgeneratedatremendousamountofadorationofCambridgeinChina.[208] InthePsmithseries(1908–1923collectionofnovels)byP.G.Wodehouse,boththetitlecharacterandMike,hisclosestfriend,studyatCambridgeUniversity. ChariotsofFire(1981film)byHughHudsonispartlysetatCambridgebetween1919and1924,whenprotagonistHaroldAbrahams(playedbyBenCross)wasastudentthere. MontyPython'sTheMeaningofLife(1983)featuresChurchillCollegeinthe"churchscene".ManymembersofMontyPythonareCambridgealumni. TrueBlue(1996)isafilmaboutthemutinyatthetimeoftheOxford-CambridgeBoatRaceof1987. TheHistoryBoys(2008)isafilmaboutagroupofboysapplyingtodohistoryatOxfordandCambridge. InGuyRichie's2011filmSherlockHolmes:AGameofShadows,SherlockHolmesisshownmeetinghisnemesis,ProfessorMoriarty,inMoriarty'soffice,withabriefstockshotestablishingthisasKing'sCollege,whereMoriartyisaprofessor. InJamesMarsh's2014BiographicalfilmTheTheoryofEverything,youngStephenHawkingfallsinlovewithliteraturestudentJaneWildeatCambridgeUniversity,wherebothofthemstudy. TheImitationGameisa2014historicaldramathatfeaturesAlanTuring(playedbyBenedictCumberbatch)prominently.Severallinesinthefilm'sdialoguemakereferencetoTuringbeingaCambridgealumnusandfellowofKing'sCollegeofCambridge. The2015filmTheManWhoKnewInfinityaboutmathematicianSrinivasaRamanujanwasfilmedatTrinityCollege,Cambridge,whereRamanujanwasafellow. Gallery[edit] GreatCourt,TrinityCollege CorpusChristiCollegeNewCourt Gatehouse,GonvilleandCaiusCollege FirstCourt,PembrokeCollege Gatehouse,SelwynCollege MainCourt,StCatharine'sCollege HughesHallandFenner's BredonHouseofWolfsonCollege StEdmund'sCollege WestLodgeGarden,DowningCollege Queens'CollegeOldGatehouse DiningHallofMagdaleneCollege ChapelCourt,JesusCollege SecondCourt,StJohn'sCollege TrinityHall TheCavendishBuilding,HomertonCollege DarwinCollege Thechapel,SidneySussexCollege JudgeBusinessSchoolinterior TheGroveatFitzwilliamCollege Gatehouse,GirtonCollege Seealso[edit] UnitedKingdomportal CambridgeUniversityConstabulary CambridgeUniversityprimates Listofmedievaluniversities ListofNobellaureatesaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofCambridge ListoforganisationsandinstitutionsassociatedwiththeUniversityofCambridge ListoforganisationswithaBritishroyalcharter ListofprofessorshipsattheUniversityofCambridge Notes[edit] ^NewUCASTariffsystemfrom2016 References[edit] 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95–115.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0047-5_6.ISBN 978-94-007-0046-8.Retrieved7June2021. ^"WhatshouldstudentsexpectfromtheirCollegeandtheUniversity?".UniversityofCambridge.December2017.Retrieved7June2021. ^"TheJewelintheCrown?".DavidPalfreyman.Retrieved7June2021. ^"'Jewelinthecrown?'TheOxbridgeCollege:itsorigin,characterandfuture"(PDF).DuncanDormor.Retrieved7June2021. ^"TheTutorialSystem:TheJewelintheCrown".TedTapper,DavidPalfreyman.Retrieved7June2021. ^"UKInnovationStrategy:Leadingthefuturebycreatingit"(PDF).DepartmentforBusiness,Energy&IndustrialStrategy.Retrieved26July2021. ^Listsofinstitutionsofhighereducationbyendowmentsize ^Adams,Richard;Greenwood,Xavier(28May2018)."OxfordandCambridgeuniversitycollegeshold£21bninriches".TheGuardian. ^Colleges£7,424.3M,[1]University(consolidated)£5,144.8M[4] ^"Nobelprizewinners".UniversityofCambridge.28January2013.Retrieved6December2015. ^ab"AllKnownCambridgeOlympians".HawksClub.Retrieved17May2019. ^Davies,Mark(4November2010)."'TolickaLordandthrashacad':Oxford'Town&Gown'".BBCNews.BBC.Retrieved3January2014. ^Leedham-Green,Elisabeth(1996).AConciseHistoryoftheUniversityofCambridge.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 3.ISBN 978-0-521-43978-7.Retrieved9May2015. ^"MiddleAges".BritishHistoryTimeline.BBC.Retrieved7September2013. ^deRidder-Symoens,Hilde(2003).CambridgeUniversityPress(ed.).AHistoryoftheUniversityinEurope:UniversitiesintheMiddleAges.1.p. 89.ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8. ^abHackett,M.B.(1970).TheoriginalstatutesofCambridgeUniversity:Thetextanditshistory.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 178.ISBN 978-0-521-07076-8.Retrieved2September2012. ^Willey,David(2012)."VaticanrevealsCambridgepapers".Cam.66:5. ^Cooper,CharlesHenry(1860).MemorialsofCambridge.1.W.Metcalfe.p. 32.Retrieved9September2012. ^Helmholtz,R.H.(1990).RomanCanonLawinReformationEngland.CambridgeStudiesinEnglishLegalHistory.CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 35,153.ISBN 978-0-521-38191-8. 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