Theodor W. Adorno - Wikipedia

Theodor W. Adorno was a German philosopher, sociologist, psychologist, musicologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society. TheodorW.Adorno FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Germanphilosopher,sociologist,andcommunisttheorist(1903–1969) "Adorno"redirectshere.Forthesurname,seeAdorno(surname). TheodorW.Adorno(April1964)BornTheodorLudwigWiesengrund(1903-09-11)11September1903Frankfurt,Hesse-Nassau,Prussia,GermanEmpireDied6August1969(1969-08-06)(aged 65)Visp,Valais,SwitzerlandNationalityGermanSpouse(s)GretelAdorno​(m. 1937)​Era20th-centuryphilosophyRegionWesternphilosophySchoolContinentalphilosophyFrankfurtSchoolcriticaltheoryWesternMarxismDoctoraladvisorHansCorneliusOther academicadvisorsGilbertRyleDoctoralstudentsHans-JürgenKrahl[1]Other notablestudentsJürgenHabermasMaininterestsSocialtheorySociologyPsychoanalysisAestheticsEpistemologyMusicologyMassmediaNotableideas Criticismofactionism(left-winganti-intellectualism)[2] Criticismofthe"cultureindustry"[3][4][5] Maturity(Mündigkeit)[6] Negativedialectics Paradoxofaesthetics[7] Socialtotality Influences BaudelaireBenjaminBergBlochCorneliusFreudHegelHorkheimerHusserlKafkaKantKierkegaardKracauerLukácsMannMarxNietzscheProustSimmelSchoenbergSpenglerWeber Influenced BadiouBaumanBenjaminButlerFisherGeussHabermasHonnethHorkheimerReicheltJamesonMarcuseZerzanŽižekÖcalan PartofaseriesontheFrankfurtSchool Majorworks ReasonandRevolution "TheWorkofArtintheAgeofMechanicalReproduction" EclipseofReason EscapefromFreedom MinimaMoralia ErosandCivilization One-DimensionalMan NegativeDialectics TheStructuralTransformationofthePublicSphere TheTheoryofCommunicativeAction DialecticofEnlightenment Notabletheorists Marcuse Adorno Horkheimer Benjamin Fromm Pollock Löwenthal Habermas Schmidt Honneth Kracauer Kirchheimer Importantconcepts Advancedcapitalism Antipositivism Communicativerationality Criticaltheory Cultureindustry Dialectic Legitimationcrisis Non-identity Popularculture Praxis Privatism Psychoanalysis Relatedtopics CulturalMarxismconspiracytheory Freudo-Marxism Marxisthumanism WesternMarxism Socialalienation  Philosophyportal  Societyportalvte TheodorW.Adorno(/əˈdɔːrnoʊ/;[8]German:[ˈteːodoːɐ̯ʔaˈdɔɐ̯no](listen);[9][10]bornTheodorLudwigWiesengrund;11September1903 –6August1969)wasaGermanphilosopher,sociologist,psychologist,musicologist,andcomposerknownforhiscriticaltheoryofsociety. HewasaleadingmemberoftheFrankfurtSchoolofcriticaltheory,whoseworkhascometobeassociatedwiththinkerssuchasErnstBloch,WalterBenjamin,MaxHorkheimer,ErichFromm,andHerbertMarcuse,forwhomtheworksofFreud,Marx,andHegelwereessentialtoacritiqueofmodernsociety.Asacriticofbothfascismandwhathecalledthecultureindustry,hiswritings—suchasDialecticofEnlightenment(1947),MinimaMoralia(1951)andNegativeDialectics(1966)—stronglyinfluencedtheEuropeanNewLeft. Amidstthevogueenjoyedbyexistentialismandpositivisminearly20th-centuryEurope,AdornoadvancedadialecticalconceptionofnaturalhistorythatcritiquedthetwintemptationsofontologyandempiricismthroughstudiesofKierkegaardandHusserl.Asaclassicallytrainedpianistwhosesympathieswiththetwelve-tonetechniqueofArnoldSchoenbergresultedinhisstudyingcompositionwithAlbanBergoftheSecondVienneseSchool,Adorno'scommitmenttoavant-gardemusicformedthebackdropofhissubsequentwritingsandledtohiscollaborationwithThomasMannonthelatter'snovelDoctorFaustus,whilethetwomenlivedinCaliforniaasexilesduringtheSecondWorldWar.WorkingforthenewlyrelocatedInstituteforSocialResearch,Adornocollaboratedoninfluentialstudiesofauthoritarianism,antisemitismandpropagandathatwouldlaterserveasmodelsforsociologicalstudiestheInstitutecarriedoutinpost-warGermany. UponhisreturntoFrankfurt,AdornowasinvolvedwiththereconstitutionofGermanintellectuallifethroughdebateswithKarlPopperonthelimitationsofpositivistscience,critiquesofHeidegger'slanguageofauthenticity,writingsonGermanresponsibilityfortheHolocaust,andcontinuedinterventionsintomattersofpublicpolicy.AsawriterofpolemicsinthetraditionofNietzscheandKarlKraus,AdornodeliveredscathingcritiquesofcontemporaryWesternculture.Adorno'sposthumouslypublishedAestheticTheory,whichheplannedtodedicatetoSamuelBeckett,istheculminationofalifelongcommitmenttomodernartwhichattemptstorevokethe"fatalseparation"offeelingandunderstandinglongdemandedbythehistoryofphilosophyandexplodetheprivilegeaestheticsaccordstocontentoverformandcontemplationoverimmersion. Contents 1Lifeandcareer 1.1Earlyyears:Frankfurt 1.2Vienna,Frankfurt,andBerlin 1.3Exile:Oxford,NewYork,LosAngeles 1.4PostwarEurope 1.4.1ReturntoFrankfurtUniversity 1.4.2Essaysonfascism 1.4.3Publicevents 1.4.4Moreessaysonmasscultureandliterature 1.4.5Publicfigure 1.4.6Post-warGermanculture 1.4.7Confrontationswithstudents 2Intellectualinfluences 2.1Hegel 2.2KarlMarx 2.3SigmundFreud 3Theory 3.1MusicandtheCultureIndustry 3.1.1Thefivecomponentsofrecognition 3.2Marxistcriticisms 4Standardization 4.1Adorno'sresponsestohiscritics 5Adorno'ssociologicalmethods 6AdornotranslatedintoEnglish 7Works 7.1Musicalworks 8Seealso 9References 9.1Citations 9.2Sources 9.3Furtherreading 10Externallinks 10.1OnlineworksbyAdorno Lifeandcareer[edit] Earlyyears:Frankfurt[edit] TheodorW.Adorno(alias:TheodorAdorno-Wiesengrund)wasbornasTheodorLudwigWiesengrundinFrankfurtamMainon11September1903,theonlychildofMariaCalvelli-AdornodellaPiana(1865–1952)andOscarAlexanderWiesengrund(1870–1946).Hismother,aCatholicfromCorsica,wasonceaprofessionalsinger,whilehisfather,anassimilatedJewwhohadconvertedtoProtestantism,ranasuccessfulwine-exportbusiness.Proudofherorigins,Mariawantedherson'spaternalsurnametobesupplementedbytheadditionofherownname,Adorno.ThushisearliestpublicationscarriedthenameTheodorWiesengrund-Adorno;uponhisapplicationforUScitizenship,hisnamewasmodifiedtoTheodorW.Adorno. Hischildhoodwasmarkedbythemusicallifeprovidedbyhismotherandaunt:MariawasasingerwhocouldboastofhavingperformedinViennaattheImperialCourt,whilehersister,Agathe,wholivedwiththem,hadmadeanameforherselfasbothasingerandpianist.Hewasnotonlyaprecociouschildbut,asherecalledlaterinlife,achildprodigywhocouldplaypiecesbyBeethovenonthepianobythetimehewastwelve.[11] Attheageofsix,heattendedtheDeutschherrenmiddleschool,beforetransferringtotheKaiser-WilhelmGymnasium,wherehestudiedfrom1913to1921.Priortohisgraduationatthetopofhisclass,Adornowasalreadysweptupbytherevolutionarymoodofthetime,asisevidencedbyhisreadingofGeorgLukács'sTheTheoryoftheNovelthatyear,aswellasbyhisfascinationwithErnstBloch'sTheSpiritofUtopia,ofwhichhewouldlaterwrite: Bloch'swasaphilosophythatcouldholditsheadhighbeforethemostadvancedliterature;aphilosophythatwasnotcalibratedtotheabominableresignationofmethodology...ItookthismotifsomuchasmyownthatIdonotbelieveIhaveeverwrittenanythingwithoutreferencetoit,eitherimplicitorexplicit.[12] Adorno'sintellectualnonconformismwasalsoshapedbytherepugnancehefelttowardsthenationalismwhichsweptthroughtheReichduringtheFirstWorldWar.AlongwithfuturecollaboratorsWalterBenjamin,MaxHorkheimerandBloch,AdornowasprofoundlydisillusionedbytheeasewithwhichGermany'sintellectualandspiritualleaders—amongthemMaxWeber,MaxScheler,GeorgSimmel,aswellashisfriendSiegfriedKracauer—cameoutinsupportofthewar.Theyoungergeneration'sdistrustfortraditionalknowledgearosefromthewayinwhichthistraditionhaddiscrediteditself.[13] Overtime,OscarWiesengrund'sfirmestablishedcloseprofessionalandpersonaltieswiththefactoryofKarplus&HerzbergerinBerlin.TheeldestdaughteroftheKarplusfamily,Margarete,orGretel,movedintheintellectualcirclesofBerlin,whereshewasacquaintedwithBenjamin,BertoltBrechtandBloch,eachofwhomAdornowouldbecomefamiliarwithduringthemid-1920s;afterfourteenyears,GretelKarplusandAdornoweremarriedin1937. Attheendofhisschooldays,AdornonotonlybenefitedfromtherichconcertofferingsofFrankfurt—whereonecouldhearperformancesofworksbySchoenberg,Schreker,Stravinsky,Bartók,Busoni,DeliusandHindemith—butalsobeganstudyingmusiccompositionattheHochConservatorywhiletakingprivatelessonswithwell-respectedcomposersBernhardSeklesandEduardJung.Ataroundthesametime,hebefriendedSiegfriedKracauer,theFrankfurterZeitung'sliteraryeditor,ofwhomhewouldlaterwrite: ForyearsKracauerread[Kant's]CritiqueofPureReasonwithmeregularlyonSaturdayafternoons.IamnotexaggeratingintheslightestwhenIsaythatIowemoretothisreadingthantomyacademicteachers...UnderhisguidanceIexperiencedtheworkfromthebeginningnotasmereepistemology,notasananalysisoftheconditionsofscientificallyvalidjudgments,butasakindofcodedtextfromwhichthehistoricalsituationofspiritcouldberead,withthevagueexpectationthatindoingsoonecouldacquiresomethingoftruthitself.[14] Leavinggymnasiumtostudyphilosophy,psychologyandsociologyatJohannWolfgangGoetheUniversityinFrankfurt,AdornocontinuedhisreadingswithKracauer,turningnowtoHegelandKierkegaard,andbeganpublishingconcertreviewsandpiecesofmusicfordistinguishedjournalsliketheZeitschriftfürMusik,theNeueBlätterfürKunstundLiteraturandlaterfortheMusikblätterdesAnbruch.InthesearticlesAdornochampionedavant-gardemusicatthesametimeashecritiquedthefailingsofmusicalmodernity,asinthecaseofStravinsky'sTheSoldier'sTale,whichin1923hecalleda"dismalBohemianprank".[15]IntheseearlywritingshewasunequivocalinhiscondemnationofperformancesthateithersoughtorpretendedtoachieveatranscendencethatAdorno,inlinewithmanyintellectualsofthetime,regardedasimpossible:"Nocathedral",hewrote,"canbebuiltifnocommunitydesiresone."[16]Inthesummerof1924AdornoreceivedhisdoctoratewithastudyofEdmundHusserlunderthedirectionoftheunorthodoxneo-KantianHansCornelius.BeforehisgraduationAdornohadalreadymethismostimportantintellectualcollaborators,HorkheimerandBenjamin.ThroughCornelius'sseminars,AdornometHorkheimer,throughwhomhewasthenintroducedtoFriedrichPollock. Vienna,Frankfurt,andBerlin[edit] Duringthesummerof1924,theViennesecomposerAlbanBerg's"ThreeFragmentsfromWozzeck",op.7,premieredinFrankfurt,atwhichtimeAdornointroducedhimselftoBergandbothagreedtheyoungphilosopherandcomposerwouldstudywithBerginVienna.UponmovingtoViennainFebruary1925,AdornoimmersedhimselfinthemusicalculturethathadgrownuparoundSchoenberg:inadditiontohistwice-weeklysessionswithBerg,AdornocontinuedhisstudiesonpianowithEduardSteuermannandbefriendedtheviolinistRudolfKolisch.InViennaheandBergattendedpubliclecturesbythesatiristKarlKraus,andhemetLukács,whohadbeenlivinginViennaafterthefailureoftheHungarianSovietRepublic.Berg,whomAdornocalled"mymasterandteacher",wasamongthemostprescientofhisyoungpupil'searlyfriends: [Iam]convincedthat,inthesphereofthedeepestunderstandingofmusic...youarecapableofsupremeachievementsandwillundoubtedlyfulfillthispromiseintheshapeofgreatphilosophicalworks.[17] AfterleavingVienna,AdornotraveledthroughItaly,wherehemetwithKracauer,Benjamin,andtheeconomistAlfredSohn-Rethel,withwhomhedevelopedalastingfriendship,beforereturningtoFrankfurt.InDecember1926Adorno's"TwoPiecesforStringQuartet",op.2,wereperformedinVienna,whichprovidedawelcomeinterruptionfromhispreparationsforthehabilitation.Afterwritingthe"PianoPiecesinstricttwelve-tonetechnique",aswellassongslaterintegratedintotheSixBagatellesforVoiceandPiano,op.6,Adornopresentedhishabilitationmanuscript,TheConceptoftheUnconsciousintheTranscendentalTheoryofthePsyche(DerBegriffdesUnbewußtenindertranszendentalenSeelenlehre),toCorneliusinNovember1927.CorneliusadvisedAdornotowithdrawhisapplicationonthegroundsthatthemanuscriptwastooclosetohisownwayofthinking.InthemanuscriptAdornoattemptedtounderlinetheepistemologicalstatusoftheunconsciousasitemergedfromFreud'searlywritings.AgainstthefunctionoftheunconsciousinbothNietzscheandSpengler,AdornoarguedthatFreud'snotionoftheunconsciousservesasa"sharpweapon...againsteveryattempttocreateametaphysicsoftheinstinctsandtodeifyfull,organicnature."[18]Undauntedbyhisacademicprospects,Adornothrewhimselfonceagainintocomposition.Inadditiontopublishingnumerousreviewsofoperaperformancesandconcerts,Adorno's"FourSongsforMediumVoiceandPiano",op.3,wereperformedinBerlininJanuary1929.Between1928and1930AdornotookonagreaterrolewithintheeditorialcommitteeoftheMusikblätterdesAnbruch.Inaproposalfortransformingthejournal,hesoughttouseAnbruchforchampioningradicalmodernmusicagainstwhathecalledthe"stabilizedmusic"ofPfitzner,thelaterRichardStrauss,aswellastheneoclassicismofStravinskyandHindemith.Duringthisperiodhepublishedtheessays"NightMusic","OnTwelve-ToneTechnique"and"ReactionandProgress".Yethisreservationsabouttwelve-toneorthodoxybecamesteadilymorepronounced.AccordingtoAdorno,twelve-tonetechnique'suseofatonalitycannomoreberegardedasanauthoritativecanonthancantonalitybereliedontoprovideinstructionsforthecomposer. AtthistimeAdornostruckupacorrespondencewiththecomposerErnstKrenek,discussingproblemsofatonalityandtwelve-tonetechnique.Ina1934letterhesoundedarelatedcriticismofSchoenberg: Twelve-tonetechniquealoneisnothingbuttheprincipleofmotivicelaborationandvariation,asdevelopedinthesonata,butelevatednowtoacomprehensiveprincipleofconstruction,namelytransformedintoanaprioriformand,bythattoken,detachedfromthesurfaceofthecomposition.[19] AtthispointAdornoreversedhisearlierpriorities:nowhismusicalactivitiescamesecondtothedevelopmentofaphilosophicaltheoryofaesthetics.Thus,inthemiddleof1929heacceptedPaulTillich'soffertopresentanhabilitationonKierkegaard,whichAdornoeventuallysubmittedunderthetitleTheConstructionoftheAesthetic.Atthetime,Kierkegaard'sphilosophyexertedastronginfluence,chieflythroughitsclaimtoposeanalternativetoIdealismandHegel'sphilosophyofhistory.YetwhenAdornoturnedhisattentiontoKierkegaard,watchwordslike"anxiety,""inwardness"and"leap"—instructiveforexistentialistphilosophy—weredetachedfromtheirtheologicaloriginsandposed,instead,asproblemsforaesthetics.[20]Astheworkproceeded—andKierkegaard'sovercomingofHegel'sidealismwasrevealedtobeamereinteriorization—AdornoexcitedlyremarkedinalettertoBergthathewaswritingwithoutlookingoverhisshoulderatthefacultywhowouldsoonevaluatehiswork.ReceivingfavourablereportsfromProfessorsTillichandHorkheimer,aswellasBenjaminandKracauer,theuniversityconferredonAdornothevenialegendiinFebruary1931;ontheverydayhisrevisedstudywaspublished,23March1933,Hitlerseizeddictatorialpowers.[21] Severalmonthsafterqualifyingasalecturerinphilosophy,AdornodeliveredaninaugurallectureattheInstituteforSocialResearch,anindependentorganizationthathadrecentlyappointedHorkheimerasitsdirectorand,withthearrivaloftheliteraryscholarLeoLowenthal,socialpsychologistErichFrommandphilosopherHerbertMarcuse,soughttoexploitrecenttheoreticalandmethodologicaladvancesinthesocialsciences.Hislecture,"TheActualityofPhilosophy,"createdascandal.InitAdornonotonlydeviatedfromthetheoreticalprogramHorkheimerhadlaidoutayearearlierbutchallengedphilosophy'sverycapacityforcomprehendingrealityassuch:"Forthemind,"Adornoannounced,"isindeednotcapableofproducingorgraspingthetotalityofthereal,butitmaybepossibletopenetratethedetail,toexplodeinminiaturethemassofmerelyexistingreality."[22]InlinewithBenjamin'sTheOriginofGermanTragicDramaandpreliminarysketchesoftheArcadesProject,Adornolikenedphilosophicalinterpretationtoexperimentsthatshouldbeconducted"untiltheyarriveatfigurationsinwhichtheanswersarelegible,whilethequestionsthemselvesvanish."HavinglostitspositionastheQueenoftheSciences,philosophymustnowradicallytransformitsapproachtoobjectssothatitmight"constructkeysbeforewhichrealityspringsopen."[23] FollowingHorkheimer'stakingupthedirectorshipoftheinstitute,anewjournal,ZeitschriftfürSozialforschung,wasproducedtopublishtheresearchofInstitutemembersbothbeforeandafteritsrelocationtotheUnitedStates.ThoughAdornowasnotanInstitutemember,thejournalpublishedmanyofhisessays,including"TheSocialSituationofMusic"(1932),"OnJazz"(1936),"OntheFetish-CharacterinMusicandtheRegressionofListening"(1938)and"FragmentsonWagner"(1938).Inhisnewroleassocialtheorist,Adorno'sphilosophicalanalysisofculturalphenomenaheavilyreliedonthelanguageofhistoricalmaterialism,asconceptslikereification,falseconsciousnessandideologycametoplayanevermoreprominentroleinhiswork.Atthesametime,however,andowingtoboththepresenceofanotherprominentsociologistattheinstitute,KarlMannheim,aswellasthemethodologicalproblemposedbytreatingobjects—like"musicalmaterial"—asciphersofsocialcontradictions,Adornowascompelledtoabandonanynotionof"value-free"sociologyinfavourofaformofideologycritiquethatheldontoanideaoftruth.Beforehisemigrationinautumn1934,AdornobeganworkonaSingspielbasedonMarkTwain'sTheAdventuresofTomSawyertitledTheTreasureofIndianJoe,whichhenevercompleted;bythetimehefledHitler'sGermanyAdornohadalreadywrittenover100operaorconcertreviewsand50critiquesofmusiccomposition. AstheNazipartybecamethelargestpartyintheReichstag,Horkheimer's1932observationprovedtypicalforhismilieu:"Onlyonethingiscertain",hewrote,"theirrationalityofsocietyhasreachedapointwhereonlythegloomiestpredictionshaveanyplausibility."[24]InSeptemberAdorno'srighttoteachwasrevoked;inMarch,astheswastikawasrunuptheflagpoleoftownhall,theFrankfurtcriminalpolicesearchedtheinstitute'soffices.Adorno'shouseonSeeheimerStrassewassimilarlysearchedinJulyandhisapplicationformembershipintheReichChamberofLiteraturedeniedonthegroundsthatmembershipwaslimitedto"personswhobelongtotheGermannationbyprofoundtiesofcharacterandblood.Asanon-Aryan,"hewasinformed,"youareunabletofeelandappreciatesuchanobligation."[25]SoonafterwardsAdornowasforcedinto15yearsofexile. Exile:Oxford,NewYork,LosAngeles[edit] AfterthepossibilityoftransferringhishabilitationtotheUniversityofViennacametonothing,AdornoconsideredrelocatingtoBritainuponhisfather'ssuggestion.WiththehelpoftheAcademicAssistanceCouncil,AdornoregisteredasanadvancedstudentatMertonCollege,Oxford,inJune1934.DuringthenextfouryearsatOxford,AdornomaderepeatedtripstoGermanytoseebothhisparentsandGretel,whowasstillworkinginBerlin.UnderthedirectionofGilbertRyle,AdornoworkedonadialecticalcritiqueofHusserl'sepistemology.Bythistime,theInstituteforSocialResearchhadrelocatedtoNewYorkCityandbegunmakingoverturestoAdorno.Aftermonthsofstrainedrelations,HorkheimerandAdornoreestablishedtheiressentialtheoreticalallianceduringmeetingsinParis.Adornocontinuedwritingonmusic,publishing"TheFormofthePhonographRecord"and"CrisisofMusicCriticism"withtheViennesemusicaljournal23,"OnJazz"intheinstitute'sZeitschrift,"FarewelltoJazz"inEuropäischeRevue.ButAdorno'sattemptstobreakoutofthesociologyofmusicweretwicethwarted:neitherthestudyofMannheimhehadbeenworkingonforyearsnorextractsfromhisstudyofHusserlwereacceptedbytheZeitschrift.ImpressedbyHorkheimer'sbookofaphorisms,DawnandDecline,Adornobeganworkingonhisownbookofaphorisms,whatlaterbecameMinimaMoralia.WhileatOxford,Adornosufferedtwogreatlosses:hisAuntAgathediedinJune1935,andBergdiedinDecemberofthesameyear.Totheendofhislife,AdornoneverabandonedthehopeofcompletingBerg'sunfinishedoperaLulu. AtthistimeAdornowasinintensecorrespondencewithWalterBenjaminaboutthelatter'sArcadesProject.AfterreceivinganinvitationfromHorkheimertovisittheInstituteinNewYork,AdornosailedforNewYorkon9June1937andstayedfortwoweeks.WhilehewasinNewYork,Horkheimer'sessays"TheLatestAttackonMetaphysics"and"TraditionalandCriticalTheory,"whichwouldsoonbecomeinstructivefortheinstitute'sself-understanding,werethesubjectofintensediscussion.SoonafterhisreturntoEurope,GretelmovedtoBritain,wheresheandAdornoweremarriedon8September1937;alittleoveramonthlater,HorkheimertelegrammedfromNewYorkwithnewsofapositionAdornocouldtakewiththePrincetonRadioProject,thenunderthedirectorshipoftheAustriansociologistPaulLazarsfeld.YetAdorno'sworkcontinuedwithstudiesofBeethovenandRichardWagner(publishedin1939as"FragmentsonWagner"),draftsofwhichhereadtoBenjaminduringtheirfinalmeeting,inDecemberontheItalianRiviera.AccordingtoBenjamin,thesedraftswereastonishingfor"theprecisionoftheirmaterialistdeciphering"aswellasthewayinwhich"musicalfacts...hadbeenmadesociallytransparentinawaythatwascompletelynewtome."[26]InhisWagnerstudy,thethesislatertocharacterizeDialecticofEnlightenment—man'sdominationofnature—firstemerges.AdornosailedforNewYorkon16February1938.SoonaftersettlingintohisnewhomeonRiversideDrive,AdornometwithLazarsfeldinNewark,NewJersey,todiscusstheProject'splansforinvestigatingtheimpactofbroadcastmusic. AlthoughhewasexpectedtoembedtheProject'sresearchwithinawidertheoreticalcontext,itsoonbecameapparentthattheProjectwasprimarilyconcernedwithdatacollectiontobeusedbyadministratorsforestablishingwhethergroupsoflistenerscouldbetargetedbybroadcastsspecificallyaimedatthem.Expectedtomakeuseofdeviceswithwhichlistenerscouldpressabuttontoindicatewhethertheylikedordislikedaparticularpieceofmusic,Adornobristledwithdistasteandastonishment:"Ireflectedthatculturewassimplytheconditionthatprecludedamentalitythattriedtomeasureit."[27]ThusAdornosuggestedusingindividualinterviewstodeterminelistenerreactionsand,onlythreemonthsaftermeetingLazarsfeld,completeda160-pagememorandumontheProject'stopic,"MusicinRadio."Adornowasprimarilyinterestedinhowthemusicalmaterialwasaffectedbyitsdistributionthroughthemediumofradioandthoughtitimperativetounderstandhowmusicwasaffectedbyitsbecomingpartofdailylife."ThemeaningofaBeethovensymphony,"hewrote,"heardwhilethelisteneriswalkingaroundorlyinginbedisverylikelytodifferfromitseffectinaconcert-hallwherepeoplesitasiftheywereinchurch."[28]Inessayspublishedbytheinstitute'sZeitschrift,Adornodealtwiththeatrophyofmusicalculturethathadbecomeinstrumentalinacceleratingtendencies—towardconformism,trivializationandstandardization—alreadypresentinthelargerculture.Unsurprisingly,Adorno'sstudiesfoundlittleresonanceamongmembersoftheproject.Attheendof1939,whenLazarsfeldsubmittedasecondapplicationforfunding,themusicalsectionofthestudywasleftout.YetduringthetwoyearsduringwhichheworkedontheProject,Adornowasprolific,publishing"TheRadioSymphony","ASocialCritiqueofRadioMusic",and"OnPopularMusic",textsthat,alongwiththedraftmemorandumandotherunpublishedwritings,arefoundinRobertHullot-Kentor'stranslation,CurrentofMusic.Inlightofthissituation,HorkheimersoonfoundapermanentpostforAdornoattheinstitute. InadditiontohelpingwiththeZeitschrift,Adornowasexpectedtobetheinstitute'sliaisonwithBenjamin,whosoonpassedontoNewYorkthestudyofCharlesBaudelairehehopedwouldserveasamodelofthelargerArcadesProject.Incorrespondence,thetwomendiscussedthedifferenceintheirconceptionsoftherelationshipbetweencritiqueandartworksthathadbecomemanifestthroughBenjamin's"TheWorkofArtintheAgeofitsTechnicalReproducibility".AtaroundthesametimeAdornoandHorkheimerbeganplanningforajointworkon"dialecticallogic",whichwouldlaterbecomeDialecticofEnlightenment.AlarmedbyreportsfromEurope,whereAdorno'sparentssufferedincreasingdiscriminationandBenjaminwasinternedinColombes,theyentertainedfewdelusionsabouttheirwork'spracticaleffects."InviewofwhatisnowthreateningtoengulfEurope,"Horkheimerwrote,"ourpresentworkisessentiallydestinedtopassthingsdownthroughthenightthatisapproaching:akindofmessageinabottle."[29]AsAdornocontinuedhisworkinNewYorkwithradiotalksonmusicandalectureonKierkegaard'sdoctrineoflove,BenjaminfledParisandattemptedtomakeanillegalbordercrossing.AfterlearningthathisSpanishvisawasinvalidandfearingdeportationbacktoFrance,Benjamintookanoverdoseofmorphinetablets.Inlightofrecentevents,theInstitutesetaboutformulatingatheoryofantisemitismandfascism.OnonesidewerethosewhosupportedFranzLeopoldNeumann'sthesisaccordingtowhichNationalSocialismwasaformof"monopolycapitalism";ontheotherwerethosewhosupportedFriedrichPollock's"statecapitalisttheory."Horkheimer'scontributionstothisdebate,intheformoftheessays"TheAuthoritarianState","TheEndofReason",and"TheJewsandEurope",servedasafoundationforwhatheandAdornoplannedtodointheirbookondialecticallogic. InNovember1941AdornofollowedHorkheimertowhatThomasManncalled"GermanCalifornia",[30]settinguphouseinaPacificPalisadesneighborhoodofGermanémigrésthatincludedBertoltBrechtandSchoenberg.AdornoarrivedwithadraftofhisPhilosophyofNewMusic,adialecticalcritiqueoftwelve-tonemusicthatAdornofelt,whilewritingit,wasadeparturefromthetheoryofarthehadspentthepreviousdecadeselaborating.Horkheimer'sreactiontothemanuscriptwaswhollypositive:"IfIhaveeverinthewholeofmylifefeltenthusiasmaboutanything,thenIdidonthisoccasion,"hewroteafterreadingthemanuscript.[31]Thetwosetaboutcompletingtheirjointwork,whichtransformedfromabookondialecticallogictoarewritingofthehistoryofrationalityandtheEnlightenment.FirstpublishedinasmallmimeographededitioninMay1944asPhilosophicalFragments,thetextwaitedanotherthreeyearsbeforeachievingbookformwhenitwaspublishedwithitsdefinitivetitle,DialecticofEnlightenment,bytheAmsterdampublisherQueridoVerlag.This"reflectiononthedestructiveaspectofprogress"proceededthroughthechaptersthattreatedrationalityasboththeliberationfromandfurtherdominationofnature,interpretationsofbothHomer'sOdysseyandtheMarquisdeSade,aswellasanalysesofthecultureindustryandantisemitism. Withtheirjointworkcompleted,thetwoturnedtheirattentiontostudiesonantisemitismandauthoritarianismincollaborationwiththeNevittSanford-ledPublicOpinionStudyGroupandtheAmericanJewishCommittee.Inlinewiththesestudies,AdornoproducedananalysisoftheCalifornianradiopreacherMartinLutherThomas.Fascistpropagandaofthissort,Adornowrote,"simplytakespeopleforwhattheyare:genuinechildrenoftoday'sstandardizedmassculturewhohavebeenrobbedtoagreatextentoftheirautonomyandspontaneity".[32]Theresultoftheselabors,the1950studyTheAuthoritarianPersonality,waspioneeringinitscombinationofquantitativeandqualitativemethodsofcollectingandevaluatingdataaswellasitsdevelopmentoftheF-scalepersonalitytest. AftertheUSAenteredthewarin1941,thesituationoftheémigrés,nowclassed"enemyaliens",becameincreasinglyrestricted.Forbiddenfromleavingtheirhomesbetween8pmand6amandfromgoingmorethanfivemilesfromtheirhouses,émigréslikeAdorno,whowasnotnaturalizeduntilNovember1943,wereseverelyrestrictedintheirmovements. InadditiontotheaphorismsthatconcludeDialecticofEnlightenment,AdornoputtogetheracollectionofaphorismsinhonorofHorkheimer's50thbirthdaythatwerelaterpublishedasMinimaMoralia:ReflectionsfromDamagedLife.Thesefragmentarywritings,inspiredbyarenewedreadingofNietzsche,treatedissueslikeemigration,totalitarianism,andindividuality,aswellaseverydaymatterssuchasgivingpresents,dwellingandtheimpossibilityoflove.InCaliforniaAdornomadetheacquaintanceofCharlieChaplinandbecamefriendswithFritzLangandHannsEisler,withwhomhecompletedastudyoffilmmusicin1944.Inthisstudytheauthorspushedforthegreaterusageofavant-gardemusicinfilm,urgingthatmusicbeusedtosupplement,notsimplyaccompany,films'visualaspect.AdornoalsoassistedThomasMannwithhisnovelDoktorFaustusafterthelatteraskedforhishelp."Wouldyoubewilling,"Mannwrote,"tothinkthroughwithmehowthework—ImeanLeverkühn'swork—mightlook;howyouwoulddoitifyouwereinleaguewiththeDevil?"[33] AttheendofOctober1949,AdornoleftAmericaforEuropejustasTheAuthoritarianPersonalitywasbeingpublished.Beforehisreturn,AdornohadreachedanagreementwithaTübingenpublishertoprintanexpandedversionofPhilosophyofNewMusicandcompletedtwocompositions:FourSongsforVoiceandPianobyStefanGeorge,op.7,andThreeChorusesforFemaleVoicesfromthePoemsofTheodorDäubler,op.8. PostwarEurope[edit] ReturntoFrankfurtUniversity[edit] Uponhisreturn,AdornohelpedshapethepoliticalcultureofWestGermany.Untilhisdeathin1969,twentyyearsafterhisreturn,AdornocontributedtotheintellectualfoundationsoftheFederalRepublic,asaprofessoratFrankfurtUniversity,criticofthevogueenjoyedbyHeideggerianphilosophy,partisanofcriticalsociology,andteacherofmusicattheDarmstadtInternationalSummerCoursesforNewMusic.Adornoresumedhisteachingdutiesattheuniversitysoonafterhisarrival,[when?]withseminarson"Kant'sTranscendentalDialectic",aesthetics,Hegel,"ContemporaryProblemsintheTheoryofKnowledge",and"TheConceptofKnowledge".Adorno'ssurpriseathisstudents'passionateinterestinintellectualmattersdidnot,however,blindhimtocontinuingproblemswithinGermany:TheliteraryclimatewasdominatedbywriterswhohadremainedinGermanyduringHitler'srule,thegovernmentre-employedpeoplewhohadbeenactiveintheNaziapparatusandpeopleweregenerallyloathtoownuptotheirowncollaborationortheguilttheythusincurred.Instead,theruinedcityofFrankfurtcontinuedasifnothinghadhappened,[citationneeded]holdingontoideasofthetrue,thebeautiful,andthegooddespitetheatrocities,hangingontoaculturethathaditselfbeenlostinrubbleorkilledoffintheconcentrationcamps.AlltheenthusiasmAdorno'sstudentsshowedforintellectualmatterscouldnoterasethesuspicionthat,inthewordsofMaxFrisch,culturehadbecomean"alibi"fortheabsenceofpoliticalconsciousness.[34]Yetthefoundationsforwhatwouldcometobeknownas"TheFrankfurtSchool"weresoonlaid:HorkheimerresumedhischairinsocialphilosophyandtheInstituteforSocialResearch,rebuilt,becamealightningrodforcriticalthought. Essaysonfascism[edit] Startingwithhis1947essayWagner,NietzscheandHitler,[35]Adornoproducedaseriesofinfluentialworkstodescribepsychologicalfascisttraits.OneoftheseworkswasTheAuthoritarianPersonality(1950),[36]publishedasacontributiontotheStudiesinPrejudiceperformedbymultipleresearchinstitutesintheUS,andconsistingof'qualitativeinterpretations'thatuncoveredtheauthoritariancharacteroftestpersonsthroughindirectquestions.[citationneeded]Thebookshavehadamajorinfluenceonsociologyandremainhighlydiscussedanddebated.In1951hecontinuedonthetopicwithhisessayFreudianTheoryandthePatternofFascistPropaganda,inwhichhesaidthat"Psychologicaldispositionsdonotactuallycausefascism;rather,fascismdefinesapsychologicalareawhichcanbesuccessfullyexploitedbytheforceswhichpromoteitforentirelynon-psychologicalreasonsofself-interest."[37] In1952Adornoparticipatedinagroupexperiment,revealingresidualNationalSocialistattitudesamongtherecentlydemocratizedGermans.Hethenpublishedtwoinfluentialessays,TheMeaningofWorkingThroughthePast(1959),andEducationafterAuschwitz(1966),inwhichhearguedonthesurvivaloftheuneradicatedNationalSocialisminthemind-setsandinstitutionsofthepost-1945Germany,andthatthereisstillarealriskthatitcouldriseagain.[38]Lateron,however,JeanAméry—whohadbeentorturedatAuschwitz—wouldsharplyobjectthatAdorno,ratherthanaddressingsuchpoliticalconcerns,wasexploitingAuschwitzforhismetaphysicalphantom"absolutenegativity"("absoluteNegativität"),usingalanguageintoxicatedbyitself("vonsichselberbiszurSelbstblendungentzückteSprache").[39] Publicevents[edit] InSeptember1951AdornoreturnedtotheUnitedStatesforasix-weekvisit,duringwhichheattendedtheopeningoftheHackerPsychiatryFoundationinBeverlyHills,metLeoLowenthalandHerbertMarcuseinNewYorkandsawhismotherforthelasttime.AfterstoppinginParis,wherehemetDaniel-HenryKahnweiler,MichelLeirisandRenéLeibowitz,Adornodeliveredalectureentitled"ThePresentStateofEmpiricalSocialResearchinGermany"ataconferenceonopinionresearch.Hereheemphasizedtheimportanceofdatacollectionandstatisticalevaluationwhileassertingthatsuchempiricalmethodshaveonlyanauxiliaryfunctionandmustleadtotheformationoftheorieswhichwould"raisetheharshfactstothelevelofconsciousness."[40] WithHorkheimerasdeanoftheArtsFaculty,thenrectoroftheuniversity,responsibilitiesfortheinstitute'sworkfelluponAdorno.Atthesametime,however,Adornorenewedhismusicalwork:withtalksattheKranichsteinerMusikgesellschaft,anotherinconnectionwithaproductionofErnstKrenek'soperaLebendesOrest,andaseminaron"CriteriaofNewMusic"attheFifthInternationalSummerCourseforNewMusicatKranichstein.AdornoalsobecameincreasinglyinvolvedwiththepublishinghouseofPeterSuhrkamp,inducingthelattertopublishBenjamin'sBerlinChildhoodAround1900,Kracauer'swritingsandatwo-volumeeditionofBenjamin'swritings.Adorno'sownrecentlypublishedMinimaMoraliawasnotonlywellreceivedinthepress,butalsometwithgreatadmirationfromThomasMann,whowrotetoAdornofromAmericain1952: Ihavespentdaysattachedtoyourbookasifbyamagnet.Everydaybringsnewfascination...concentratednourishment.ItissaidthatthecompanionstartoSirius,whiteincolour,ismadeofsuchdensematerialthatacubicinchofitwouldweighatonnehere.Thisiswhyithassuchanextremelypowerfulgravitationalfield;inthisrespectitissimilartoyourbook.[41] YetAdornowasnolessmovedbyotherpublicevents:protestingthepublicationofHeinrichMann'snovelProfessorUnratwithitsfilmtitle,TheBlueAngel;declaringhissympathywiththosewhoprotestedthescandalofbig-gamehuntingandpenningadefenseofprostitutes. Moreessaysonmasscultureandliterature[edit] BecauseAdorno'sAmericancitizenshipwouldhavebeenforfeitedbythemiddleof1952hadhecontinuedtostayoutsidethecountry,hereturnedonceagaintoSantaMonicatosurveyhisprospectsattheHackerFoundation.Whiletherehewroteacontentanalysisofnewspaperhoroscopes(nowcollectedinTheStarsDowntoEarth),andtheessays"TelevisionasIdeology"and"ProloguetoTelevision";evenso,hewaspleasedwhen,attheendoftenmonths,hewasenjoinedtoreturnasco-directoroftheinstitute. BackinFrankfurt,herenewedhisacademicdutiesand,from1952to1954,completedthreeessays:"NotesonKafka","ValéryProustMuseum",andanessayonSchoenbergfollowingthecomposer'sdeath,allofwhichwereincludedinthe1955essaycollectionPrisms.InresponsetothepublicationofThomasMann'sTheBlackSwan,Adornopennedalonglettertotheauthor,whothenapproveditspublicationintheliteraryjournalAkzente.Asecondcollectionofessays,NotestoLiterature,appearedin1958.AftermeetingSamuelBeckettwhiledeliveringaseriesoflecturesinParisthesameyear,Adornosettoworkon"TryingtoUnderstandEndgame,"which,alongwithstudiesofProust,Valéry,andBalzac,formedthecentraltextsofthe1961publicationofthesecondvolumeofhisNotestoLiterature.Adorno'sentranceintoliterarydiscussionscontinuedinhisJune1963lectureattheannualconferenceoftheHölderlinSociety.AtthePhilosophers'ConferenceofOctober1962inMünster,atwhichHabermaswrotethatAdornowas"Awriteramongbureaucrats",Adornopresented"Progress".[42] AlthoughtheZeitschriftwasneverrevived,theInstituteneverthelesspublishedaseriesofimportantsociologicalbooks,includingSociologica(1955),acollectionofessays,Gruppenexperiment(1955),Betriebsklima,astudyofworksatisfactionamongworkersinMannesmann,andSoziologischeExkurse,atextbook-likeanthologyintendedasanintroductoryworkaboutthediscipline. Publicfigure[edit] Throughoutthefiftiesandsixties,Adornobecameapublicfigure,notsimplythroughhisbooksandessays,butalsothroughhisappearancesinradioandnewspapers.Intalks,interviews,andround-tablediscussionsbroadcastonHessenRadio,South-WestRadio,andRadioBremen,Adornodiscussedtopicsasdiverseas"TheAdministeredWorld"(September1950),"WhatistheMeaningof'WorkingThroughthePast?"'(February1960)to"TheTeachingProfessionanditsTaboos"(August1965).Additionally,hefrequentlywroteforFrankfurterAllgemeine,FrankfurterRundschau,andtheweeklyDieZeit. AttheinvitationofWolfgangSteinecke,AdornotookpartintheDarmstadtSummerCoursesforNewMusicinKranichsteinfrom1951to1958.Yetconflictsbetweentheso-calledDarmstadtschool,whichincludedcomposerslikePierreBoulez,KarlheinzStockhausen,LuigiNono,BrunoMaderna,KarelGoeyvaerts,LucianoBerioandGottfriedMichaelKoenig,soonarose,receivingexplicitexpressioninAdorno's1954lecture,"TheAgingoftheNewMusic",wherehearguedthatatonality'sfreedomwasbeingrestrictedtoserialisminmuchthesamewayasitwasoncerestrictedbytwelve-tonetechnique.WithhisfriendEduardSteuermann,Adornofearedthatmusicwasbeingsacrificedtostubbornrationalization.DuringthistimeAdornonotonlyproducedasignificantseriesofnotesonBeethoven(whichwasnevercompletedandonlypublishedposthumously),butalsopublishedMahler:AMusicalPhysiognomyin1960.Inhis1961returntoKranichstein,Adornocalledforwhathetermeda"musiqueinformelle",whichwouldpossesstheability"reallyandtrulytobewhatitis,withouttheideologicalpretenseofbeingsomethingelse.Orrather,toadmitfranklythefactofnon-identityandtofollowthroughitslogictotheend."[43] Post-warGermanculture[edit] AtthesametimeAdornostruckuprelationshipswithcontemporaryGerman-languagepoetssuchasPaulCelanandIngeborgBachmann.Adorno's1949dictum—"TowritepoetryafterAuschwitzisbarbaric"—posedthequestionofwhatGermanculturecouldmeanafterAuschwitz;hisowncontinualrevisionofthisdictum—inNegativeDialectics,forexample,hewrotethat"Perennialsufferinghasasmuchrighttoexpressionasatorturedmanhastoscream";whilein"Commitment,"hewrotein1962thatthedictum"expressesinnegativeformtheimpulsewhichinspirescommittedliterature"—waspartofpost-warGermany'sstrugglewithhistoryandculture.AdornoadditionallybefriendedthewriterandpoetHansMagnusEnzensbergeraswellasthefilm-makerAlexanderKluge. In1963,AdornowaselectedtothepostofchairmanoftheGermanSociologicalSociety,wherehepresidedovertwoimportantconferences:in1964,on"MaxWeberandSociology"andin1968on"LateCapitalismorIndustrialSociety".Adebatelaunchedin1961byAdornoandKarlPopper,laterpublishedasthePositivistDisputeinGermanSociology,aroseoutofdisagreementsatthe195914thGermanSociologyConferenceinBerlin. Adorno'scritiqueofthedominantclimateofpost-warGermanywasalsodirectedagainstthepathosthathadgrownuparoundHeideggerianism,aspracticedbywriterslikeKarlJaspersandOttoFriedrichBollnow,andwhichhadsubsequentlyseepedintopublicdiscourse.His1964publicationofTheJargonofAuthenticitytookaimatthehalosuchwritershadattachedtowordslike"angst","decision"and"leap".Aftersevenyearsofwork,AdornocompletedNegativeDialecticsin1966,afterwhich,duringthesummersemesterof1967andthewintersemesterof1967–68,heofferedregularphilosophyseminarstodiscussthebookchapterbychapter.AmongthestudentsattheseseminarsweretheAmericansAngelaDavisandIrvingWohlfarth.Oneobjection,whichwouldsoontakeonevergreaterimportance,wasthatcriticalthoughtmustadoptthestandpointoftheoppressed,towhichAdornorepliedthatnegativedialecticswasconcerned"withthedissolutionofstandpointthinkingitself." Confrontationswithstudents[edit] AtthetimeofNegativeDialectics'publication,studentprotestsfragilizedWestGermandemocracy.Trendsinthemedia,aneducationalcrisisintheuniversities,theShahofIran's1967statevisit,GermansupportforthewarinVietnamandtheemergencylawscombinedtocreateahighlyunstablesituation.Likemanyofhisstudents,Adornotooopposedtheemergencylaws,aswellasthewarinVietnam,which,hesaid,provedthecontinuedexistenceofthe"worldoftorturethathadbeguninAuschwitz".[44]ThesituationonlydeterioratedwiththepoliceshootingofBennoOhnesorgataprotestagainsttheShah'svisit.Thisdeath,aswellasthesubsequentacquittaloftheresponsibleofficer,werebothcommenteduponinAdorno'slectures.Aspoliticizationincreased,riftsdevelopedwithinboththeinstitute'srelationshipwithitsstudentsaswellaswithintheInstituteitself.SoonAdornohimselfwouldbecomeanobjectofthestudents'ire.AttheinvitationofPeterSzondi,AdornowasinvitedtotheFreeUniversityofBerlintogivealectureonGoethe'sIphigenieinTauris.Afteragroupofstudentsmarchedtothelectern,unfurlingabannerthatread"Berlin'sleft-wingfascistsgreetTeddytheClassicist,"anumberofthosepresentleftthelectureinprotestafterAdornorefusedtoabandonhistalkinfavourofdiscussinghisattitudeonthecurrentpoliticalsituation.AdornoshortlythereafterparticipatedinameetingwiththeBerlinSozialistischerDeutscherStudentenbund(SDS)anddiscussed"StudentUnrest"withSzondionWestGermanRadio.Butas1968progressed,Adornobecameincreasinglycriticalofthestudents'disruptionstouniversitylife.Hisisolationwasonlycompoundedbyarticlespublishedinthemagazinealternative,which,followingtheleadofHannahArendt'sarticlesinMerkur,claimedAdornohadsubjectedBenjamintopressureduringhisyearsofexileinBerlinandcompiledBenjamin'sWritingsandLetterswithagreatdealofbias.Inresponse,Benjamin'slongtimefriendGershomScholem,wrotetotheeditorofMerkurtoexpresshisdisapprovalofthe"inpart,shameful,nottosaydisgraceful"remarksbyArendt.[45] RelationsbetweenstudentsandtheWestGermanstatecontinueddeteriorating.Inspring1968,aprominentSDSspokesman,RudiDutschke,wasgunneddowninthestreets;inresponse,massivedemonstrationstookplace,directedinparticularagainsttheSpringerPress,whichhadledacampaigntovilifythestudents.AnopenappealpublishedinDieZeit,signedbyAdorno,calledforaninquiryintothesocialreasonsthatgaverisetothisassassinationattemptaswellasaninvestigationintotheSpringerPress'manipulationofpublicopinion.Atthesametime,however,Adornoprotestedagainstdisruptionsofhisownlecturesandrefusedtoexpresshissolidaritywiththeirpoliticalgoals,maintaininginsteadhisautonomyasatheoretician.Adornorejectedtheso-calledunityoftheoryandpraxisadvocatedbythestudentsandarguedthatthestudents'actionswerepremiseduponamistakenanalysisofthesituation.Thebuildingofbarricades,hewrotetoMarcuse,is"ridiculousagainstthosewhoadministerthebomb."[46]Adornowouldrefertotheradicalstudentsasstormtroopers(Sturmabteilung)injeans."[47] InSeptember1968AdornowenttoViennaforthepublicationofAlbanBerg:MasteroftheSmallestLink.UponhisreturntoFrankfurt,eventspreventedhisconcentratinguponthebookonaestheticshewishedtowrite:"Validstudentclaimsanddubiousactions,"hewrotetoMarcuse,"areallsomixeduptogetherthatallproductiveworkandevensensiblethoughtarescarcelypossibleanymore."[48]Afterstrikingstudentsthreatenedtostriptheinstitute'ssociologyseminarroomsoftheirfurnishingsandequipment,thepolicewerebroughtintoclosethebuilding. AdornobeganwritinganintroductiontoacollectionofpoetrybyRudolfBorchardt,whichwasconnectedwithatalkentitled"CharmedLanguage,"deliveredinZurich,followedbyatalkonaestheticsinPariswherehemetBeckettagain.BeginninginOctober1966,AdornotookupworkonAestheticTheory.InJune1969hecompletedCatchwords:CriticalModels.Duringthewintersemesterof1968–69Adornowasonsabbaticalleavefromtheuniversityandthusabletodedicatehimselftothecompletionofhisbookofaesthetics. ForthesummersemesterAdornoplannedalecturecourseentitled"AnIntroductiontoDialecticalThinking,"aswellasaseminaronthedialecticsofsubjectandobject.ButatthefirstlectureAdorno'sattempttoopenupthelectureandinvitequestionswhenevertheyarosedegeneratedintoadisruptionfromwhichhequicklyfled:afterastudentwroteontheblackboard"IfAdornoisleftinpeace,capitalismwillnevercease,"threewomenstudentsapproachedthelectern,baredtheirbreastsandscatteredflowerpetalsoverhishead.[49]YetAdornocontinuedtoresistblanketcondemnationsoftheprotestmovementwhichwouldhaveonlystrengthenedtheconservativethesisaccordingtowhichpoliticalirrationalismwastheresultofAdorno'steaching.Afterfurtherdisruptionstohislectures,Adornocanceledthelecturesfortherestoftheseminar,continuingonlywithhisphilosophyseminar.Inthesummerof1969,wearyfromtheseactivities,AdornoreturnedonceagaintoZermatt,Switzerland,atthefootofMatterhorntorestorehisstrength.OnAugust6hediedofaheartattack. Intellectualinfluences[edit] LikemosttheoristsoftheFrankfurtSchool,AdornowasinfluencedbytheworksofHegel,MarxandFreud.Theirmajortheoriesfascinatedmanyleft-wingintellectualsinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.LorenzJägerspeakscriticallyofAdorno's"Achilles'heel"inhispoliticalbiography:thatAdornoplaced"almostunlimitedtrustinfinishedteachings,inMarxism,psychoanalysis,andtheteachingsoftheSecondVienneseSchool."[50] Hegel[edit] Adorno'sadoptionofHegelianphilosophycanbetracedbacktohisinaugurallecturein1931,inwhichhepostulated:"onlydialecticallydoesphilosophicalinterpretationseempossibletome"(GesammelteSchriften1:338).Hegelrejectedtheideaofseparatingmethodsandcontent,becausethinkingisalwaysthinkingofsomething;dialecticsforhimis"thecomprehendedmovementoftheobjectitself."[51]LikeGerhardSchweppenhäuser,Adornoadoptedthisclaimashisown,andbasedhisthinkingononeoftheHegelianbasiccategories,thedeterminatenegation,[52]accordingtowhichsomethingisnotabstractlynegatedanddissolvedintozero,butispreservedinanew,richerconceptthroughitsopposite.[53] AdornounderstoodhisThreeStudiesofHegelas"preparationofachangeddefinitionofdialectics"andthattheystop"wherethestartshouldbe"(GesammelteSchriften5:249f.).Adornodedicatedhimselftothistaskinoneofhislatermajorworks,theNegativeDialectics(1966).Thetitleexpresses"traditionandrebellioninequalmeasure."[54]DrawingfromHegelianreason'sspeculativedialectic,Adornodevelopedhisown"negative"dialecticofthe"non-identical."[55] KarlMarx[edit] Marx'sCritiqueofPoliticalEconomyclearlyshapedAdorno'sthinking.AsdescribedbyJürgenHabermas,Marxistcritiqueis,forAdorno,a"silentorthodoxy,whosecategories[arerevealed]inAdorno'sculturalcritique,althoughtheirinfluenceisnotexplicitlynamed."[56]Marx'sinfluenceonAdornofirstcamebywayofGyörgyLukács'sHistoryandClassConsciousness(GeschichteundKlassenbewußtsein);fromthistext,AdornotooktheMarxistcategoriesofcommodityfetishismandreification.ThesearecloselyrelatedtoAdorno'sconceptoftrade,whichstandsinthecenterofhisphilosophy,notexclusivelyrestrictedtoeconomictheory.Adorno's"exchangesociety"(Tauschgesellschaft),withits"insatiableanddestructiveappetiteforexpansion,"iseasilydecodedasadescriptionofcapitalism.[57]Furthermore,theMarxistconceptofideologyiscentralforAdorno.[58] Classtheory,whichappearslessfrequentlyinAdorno'swork,alsohasitsoriginsinMarxistthinking.Adornomadeexplicitreferencetoclassintwoofhistexts:thefirst,thesubchapter"ClassesandStrata"(KlassenundSchichten),fromhisIntroductiontotheSociologyofMusic;thesecond,anunpublished1942essay,"ReflectionsonClassTheory",publishedpostmorteminhisCollectedWorks. SigmundFreud[edit] Psychoanalysisisaconstitutiveelementofcriticaltheory.[59]AdornoreadSigmundFreud'sworkearlyon,although,unlikeHorkheimer,hehadneverexperiencedpsychoanalysisinpractice.[60]HefirstreadFreudwhileworkingonhisinitial(withdrawn)habilitationthesis,TheConceptoftheUnconsciousintheTranscendentalTheoryofMind(1927).InitAdornoarguedthat"thehealingofallneurosesissynonymouswiththecompleteunderstandingofthemeaningoftheirsymptomsbythepatient".Inhisessay"OntheRelationshipbetweenSociologyandPsychology"(1955),hejustifiedtheneedto"supplementthetheoryofsocietywithpsychology,especiallyanalyticallyorientedsocialpsychology"inthefaceoffascism.Adornoemphasizedthenecessityofresearchingprevailingpsychologicaldrivesinordertoexplainthecohesionofarepressivesocietyactingagainstfundamentalhumaninterests.[61] AdornoalwaysremainedasupporteranddefenderofFreudianorthodoxdoctrine,"psychoanalysisinitsstrictform".[62]Fromthisposition,heattackedErichFromm[63]andlaterKarenHorneybecauseoftheirrevisionism.Heexpressedreservationsaboutsociologizedpsychoanalysis[64]aswellasaboutitsreductiontoatherapeuticprocedure.[65] Theory[edit] PartofaseriesontheFrankfurtSchool Majorworks ReasonandRevolution "TheWorkofArtintheAgeofMechanicalReproduction" EclipseofReason EscapefromFreedom MinimaMoralia ErosandCivilization One-DimensionalMan NegativeDialectics TheStructuralTransformationofthePublicSphere TheTheoryofCommunicativeAction DialecticofEnlightenment Notabletheorists Marcuse Adorno Horkheimer Benjamin Fromm Pollock Löwenthal Habermas Schmidt Honneth Kracauer Kirchheimer Importantconcepts Advancedcapitalism Antipositivism Communicativerationality Criticaltheory Cultureindustry Dialectic Legitimationcrisis Non-identity Popularculture Praxis Privatism Psychoanalysis Relatedtopics CulturalMarxismconspiracytheory Freudo-Marxism Marxisthumanism WesternMarxism Socialalienation  Philosophyportal  Societyportalvte Adorno'sworksetsoutfromacentralinsightheshareswithallearly20thcenturyavant-gardeart:therecognitionofwhatisprimitiveinourselvesandtheworlditself.NeitherPicasso'sfascinationwithAfricansculpturenorMondrian'sreductionofpaintingtoitsmostelementarycomponent—theline—iscomprehensibleoutsidethisconcernwithprimitivismAdornosharedwiththecentury'smostradicalart.Atthattime,theWesternworld,besetbyworld-wars,colonialistconsolidationandacceleratingcommodification,sankintotheverybarbarismcivilizationhadprideditselfinovercoming.AccordingtoAdorno,society'sself-preservationhadbecomeindistinguishablefromsocietallysanctionedself-sacrifice:of"primitive"peoples,primitiveaspectsoftheegoandthoseprimitive,mimeticdesiresfoundinimitationandsympathy.Adorno'stheoryproceedsfromanunderstandingofthisprimitivequalityofrealitywhichseekstocounteractwhateveraimseithertorepressthisprimitiveaspectortofurtherthosesystemsofdominationsetinplacebythisreturntobarbarism.Fromthisperspective,Adorno'swritingsonpolitics,philosophy,musicandliteraturearealifelongcritiqueofthewaysinwhicheachtriestojustifyself-mutilationasthenecessarypriceofself-preservation.AccordingtoAdorno'stranslatorRobertHullot-Kentor,thecentralmotiveofAdorno'sworkthusconsistsindetermining"howlifecouldbemorethanthestruggleforself-preservation".[66]Inthissense,theprincipleofself-preservation,AdornowritesinNegativeDialectics,isnothingbut"thelawofdoomthusfarobeyedbyhistory."[67]Atitsmostbasic,Adorno'sthoughtismotivatedbyafundamentalcritiqueofthislaw. AdornowaschieflyinfluencedbyMaxWeber'scritiqueofdisenchantment,GeorgLukács'sHegelianinterpretationofMarxism,aswellasWalterBenjamin'sphilosophyofhistory.Adorno,alongwiththeothermajorFrankfurtSchooltheoristsMaxHorkheimerandHerbertMarcuse,arguedthatadvancedcapitalismhadmanagedtocontainorliquidatetheforcesthatwouldbringaboutitscollapseandthattherevolutionarymoment,whenitwouldhavebeenpossibletotransformitintosocialism,hadpassed.AsheputitatthebeginningofhisNegativeDialectics(1966),philosophyisstillnecessarybecausethetimetorealiseitwasmissed.Adornoarguedthatcapitalismhadbecomemoreentrenchedthroughitsattackontheobjectivebasisofrevolutionaryconsciousnessandthroughliquidationoftheindividualismthathadbeenthebasisofcriticalconsciousness.Adorno,aswellasHorkheimer,critiquedallformsofpositivismasresponsiblefortechnocracyanddisenchantmentandsoughttoproduceatheorythatbothrejectedpositivismandavoidedreinstatingtraditionalmetaphysics.AdornoandHorkheimerhavebeencriticizedforover-applyingtheterm"positivism,"especiallyintheirinterpretationsofLudwigWittgensteinandKarlPopperaspositivists.[68] MusicandtheCultureIndustry[edit] Adornocriticizedjazzandpopularmusic,viewingitaspartofthecultureindustry,thatcontributestothepresentsustainabilityofcapitalismbyrenderingit"aestheticallypleasing"and"agreeable".[69] InhisearlyessaysfortheVienna-basedjournalAnbruch,Adornoclaimedthatmusicalprogressisproportionaltothecomposer'sabilitytoconstructivelydealwiththepossibilitiesandlimitationscontainedwithinwhathecalledthe"musicalmaterial."ForAdorno,twelve-toneserialismconstitutesadecisive,historicallydevelopedmethodofcomposition.Theobjectivevalidityofcomposition,accordingtohim,restswithneitherthecomposer'sgeniusnorthework'sconformitywithpriorstandards,butwiththewayinwhichtheworkcoherentlyexpressesthedialecticofthematerial.Inthissense,thecontemporaryabsenceofcomposersofthestatusofBachorBeethovenisnotthesignofmusicalregression;instead,newmusicistobecreditedwithlayingbareaspectsofthemusicalmaterialpreviouslyrepressed:Themusicalmaterial'sliberationfromnumber,theharmonicseriesandtonalharmony.Thus,historicalprogressisachievedonlybythecomposerwho"submitstotheworkandseeminglydoesnotundertakeanythingactiveexcepttofollowwhereitleads."Becausehistoricalexperienceandsocialrelationsareembeddedwithinthismusicalmaterial,itistotheanalysisofsuchmaterialthatthecriticmustturn.Inthefaceofthisradicalliberationofthemusicalmaterial,Adornocametocriticizethosewho,likeStravinsky,withdrewfromthisfreedombytakingrecoursetoformsofthepastaswellasthosewhoturnedtwelve-tonecompositionintoatechniquewhichdictatedtherulesofcomposition. Adornosawthecultureindustryasanarenainwhichcriticaltendenciesorpotentialitieswereeliminated.Hearguedthatthecultureindustry,whichproducedandcirculatedculturalcommoditiesthroughthemassmedia,manipulatedthepopulation.Popularculturewasidentifiedasareasonwhypeoplebecomepassive;theeasypleasuresavailablethroughconsumptionofpopularculturemadepeopledocileandcontent,nomatterhowterribletheireconomiccircumstances."Capitalistproductionsoconfinesthem,bodyandsoul,thattheyfallhelplessvictimstowhatisofferedthem."[70]Thedifferencesamongculturalgoodsmakethemappeardifferent,buttheyareinfactjustvariationsonthesametheme.Hewrotethat"thesamethingisofferedtoeverybodybythestandardizedproductionofconsumptiongoods"butthisisconcealedunder"themanipulationoftasteandtheofficialculture'spretenseofindividualism".[71]Bydoingso,thecultureindustryappealstoeverysingleconsumerinauniqueandpersonalizedway,allwhilemaintainingminimalcostsandeffortontheirbehalf.Consumerspurchasetheillusionthateverycommodityorproductistailoredtotheindividual'spersonalpreference,byincorporatingsubtlemodificationsorinexpensive"add-ons"inordertokeeptheconsumerreturningfornewpurchases,andthereforemorerevenueforthecorporationsystem.Adornoconceptualizedthisphenomenonaspseudo-individualisationandthealways-the-same.[citationneeded] Adorno'sanalysisallowedforacritiqueofmassculturefromtheleftwhichbalancedthecritiqueofpopularculturefromtheright.Frombothperspectives—leftandright—thenatureofculturalproductionwasfelttobeattherootofsocialandmoralproblemsresultingfromtheconsumptionofculture.However,whilethecritiquefromtherightemphasizedmoraldegeneracyascribedtosexualandracialinfluenceswithinpopularculture,Adornolocatedtheproblemnotwiththecontent,butwiththeobjectiverealitiesoftheproductionofmasscultureanditseffects,e.g.asaformofreversepsychology.[citationneeded]ThinkersinfluencedbyAdornobelievethattoday'ssocietyhasevolvedinadirectionforeseenbyhim,especiallyinregardtothepast(Auschwitz),morals,ortheCultureIndustry.Thelatterhasbecomeaparticularlyproductive,yethighlycontestedterminculturalstudies.ManyofAdorno'sreflectionsonaestheticsandmusichaveonlyjustbeguntobedebated,asacollectionofessaysonthesubject,manyofwhichhadnotpreviouslybeentranslatedintoEnglish,hasonlyrecentlybeencollectedandpublishedasEssaysonMusic.[72] Adorno'sworkintheyearsbeforehisdeathwasshapedbytheideaof"negativedialectics",setoutespeciallyinhisbookofthattitle.AkeynotionintheworkoftheFrankfurtSchoolsinceDialecticofEnlightenmenthadbeentheideaofthoughtbecominganinstrumentofdominationthatsubsumesallobjectsunderthecontrolofthe(dominant)subject,especiallythroughthenotionofidentity,i.e.ofidentifyingasrealinnatureandsocietyonlythatwhichharmonizedorfitwithdominantconcepts,andregardingasunrealornon-existenteverythingthatdidnot.[citationneeded]Adorno's"negativedialectics"wasanattempttoarticulateanon-dominatingthoughtthatwouldrecognizeitslimitationsandacceptthenon-identityandrealityofthatwhichcouldnotbesubsumedunderthesubject'sconcepts.Indeed,Adornosoughttogroundthecriticalbiteofhissociologicalworkinhiscritiqueofidentity,whichhetooktobeareificationinthoughtofthecommodityformorexchangerelationwhichalwayspresumesafalseidentitybetweendifferentthings.Thepotentialtocriticisearisesfromthegapbetweentheconceptandtheobject,whichcannevergointotheformerwithoutremainder.Thisgap,thisnon-identityinidentity,wasthesecrettoacritiqueofbothmateriallifeandconceptualreflection.[citationneeded] Adorno'sreputationasamusicologistremainscontroversial.Hissweepingcriticismsofjazz[73]andchampioningoftheSecondVienneseSchoolinoppositiontoStravinskyhavecausedhimtofalloutoffavour.ThedistinguishedAmericanscholarRichardTaruskin[74]declaredAdornotobe"preposterouslyover-rated."TheeminentpianistandcriticCharlesRosensawAdorno'sbookThePhilosophyofNewMusicas"largelyafraudulentpresentation,aworkofpolemicthatpretendstobeanobjectivestudy."[75]EvenafellowMarxistsuchasthehistorianandjazzcriticEricHobsbawmsawAdorno'swritingsascontaining"someofthestupidestpageseverwrittenaboutjazz".[76]TheBritishphilosopherRogerScrutonsawAdornoasproducing"reamsofturgidnonsensedevotedtoshowingthattheAmericanpeoplearejustasalienatedasMarxismrequiresthemtobe,andthattheircheerfullife-affirmingmusicisa'fetishized'commodity,expressiveoftheirdeepspiritualenslavementtothecapitalistmachine."[69]IrritationwithAdorno'stunnelvisionstartedevenwhilehewasalive.HemayhavechampionedSchoenberg,butthecomposernotablyfailedtoreturnthecompliment:"Ihaveneverbeenabletobearthefellow[...]Itisdisgusting,bytheway,howhetreatsStravinsky."[77]Anothercomposer,LucianoBeriosaid,ininterview,"It'snoteasytocompletelyrefuteanythingthatAdornowrites–hewas,afterall,oneofthemostacute,andalsooneofthemostnegativeintellectstoexcavatethecreativityofthepast150years...Heforgetsthatoneofthemostcunningandinterestingaspectsofconsumermusic,themassmedia,andindeedofcapitalismitself,istheirfluidity,theirunendingcapacityforadaptationandassimilation."[78] Ontheotherhand,thescholarSlavojŽižekhaswrittenaforewordtoAdorno'sInSearchofWagner,[79]whereŽižekattributesan"emancipatoryimpulse"tothesamebook,althoughŽižeksuggeststhatfidelitytothisimpulsedemands"abetrayaloftheexplicitthesesofAdorno'sWagnerstudy."[80] WritingintheNewYorkerin2014,musiccriticAlexRoss,arguedthatAdorno'sworkhasarenewedimportanceinthedigitalage:"Thepophegemonyisallbutcomplete,itssuperstarsdominatingthemediaandwieldingtheeconomicmightoftycoons...Cultureappearsmoremonolithicthanever,withafewgiganticcorporations—Google,Apple,Facebook,Amazon—presidingoverunprecedentedmonopolies.".[81] Adorno'scritiqueofcommercialmediacapitalismcontinuestobeinfluential.ThereismuchscholarshipinfluencedbyAdornoonhowWesternentertainmentindustriesstrengthentransnationalcapitalismandreinforceaWesternculturaldominance.[82]AdorneancritiquecanbefoundinworkssuchasTannerMirrlees'"TheUSEmpire'sCultureIndustry"whichfocusuponhowWesterncommercialentertainmentisartificiallyreinforcedbytransnationalmediacorporationsratherthanbeingalocalculture.[83] Thefivecomponentsofrecognition[edit] Adornostatesthatastarttounderstandtherecognitioninrespectofanyparticularsonghitmaybemadebydraftingaschemewhichdividestheexperienceofrecognitionintoitsdifferentcomponents.Allthefactorspeopleenumerateareinterwoventoadegreethatwouldbeimpossibletoseparatefromoneanotherinreality.Adorno'sschemeisdirectedtowardsthedifferentobjectiveelementsinvolvedintheexperienceofrecognition,thantheactualexperiencefeltfortheindividual.[84] Vagueremembrance Actualidentification Subsumptionbylabel Self-reflectionandactofrecognition Psychologicaltransferofrecognition-authoritytotheobject Marxistcriticisms[edit] Adornopositssocialtotalityasanautomaticsystem.[85]AccordingtoHorstMüller'sKritikderkritischenTheorie("CritiqueofCriticalTheory"),thisassumptionisconsistentwithAdorno'sideaofsocietyasaself-regulatingsystem,fromwhichonemustescape(butfromwhichnobodycanescape).Forhimitwasexistent,butinhuman.Müllerarguesagainsttheexistenceofsuchasystemandclaimsthatcriticaltheoryprovidesnopracticalsolutionforsocietalchange.HeconcludesthatJürgenHabermas,inparticular,andtheFrankfurtSchoolingeneral,misconstrueMarx.[citationneeded] Standardization[edit] Thephenomenonofstandardizationis"aconceptusedtocharacterizetheformulaicproductsofcapitalist-drivenmassmediaandmassculturethatappealtothelowestcommondenominatorinpursuitofmaximumprofit".[86]AccordingtoAdornoweinhabitamediaculturedrivensocietywhichhasproductconsumptionasoneofitsmaincharacteristics.Massmediaisemployedtodelivermessagesaboutproductsandservicestoconsumersinordertoconvincetheseindividualstopurchasethecommoditytheyareadvertising.Standardizationconsistsoftheproductionoflargeamountsofcommoditiestothenpursueconsumersinordertogainthemaximumprofitpossible. Theydothis,asmentionedabove,byindividualizingproductstogivetheillusiontoconsumersthattheyareinfactpurchasingaproductorservicethatwasspecificallydesignedforthem.Adornohighlightstheissuescreatedwiththeconstructionofpopularmusic,wheredifferentsamplesofmusicusedinthecreationoftoday'schart-toppingsongsareputtogetherinordertocreate,re-create,andmodifynumeroustracksbyusingthesamevarietyofsamplesfromonesongtoanother.Hemakesadistinctionbetween"Apologeticmusic"and"Criticalmusic".Apologeticmusicisdefinedasthehighlyproducedandpromotedmusicofthe"popmusic"industry:musicthatiscomposedofvariablepartsandinterchangedtocreateseveraldifferentsongs."Thesocialandpsychologicalfunctionsofpopularmusic[arethatit]actslikeasocialcement"[87]"tokeeppeopleobedientandsubservienttothestatusquoofexistingpowerstructures."[88] Seriousmusic,accordingtoAdorno,achievesexcellencewhenitswholeisgreaterthanthesumofitsparts.TheexamplehegivesisthatofBeethoven'ssymphonies:"[his]greatnessshowsitselfinthecompletesubordinationoftheaccidentallyprivatemelodicelementstotheformasawhole."[89][incompleteshortcitation] Standardizationnotonlyreferstotheproductsofthecultureindustrybuttotheconsumersaswell:manytimeseverydayconsumersarebombardedbymediaadvertising.Consumersarepushedandshovedintoconsumingproductsandservicespresentedtothembythemediasystem.Themasseshavebecomeconditionedbythecultureindustry,whichmakestheimpactofstandardizationmuchmoreimportant.Bynotrealizingtheimpactofsocialmediaandcommercialadvertising,theindividualiscaughtinasituationwhereconformityisthenorm."Duringconsumptionthemassesbecomecharacterizedbythecommoditieswhichtheyuseandexchangeamongthemselves."[90] Adorno'sresponsestohiscritics[edit] Asapioneerofaself-reflexivesociologywhoprefiguredBourdieu'sabilitytofactorintheeffectofreflectiononthesocietalobject,Adornorealizedthatsomecriticism(includingdeliberatedisruptionofhisclassesinthe1960s)couldneverbeansweredinadialoguebetweenequalsif,asheseemstohavebelieved,whatthenaiveethnographerorsociologistthinksofahumanessenceisalwayschangingovertime.[91] The"Adorno-Ampel"(Adorno-trafficlight)onSenckenberganlage,astreetwhichdividestheInstituteforSocialResearchfromGoetheUniversityFrankfurt—Adornorequesteditsconstructionafterapedestriandeathin1962,anditwasfinallyinstalled25yearslater.[92] Adorno'ssociologicalmethods[edit] AsAdornobelievedthatsociologyneedstobeself-reflectiveandself-critical,healsobelievedthatthelanguagethesociologistuses,likethelanguageoftheordinaryperson,isapoliticalconstructinlargemeasurethatuses,oftenunreflectingly,conceptsinstalledbydominantclassesandsocialstructures(suchasournotionof"deviance"whichincludesbothgenuinelydeviantindividualsand"hustlers"operatingbelowsocialnormsbecausetheylackthecapitaltooperateabove:forananalysisofthisphenomenon,cf.PierreBourdieu'sbookTheWeightoftheWorld).HefeltthatthoseatthetopoftheInstituteneededtobethesourceprimarilyoftheoriesforevaluationandempiricaltesting,aswellaspeoplewhowouldprocessthe"facts"discovered...includingrevisingtheoriesthatwerefoundtobefalse.Forexample,inanessaypublishedinGermanyonAdorno'sreturnfromtheUS,andreprintedintheCriticalModelsessayscollection(ISBN 0-231-07635-5),AdornopraisedtheegalitarianismandopennessofUSsocietybasedonhissojourninNewYorkandtheLosAngelesareabetween1935and1955:"CharacteristicforthelifeinAmerica[...]isamomentofpeacefulness,kindnessandgenerosity".("DemamerikanischenLebeneignet[...]einMomentvonFriedlichkeit,GutartigkeitundGroßzügigkeit".)[93] OneexampleoftheclashofintellectualcultureandAdorno'smethodscanbefoundinPaulLazarsfeld,theAmericansociologistforwhomAdornoworkedinthelate1930safterfleeingHitler.AsRolfWiggershausrecountsinTheFrankfurtSchool,ItsHistory,TheoriesandPoliticalSignificance(MIT1995),Lazarsfeldwasthedirectorofaproject,fundedandinspiredbyDavidSarnoff(theheadofRCA),todiscoverboththesortofmusicthatlistenersofradiolikedandwaystoimprovetheir"taste",sothatRCAcouldprofitablyairmoreclassicalmusic.Lazarsfeld,however,hadtroublebothwiththeprosestyleoftheworkAdornohandedinandwhatLazarsfeldthoughtwasAdorno's"lackofdisciplinein...presentation".[94] Adornohimselfprovidedthefollowingpersonalanecdote: WhatImeanbyreifiedconsciousness,Icanillustrate—withoutelaboratephilosophicalcontemplation—mostsimplywithanAmericanexperience.AmongthefrequentlychangingcolleagueswhichthePrincetonProjectprovidedmewith,wasayounglady.Afterafewdays,shehadgainedconfidenceinme,andaskedmostkindly:"DrAdorno,wouldyoumindapersonalquestion?".Isaid,"Itdependsonthequestion,butjustgoahead",andshewenton:"Pleasetellme:areyouanextrovertoranintrovert?".Itwasasifshe,asalivingbeing,alreadythoughtaccordingtothemodelofmulti-choicequestionsinquestionnaires.[95] AdornotranslatedintoEnglish[edit] WhileevenGermanreaderscanfindAdorno'sworkdifficulttounderstand,anadditionalproblemforEnglishreadersisthathisGermanidiomisparticularlydifficulttotranslateintoEnglish.AsimilardifficultyoftranslationistrueofHegel,Heidegger,andanumberofotherGermanphilosophersandpoets.Asaresult,someearlytranslatorstendedtowardover-literalness.Inrecentyears,EdmundJephcottandStanfordUniversityPresshavepublishednewtranslationsofsomeofAdorno'slecturesandbooks,includingIntroductiontoSociology,ProblemsofMoralPhilosophyandhistranscribedlecturesonKant'sCritiqueofPureReasonandAristotle's"Metaphysics",andanewtranslationoftheDialecticofEnlightenment.ProfessorHenryPickford,oftheUniversityofColoradoatBoulder,hastranslatedmanyofAdorno'sworkssuchas"TheMeaningofWorkingThroughthePast."AnewtranslationhasalsoappearedofAestheticTheoryandthePhilosophyofNewMusicbyRobertHullot-Kentor,fromtheUniversityofMinnesotaPress.Hullot-KentorisalsocurrentlyworkingonanewtranslationofNegativeDialectics.Adorno'scorrespondencewithAlbanBerg,TowardsaTheoryofMusicalReproduction,andtheletterstoAdorno'sparents,havebeentranslatedbyWielandHobanandpublishedbyPolityPress.ThesefreshtranslationsareslightlylessliteralintheirrenderingofGermansentencesandwords,andaremoreaccessibletoEnglishreaders.[citationneeded]TheGroupExperiment,whichhadbeenunavailabletoEnglishreaders,isnowavailableinanaccessibletranslationbyJeffreyK.OlickandAndrewJ.PerrinonHarvardUniversityPress,alongwithintroductorymaterialexplainingitsrelationtotherestofAdorno'sworkand20th-centurypublicopinionresearch. Works[edit] AdornomuralinFrankfurt Mainarticle:TheodorW.Adornobibliography Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Kierkegaard:ConstructionoftheAesthetic(1933) DialecticofEnlightenment(withMaxHorkheimer,1944) ComposingfortheFilms(1947) PhilosophyofNewMusic(1949) TheAuthoritarianPersonality(1950) MinimaMoralia:ReflectionsfromDamagedLife(1951) InSearchofWagner(1952) Prisms(1955) AgainstEpistemology:AMetacritique;StudiesinHusserlandthePhenomenologicalAntinomies(1956) Dissonanzen.MusikinderverwaltetenWelt(1956) NotestoLiteratureI(1958) SoundFigures(1959) Mahler:AMusicalPhysiognomy(1960) NotestoLiteratureII(1961) IntroductiontotheSociologyofMusic(1962) Hegel:ThreeStudies(1963) CriticalModels:InterventionsandCatchwords(1963) QuasiunaFantasia(1963) TheJargonofAuthenticity(1964) NightMusic:EssaysonMusic1928–1962(1964) NegativeDialectics(1966) AlbanBerg:MasteroftheSmallestLink(1968) CriticalModels:InterventionsandCatchwords(1969) AestheticTheory(1970) TheCultureIndustry(Routledge,1991) Beethoven:ThePhilosophyofMusic;FragmentsandTexts(1993) ThePsychologicalTechniqueofMartinLutherThomas'RadioAddresses(2000) Kant's'CritiqueofPureReason'(2002) CurrentofMusic(2006) Musicalworks[edit] FürSebastianWedler(1919) 6Studiesforstringquartet(1920) Pianopiece(1921) Stringquartet(1921) 3storiesbyTheodorDäublerforfemalechorus(1923–1945) 2Piecesforstringquartet,Op.2(1925/26) 7shortworksfororchestra,Op.4(1929) 3ShortPiecesforpiano(1934) 2songsforvoice&orchestraafterMarkTwain's"IndianJoe"(1932/33) Kinderjahr–SixPianopiecesfromop.68ofRobertSchumann(1941) 2songswithorchestra Seealso[edit] Positivismdispute References[edit] Citations[edit] ^Swift,Christopher(2010)."HerbertMarcuseontheNewLeft:DialecticandRhetoric".RhetoricSocietyQuarterly.40(2):151.doi:10.1080/02773941003614472.ISSN 1930-322X.JSTOR 40647345.S2CID 144076949. ^ChristineFillion,"Adorno'sMarginalienzuTheorieundPraxis:InPraiseofDiscontinuity",Humanitas,Volume2,Issue1,Fall2012. ^Adorno/Horkheimer,TheCultureIndustry:EnlightenmentasMassDeception. ^TheodorW.Adorno(trans.FrancisMcDonagh),"Commitment"[basedonaMarch1962radiobroadcastunderthetitle"EngagementoderkünstlerischeAutonomie"]inAndrewArato,EikeGebhardt(eds.),TheEssentialFrankfurtSchoolReader,Continuum,1978,pp. 300–318(modernistartasanoppositiontotheconventionalexperienceofthemassmedia). ^GaryDay,LiteraryCriticism:ANewHistory,EdinburghUniversityPress,2008,p.265. ^Adornodefinedmaturityasthecourageandtheabilitytouseone'sownunderstandingindependentlyofdominantheteronomouspatternsofthought;seeMacdonald,Iain(2011),"Cold,cold,warm:Autonomy,intimacyandmaturityinAdorno",Philosophy&SocialCriticism,37(6),669–689. ^"{{[}}Art's{{]}}paradoxicaltaskistoattesttothelackofconcordwhileatthesametimeworkingtoabolishdiscordance"(AdornoquotedbyJamesMartinHardinginAdornoand"aWritingoftheRuins",SUNYPress,1997,p. 30);varianttranslationbyRobertHullot-KentorinAdorno,AestheticTheory,1997,UniversityofMinnesotaPress,p. 168:"Paradoxically,artmusttestifytotheunreconciledandatthesametimeenvisionitsreconciliation;thisisapossibilityonlyforitsnondiscursivelanguage."(OriginalGerman:"ParadoxhatsiedasUnversöhntezubezeugenundgleichwohltendenziellzuversöhnen;möglichistdasnurihrernicht-diskursivenSprache."). ^OxfordDictionaryofEnglish ^Krech,Eva-Maria;Stock,Eberhard;Hirschfeld,Ursula;Anders,LutzChristian(2009).DeutschesAussprachewörterbuch[GermanPronunciationDictionary](inGerman).Berlin:WalterdeGruyter.p. 293.ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6. ^"Duden|Adorno|Rechtschreibung,Bedeutung,Definition".Duden(inGerman).RetrievedOctober22,2018. ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 28 ^Adorno1992,p. 212 ^Claussen2008,p. 66–9 ^Adorno1992,p. 58–59 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 46 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 48 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 98 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 105 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 118 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 123 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 129 ^Adorno2000,p. 38 ^Adorno2000,p. 35 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 175 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 178 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 237,239 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 247 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 249 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 262 ^Claussen2008,p. 116 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 275 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 293 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 316 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 332 ^Adorno,T.(1947).Wagner,NietzscheandHitler.TheKenyonReview,9(1),155-162. ^Adorno,PoliticsandEconomicsintheInterviewMaterial,ch.17 ^Hammer,Espen(2006)Adornoandthepolitical,pp.56–7 ^Hammer(2006)p.69 ^AndreasDorschel,'DerGeististstetsgestört',in:SüddeutscheZeitungnr.129(7June2004),p.14. ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 338 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 343 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 362 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 397 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 451 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 458 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 463 ^Siemens,Daniel"Stormtroopers:ANewHistoryofHitler'sBrownshirts"pg327.YaleUniversityPress,2017. ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 464 ^Müller-Doohm2005,p. 475 ^LorenzJäger:Adorno.EinepolitischeBiographie.DeutscherTaschenbuchVerlag,München2005,S.32. ^GerhardSchweppenhäuser:TheodorW.AdornozurEinführung.5.Auflage.Junius,Hamburg2009,S.31. ^GerhardSchweppenhäuser:TheodorW.AdornozurEinführung.5.Auflage.Junius,Hamburg2009,S.30–38. ^IneinemGesprächzwischenHorkheimer,AdornoundGadamerüberNietzschesMoralkritikmonierteAdorno,dassesNietzsche„amBegriffderbestimmtenNegationgefehlt"habe,„alsodaran,dass,wennmaneinemalsnegativErkannteneinAnderesentgegensetzt,indiesemAnderendasNegierteineinerneuenFormmitenthaltenseinmuss".MaxHorkheimer:GesammelteSchriften.Band13:NachgelasseneSchriften1949–1972.Fischer,FrankfurtamMain1989,S.116. ^TiloWesche:NegativeDialektik:KritikanHegel.In:RichardKlein,JohannKreuzer,StefanMüller-Doohm(Hrsg.):Adorno-Handbuch.Leben–Werk–Wirkung.J.B.MetzlerVerlag,Stuttgart2011,S.318. ^AlbrechtWellmer:Adorno,AnwaltdesNicht-Identischen.In:id.:ZurDialektikvonModerneundPostmoderne.VernunftkritiknachAdorno.Suhrkamp,FrankfurtamMain1985,pp.135–166.InGerman. ^JürgenHabermas:TheorieundPraxis.SozialphilosophischeStudien.Luchterhand,Neuwied1963,p.170. ^GesammelteSchriften,volume5,p.274. ^JanRehmann:Ideologiekritik.DieIdeologiekritikderKritischenTheorie.In:UweH.Bittlingmayer/AlexDemirović/TatjanaFreytag(ed.):HandbuchKritischeTheorie.Band1.SpringerVS,Wiesbaden2019,pp.663–700,herep.664. ^MartinJay:III.DieIntegrationderPsychoanalyse.In:id.:DialektischePhantasie.DieGeschichtederFrankfurterSchuleunddesInstitutsfürSozialforschung1923–1950.S.Fischer,FrankfurtamMain1976,pp.113–142. ^ChristianSchneider:DieWundeFreud.In:RichardKlein,JohannKreuzer,StefanMüller-Doohm(Hrsg.):Adorno-Handbuch.Leben–Werk–Wirkung.J.B.MetzlerVerlag,Stuttgart2011,S.284. ^Adorno,TheodorW.(1997).GesammelteSchriften.Vol. 8.SuhrkampTaschenbuch.p. 42.OCLC 890842414. ^TheodorW.Adorno:ProblemederMoralphilosophie.NachgelasseneSchriften,Abteilung4,Band10:Vorlesungen.Suhrkamp,FrankfurtamMain1996,S.123. ^TheodorW.Adorno,MaxHorkheimer:Briefwechsel.BandI:1927–1937.Suhrkamp,FrankfurtamMain2003,S.129f. ^Hesummarizesthisintheseeminglyparadoxicalformulation:"Themorepsychoanalysisissociologized,thedulleritsorganforrecognizingsociallycausedconflictsbecomes".(GS8:28). ^StefanMüller-Doohm:Adorno.EineBiographie.Suhrkamp,FrankfurtamMain2003,S.590. ^Durão2008 ^Adorno2003,p. 167 ^Josephson-Storm,Jason(2017).TheMythofDisenchantment:Magic,Modernity,andtheBirthoftheHumanSciences.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.pp. 242–5.ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6. ^abScruton,Roger(2010).TheUsesofPessimism:andtheDangerofFalseHope.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 89.ISBN 978-0-199-74753-5. ^Laughey2007,123. ^Arato&Gephart1982,p. 280 ^Adorno2002 ^TheodorW.Adorno,trans.JamieOwenDaniel,"OnJazz."Discourse,Vol.12,No.1,ASpecialissueonMusic(Fall-Winter1989-90),pp.45-69 ^Taruskin,Richard.TheOxfordHistoryofWesternMusic.OxfordUniversityPress,2005,p.xiv. ^Rosen,C.(2000,p117)CriticalEntertainments:MusicOldandNew.HarvardUniversityPress. ^Hobsbawm,Eric(1993,p.300)TheJazzScene.NewYork,Pantheon. ^Letterof5December1949,quotedinStuckenschmidt,ArnoldSchoenberg:HisLife,WorldandWork,trans.H.SearleLondon:JohnCalder,1977. ^Berio,L.(1985,p27)TwoInterviews.NewYork&London,MarionBoyars. ^Adorno,Theodor(2005).InSearchofWagner.LondonandNewYork:Verso. ^Žižek,Slavoj.(2005).Foreword:WhyIsWagnerWorthSaving?In:Adorno,Theodor.(2005).InSearchofWagner.LondonandNewYork:Verso. ^"TheNaysayers".TheNewYorker.September7,2014. ^LeeArtz(2015).GlobalEntertainmentMedia:ACriticalIntroduction.188-200. ^HeartsandMines:TheUSEmpire'sCultureIndustryTannerMirrlees.Vancouver:UniversityofBritishColumbiaPress,2016.103-130pp. ^Adorno,Theodor(1941)."PopularMusic".EssaysonMusic. ^Zuidervaart,Lambert."TheodorW.Adorno".InZalta,EdwardN.(ed.).StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.AccordingtoAdorno,societyandcultureformasociohistoricaltotality,suchthatthepursuitoffreedominsocietyisinseparablefromthepursuitofenlightenmentinculture. ^Laughey2007,204. ^Adorno1990,[page needed]. ^Laughey2007,125. ^Laughey2010,125.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFLaughey2010(help) ^Laughey2007,124. ^ForacomparisonofAdorno'sandBourdieu'sratherdivergentconceptionsofreflexivity,see:Karakayali,Nedim.2004."ReadingBourdieuwithAdorno:TheLimitsofCriticalTheoryandReflexiveSociology,"Sociology(JournaloftheBritishSociologicalAssociation),38(2),pp.351–368. ^Berger,Frank;Setzepfandt,Christian(May7,2011)."Frankfurtgnadenlosentdecken".Rezensionen.RetrievedDecember16,2012. ^TheodorW.Adorno,Stichworte.KritischeModelle2,2ndedition.Frankfurt:SuhrkampVerlag,1969,p.145 ^Wiggershaus1995,p. 242 ^TheodorW.Adorno,Stichworte.KritischeModelle,2ndedition.Frankfurt:SuhrkampVerlag,1969,p.122(alsocitedinFriedemannGrenz,AdornosPhilosophieinGrundbegriffen.AuflösungeinigerDeutungsprobleme.Frankfurt:SuhrkampVerlag,1974,p.43.). Sources[edit] Adorno,Theodor(1990)."OnPopularMusic",translatedbyGeorgeSimpson.InOnRecord:Rock,Pop,andtheWrittenWord,editedbySimonFrithandAndrewGoodwin,301–14.London:Routledge.ISBN 0-415-05306-4;ISBN 0-415-05305-6;ISBN 0-679-72288-2;NewYork:Pantheon.ISBN 0-415-05305-6;ISBN 978-0-394-56475-3;ISBN 0-415-05306-4;ISBN 0-679-72288-2. Adorno,Theodor(1992).NotestoLiterature:Volumetwo.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress. Adorno,Theodor(2000).BrianO'Connor(ed.).TheAdornoReader.Malden,MA:BlackwellPublishing. Adorno,Theodor(2002).EssaysonMusic.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. Adorno,Theodor(2003).NegativeDialectics.NewYork:Continuum. Arato,Andrew;Gephart,Eike,eds.(1982).TheEssentialFrankfurtSchoolReader.NewYork:Continuum. Claussen,Detlev(2008).TheodorW.Adorno:OneLastGenius.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress. Durão,FabioAkcelrud(July–August2008)."RobertHullot-KentorinConversationwithFabioAkcelrudDurão".TheBrooklynRail:CriticalPerspectivesonArt,PoliticsandCulture.RetrievedNovember28,2011. Laughey,Dan(2007).KeyThemesinMediaTheory.England:OpenUniversityPress. Müller-Doohm,Stefan(2005).Adorno:ABiography.Malden,MA:PolityPress. Wiggershaus,Rolf(1995).TheFrankfurtSchool,ItsHistory,TheoriesandPoliticalSignificance.Cambridge,MA:MITPress. Furtherreading[edit] Edwards,Peter."ConvergencesandDiscordintheCorrespondenceBetweenLigetiandAdorno",Music&Letters,96/2,2015. Gerhardt,Christina(ed.)."AdornoandEthics".NewGermanCritique97(2006):1–3. Brunger,Jeremy.2015."TheAdministeredWorldofTheodorAdorno".NumeroCinqmagazine(5May). Hogh,Philip.CommunicationandExpression:Adorno'sPhilosophyofLanguage.TranslatedbyAntoniaHofstätter.LondonandNewYork:Rowman&LittlefieldInternational,2017. Hohendahl,PeterUwe.PrismaticThought:TheodorW.Adorno.Lincoln,Nebr.:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1995. Jarvis,Simon.Adorno:ACriticalIntroduction.Cambridge:Polity,1998. Jay,Martin.TheDialecticalImagination:AHistoryoftheFrankfurtSchoolandtheInstituteforSocialResearch1923–1950.BerkeleyandLosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1996. Jay,Martin.Adorno.Cambridge,Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1984. Jeffries,Stuart.GrandHotelAbyss:TheLivesoftheFrankfurtSchool.NewYork:Verso,2016. Paddison,Max.Adorno,ModernismandMassCulture:EssaysonCriticalTheory.London:Kahn&Averill,2004.ISBN 1-871-08281-1. Morgan,Ben."TheprojectoftheFrankfurtSchool",Telos,Nr.119(2001),75–98 Scruton,Roger.Fools,FraudsandFirebrands:ThinkersoftheNewLeft.NewYork:BloomsburyUSA,2015. Delanty,Gerard,ed.TheodorW.Adorno.London:SAGE,2004. Bowie,Andrew.AdornoandtheEndsofPhilosophy,Cambridge:Polity2013 Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoTheodorAdorno. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTheodorW.Adorno. Adorno,Theodor.AestheticTheory.UniversityofMinnesotaPress,1996 "TheodorAdorno".InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy. Zuidervaart,Lambert."TheodorW.Adorno".InZalta,EdwardN.(ed.).StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy. TheodorW.AdornoatFindaGrave Illuminations–TheCriticalTheoryProject OdysseusandtheSirenCallofReason:TheFrankfurtSchoolCritiqueofEnlightenmentpublishedinOtherVoices,n.1v.1,1997. "Adornoduringthe1950s"byJuergenHabermas DanielSherer,"Adorno'sReceptionofLoos:ModernArchitecture,AestheticTheory,andtheCritiqueofOrnament,"Potlatch3(Spring2014),19–31. SoundrecordingswithTheodorW.AdornointheOnlineArchiveoftheÖsterreichischeMediathek(Scientificlectures)(inGerman) OnlineworksbyAdorno[edit] WorksbyoraboutTheodorW.AdornoatInternetArchive TheAdornoReferenceArchiveatMarxists.org.ContainscompletetextsofEnlightenmentasMassDeception,SupramundaneCharacteroftheHegelianWorldSpiritandMinimaMoralia. NegativeDialecticsatefn.org. vteTheodorW.AdornoBibliographyWorks DialecticofEnlightenment(1944) TheAuthoritarianPersonality(1950) MinimaMoralia(1951) NegativeDialectics(1966) AestheticTheory(1970) Related Criticaltheory FrankfurtSchool SecondVienneseSchool ArticlesandtopicsrelatedtoTheodorW.Adorno vteContinentalphilosophyPhilosophers TheodorW.Adorno GiorgioAgamben LouisAlthusser HannahArendt RaymondAron GastonBachelard AlainBadiou RolandBarthes GeorgesBataille JeanBaudrillard ZygmuntBauman WalterBenjamin SimonedeBeauvoir HenriBergson MauriceBlanchot PierreBourdieu MartinBuber JudithButler AlbertCamus GeorgesCanguilhem ErnstCassirer CorneliusCastoriadis EmilCioran HélèneCixous BenedettoCroce PauldeMan GuyDebord ManuelDeLanda GillesDeleuze JacquesDerrida WilhelmDilthey HubertDreyfus AleksandrDugin UmbertoEco TerryEagleton FriedrichEngels FrantzFanon JohannGottliebFichte MarkFisher MichelFoucault Hans-GeorgGadamer GiovanniGentile FélixGuattari AntonioGramsci JürgenHabermas G. W. F.Hegel MartinHeidegger EdmundHusserl RomanIngarden LuceIrigaray FredricJameson KarlJaspers WalterKaufmann SørenKierkegaard LudwigKlages PierreKlossowski AlexandreKojève AlexandreKoyré LeszekKołakowski JuliaKristeva RobertKurz JacquesLacan PhilippeLacoue-Labarthe FrançoisLaruelle BrunoLatour HenriLefebvre ClaudeLévi-Strauss EmmanuelLevinas NiklasLuhmann GyörgyLukács Jean-FrançoisLyotard GabrielMarcel HerbertMarcuse KarlMarx QuentinMeillassoux MauriceMerleau-Ponty Jean-LucNancy AntonioNegri FriedrichNietzsche JoséOrtegayGasset JacquesRancière PaulRicœur EdwardSaid Jean-PaulSartre F. W. J.Schelling CarlSchmitt ArthurSchopenhauer MichelSerres GilbertSimondon PeterSloterdijk OswaldSpengler EdithStein LeoStrauss PaulVirilio SimoneWeil RaymondWilliams SlavojŽižek Theories Absurdism Criticaltheory Deconstruction Existentialism FrankfurtSchool Germanidealism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Marxism Neo-Kantianism Non-philosophy Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Psychoanalytictheory Romanticism Socialconstructionism Speculativerealism Structuralism WesternMarxism Concepts Alterity Angst ApollonianandDionysian Authenticity Beinginitself Boredom Classstruggle Dasein DeathofGod Deathdrive Différance Difference Existenceprecedesessence Existentialcrisis Facticity Genealogy Habitus Historicalmaterialism Ideology Intersubjectivity Leapoffaith Master–slavedialectic Master–slavemorality Oedipuscomplex Ontic Other Power Ressentiment Self-deception Totalitarianism Trace Transvaluationofvalues Wertkritik Willtopower Category Index vteAestheticstopicsPhilosophers Abhinavagupta TheodorW.Adorno LeonBattistaAlberti ThomasAquinas HansUrsvonBalthasar AlexanderGottliebBaumgarten CliveBell BernardBosanquet EdwardBullough EdmundBurke R.G.Collingwood AnandaCoomaraswamy ArthurDanto GillesDeleuze JohnDewey DenisDiderot HubertDreyfus CurtJohnDucasse ThierrydeDuve RogerFry NelsonGoodman ClementGreenberg GeorgHegel MartinHeidegger DavidHume ImmanuelKant PaulKlee SusanneLanger LouisLavelle TheodorLipps GyörgyLukács Jean-FrançoisLyotard JosephMargolis JacquesMaritain ThomasMunro FriedrichNietzsche JoséOrtegayGasset DewittH.Parker StephenPepper DavidPrall JacquesRancière AynRand GeorgeLansingRaymond I.A.Richards GeorgeSantayana FriedrichSchiller ArthurSchopenhauer RogerScruton IrvingSinger RabindranathTagore GiorgioVasari MorrisWeitz JohannJoachimWinckelmann RichardWollheim more... Theories Classicism Evolutionaryaesthetics Historicism Modernism NewClassical Postmodernism Psychoanalytictheory Romanticism Symbolism Theoryofpainting Theoryofart more... Concepts Aestheticemotions Aestheticinterpretation Appropriation Artmanifesto Avant-garde Axiology Beauty Boredom Camp Comedy Creativity Cuteness Disgust Ecstasy Elegance Entertainment Eroticism Fashion Fun Gaze Harmony Humour Judgement Kama Kitsch Lifeimitatingart Magnificence Mimesis Perception Quality Rasa Recreation Reverence Style Sthayibhava Sublime Taste Tragedy Workofart Related Aestheticsofmusic Appliedaesthetics Architecture Art Artisticmerit Artscriticism Feministaesthetics Gastronomy Japaneseaesthetics Mathematicalbeauty Mathematicsandarchitecture Mathematicsandart Medievalaesthetics Musictheory Neuroesthetics Patternsinnature Philosophyofdesign Philosophyoffilm Philosophyofmusic Poetry Visualarts Painting Historyofpainting Sculpture Index Outline Category  Philosophyportal vteSocialandpoliticalphilosophyAncient Aristotle Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius HanFei Lactantius Laozi Mencius Mozi Origen Philo Plato Plutarch Polybius Shang SunTzu Tertullian Thucydides Valluvar Xenophon Xunzi Medieval Alpharabius Aquinas Avempace Averroes Baldus Bartolus Bruni Dante Gelasius al-Ghazali Giles Gratian Gregory IbnKhaldun JohnofSalisbury Latini Maimonides Marsilius Muhammad Nizamal-Mulk Ockham Photios IbnTufail Wang Earlymodern Beza Boétie Bodin Bossuet Buchanan Calvin Duplessis-Mornay Erasmus Filmer Grotius Guicciardini Harrington Hayashi Hobbes Hotman James Leibniz Locke Luther Machiavelli Malebranche Milton Montaigne More Müntzer Pufendorf Sidney Spinoza Suárez 18th–19th-century Bakunin Bastiat Bentham Bolingbroke Bonald Burke Carlyle Comte Condorcet Constant Cortés Emerson Engels Fichte Fourier Franklin Godwin Hamann Hegel Herder Hume Jefferson Kant politicalphilosophy Kierkegaard LeBon LePlay Madison Maistre Marx Mazzini Mill Montesquieu Nietzsche Novalis Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Schiller Smith Spencer Spooner deStaël Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vico Vivekananda Voltaire 20th–21st-century Adorno Agamben Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Bernstein Butler Camus Chomsky deBeauvoir Debord Deleuze Dewey Dmowski DuBois Durkheim Dworkin Evola Foucault Fromm Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Guénon Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kautsky Kirk Kropotkin Laclau Land Lenin Luxemburg MacIntyre Mansfield Mao Marcuse Maritain Maurras Michels Mises Mouffe Negri Niebuhr Nozick Nursî Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Polanyi Popper Qutb Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Röpke Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Scruton Searle Shariati Simmel Skinner Sombart Sorel Spann Spengler Strauss Sun Taylor Tucker Voegelin Walzer Weber Weil Žižek Socialtheories Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflicttheories Confucianism Consensustheory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Elitism Fascism Feministpoliticaltheory Gandhism Hindunationalism(Hindutva) Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism Nationalliberalism Republicanism Socialconstructionism Socialconstructivism SocialDarwinism Socialdeterminism Socialism Utilitarianism Relatedarticles Critiqueofpoliticaleconomy Critiqueofwork Jurisprudence Philosophyandeconomics Philosophyofeducation Philosophyofhistory Philosophyoflove Philosophyofsocialscience Politicalethics Socialepistemology Index Category vteMediacultureMedia Massmedia Mainstreammedia 24-hournewscycle Newsbroadcasting Newsmedia Ideology Mainstream Advancedcapitalism AmericanDream Bipartisanship Consumerism Penséeunique Popmusic DeceptionForms Advertising Propaganda Fakenews Publicrelations Spin Tabloidjournalism Techniques Cultofpersonality Dumbingdown Framing Mediacircus Mediaevent Narcotizingdysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Others Catchandkill Crowdmanipulation Managingthenews Mediamanipulation Philosophers TheodorW.Adorno JeanBaudrillard EdwardBernays NoamChomsky GuyDebord WalterLippmann MarshallMcLuhan JacquesRancière Counterculture Boycott Call-outculture Cancelculture Civildisobedience Culturejamming Demonstration Graffiti Occupation Politicalsatire Protest Punk Strikeaction Inacademia Influenceofmassmedia Mediastudies Mediatization Semioticdemocracy TheLonelyCrowd Issues Anonymity Concentrationofmediaownership Freedomofspeech Mediabias Privacy Synonyms Advancedcapitalism Cultureindustry Masssociety Post-Fordism SocietyoftheSpectacle vtePositivismPerspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legalpositivism Logicalpositivism /analyticphilosophy Positivistschool Postpositivism Sociologicalpositivism Machianpositivism(empirio-criticism) Rankeanhistoricalpositivism Polishpositivism RussianMachism Principalconcepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justification Pseudoscience Critiqueofmetaphysics Unityofscience Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmationholism Criticaltheory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Humanscience Humanities Methodologicaldualism Problemofinduction Reflectivism Relatedparadigmshiftsinthehistoryofscience Non-Euclideangeometry(1830s) Uncertaintyprinciple(1927) Relatedtopics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Criticalrationalism Criticismofscience Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalisminliterature Nomothetic–idiographicdistinction Objectivityinscience Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophyofscience Deductive-nomologicalmodel Ramseysentence Sense-datatheory Qualitativeresearch Relationshipbetweenreligionandscience Sociology Socialscience Philosophy Structuralfunctionalism Structuralism Structurationtheory Positivist-relateddebateMethod Methodenstreit(1890s) Werturteilsstreit(1909–1959) Positivismusstreit(1960s) FourthGreatDebateininternationalrelations(1980s) Sciencewars(1990s) Contributions TheCourseinPositivePhilosophy(1830) AGeneralViewofPositivism(1848) CriticalHistoryofPhilosophy(1869) IdealismandPositivism(1879–1884) TheAnalysisofSensations(1886) TheLogicofModernPhysics(1927) Language,Truth,andLogic(1936) TheTwoCultures(1959) TheUniverseinaNutshell(2001) Proponents RichardAvenarius A.J.Ayer AlexanderBogdanov AugusteComte EugenDühring ÉmileDurkheim ErnstLaas ErnstMach BerlinCircle ViennaCircle Criticism MaterialismandEmpirio-criticism(1909) HistoryandClassConsciousness(1923) TheLogicofScientificDiscovery(1934) ThePovertyofHistoricism(1936) WorldHypotheses(1942) TwoDogmasofEmpiricism(1951) TruthandMethod(1960) TheStructureofScientificRevolutions(1962) ConjecturesandRefutations(1963) One-DimensionalMan(1964) KnowledgeandHumanInterests(1968) ThePovertyofTheory(1978) TheScientificImage(1980) TheRhetoricofEconomics(1986) Critics TheodorW.Adorno GastonBachelard MarioBunge WilhelmDilthey PaulFeyerabend Hans-GeorgGadamer ThomasKuhn GyörgyLukács KarlPopper WillardVanOrmanQuine MaxWeber Conceptsincontention Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen Category AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 2 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Norway Spain France(data) Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel UnitedStates Latvia Japan CzechRepublic Australia Greece 2 Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Sweden Vatican Artresearchinstitutes RKDArtists(Netherlands) ArtistNames(Getty) Biographicaldictionaries Germany Scientificdatabases CiNii(Japan) GoogleScholar Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology MusicBrainzartist RISM(France) 1 RERO(Switzerland) 1 SocialNetworksandArchivalContext SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&oldid=1090625094" Categories:TheodorW.Adorno1903births1969deaths20th-centuryclassicalcomposers20th-centuryGermancomposers20th-centuryGermannon-fictionwriters20th-centuryGermanphilosophers20th-centuryGermanwriters20th-centurymusicologistsAlumniofMertonCollege,OxfordAnti-consumeristsAphoristsBurialsatFrankfurtMainCemeteryCommunicationscholarsContinentalphilosophersCriticaltheoristsCulturalcriticsEpistemologistsExilliteraturwritersFoundersofphilosophicaltraditionsFrankfurtSchoolGermananti-fascistsGermanclassicalcomposersGermanliterarycriticsGermanmaleclassicalcomposersGermanmaleessayistsGermanmalenon-fictionwritersGermanMarxistsGermanmusiccriticsGermanmusicologistsGermanpeopleofJewishdescentGermansocialistsGermansociologistsGoetheUniversityFrankfurtalumniGoetheUniversityFrankfurtfacultyJewishanti-fascistsJewishemigrantsfromNaziGermanytotheUnitedStatesJewishmusicologistsJewishphilosophersJewishsocialistsMarxisttheoristsGermanMarxistwritersMetaphysiciansMetaphysicswritersMoralphilosophersOntologistsPeoplefromHesse-NassauPhenomenologistsPhilosophersofartPhilosophersofculturePhilosophersofeducationPhilosophersofethicsandmoralityPhilosophersofhistoryPhilosophersofliteraturePhilosophersofmindPhilosophersofnihilismPhilosophersofpsychologyPhilosophersofsciencePhilosophywritersPoliticalphilosophersScientistsfromFrankfurtSecondVienneseSchoolGermansocialcommentatorsSocialcriticsSocialphilosophersSocialpsychologistsSociomusicologistsTheoristsonWesterncivilization20th-centuryGermanmalemusiciansColumbiaUniversityfacultyWagnerscholarsHiddencategories:CS1German-languagesources(de)WikipediaarticlesneedingpagenumbercitationsfromApril2015HarvandSfnno-targeterrorsArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsemdydatesfromAugust2011ArticleswithhCardsArticleswithhAudiomicroformatsAllarticleswithvagueorambiguoustimeVagueorambiguoustimefromSeptember2012AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromSeptember2012ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2010ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2015AllarticleswithincompletecitationsArticleswithincompletecitationsfromFebruary2017ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2021AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesCommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithInternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophylinksArticleswithGerman-languagesources(de)ArticleswithInternetArchivelinksArticlescontainingGerman-languagetextArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBIBSYSidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithBNMMidentifiersArticleswithCANTICNidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithICCUidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNLAidentifiersArticleswithNLGidentifiersArticleswithNLKidentifiersArticleswithNSKidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithSELIBRidentifiersArticleswithVcBAidentifiersArticleswithRKDartistsidentifiersArticleswithULANidentifiersArticleswithDTBIOidentifiersArticleswithCINIIidentifiersArticleswithGoogleScholaridentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithMusicBrainzidentifiersArticleswithRISMidentifiersArticleswithREROidentifiersArticleswithSNAC-IDidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiersACwith35elementsArticleswithmultipleidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAragonésAsturianuAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБългарскиBosanskiCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어HrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीمصرىNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOccitanਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийScotsSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtWinaray吴语Yorùbá中文 Editlinks