Volleyball - Wikipedia

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's ... Volleyball FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Teamsport Thisarticleisabouttheindoorteamsport.Forthebeachteamsport,seeBeachvolleyball.Forotheruses,seeVolleyball(disambiguation). ThisarticleneedsattentionfromanexpertinVolleyball.Thespecificproblemis:toomuchunsourcedinformation.WikiProjectVolleyballmaybeabletohelprecruitanexpert.(September2015) Seealso:ThrowballandNewcombball VolleyballTypicalvolleyballaction.Highestgoverning bodyFIVBFirstplayed1895,Holyoke,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesCharacteristicsContactNoneTeammembers6Mixed-sexSingleTypeTeamsport,netsportEquipmentVolleyballGlossaryGlossaryofvolleyballPresenceCountryor regionWorldwideOlympic1964 Volleyballisateamsportinwhichtwoteamsofsixplayersareseparatedbyanet.Eachteamtriestoscorepointsbygroundingaballontheotherteam'scourtunderorganizedrules.[1]IthasbeenapartoftheofficialprogramoftheSummerOlympicGamessinceTokyo1964.BeachvolleyballwasintroducedtotheprogrammeattheAtlanta1996.TheadaptedversionofvolleyballattheSummerParalympicGamesissittingvolleyball. Thecompletesetofrulesisextensive,[2]butplayessentiallyproceedsasfollows:aplayerononeoftheteamsbeginsa'rally'byservingtheball(tossingorreleasingitandthenhittingitwithahandorarm),frombehindthebackboundarylineofthecourt,overthenet,andintothereceivingteam'scourt.[3]Thereceivingteammustnotlettheballbegroundedwithintheircourt.Theteammaytouchtheballuptothreetimestoreturntheballtotheothersideofthecourt,butindividualplayersmaynottouchtheballtwiceconsecutively.[3]Typically,thefirsttwotouchesareusedtosetupforanattack.Anattackisanattempttodirecttheballbackoverthenetinsuchawaythattheteamreceivingtheballisunabletopasstheballandcontinuetherally,thus,losingthepoint.Theteamthatwinstherallyisawardedapointandservestheballtostartthenextrally.Afewofthemostcommonfaultsinclude: causingtheballtotouchthegroundorflooroutsidetheopponents'courtorwithoutfirstpassingoverthenet; catchingandthrowingtheball; doublehit:twoconsecutivecontactswiththeballmadebythesameplayer; fourconsecutivecontactswiththeballmadebythesameteam; netfoul:touchingthenetduringplay; footfault:thefootcrossesovertheboundarylinewhenservingorunderthenetwhenafrontrowplayeristryingtokeeptheballinplay. Theballisusuallyplayedwiththehandsorarms,butplayerscanlegallystrikeorpush(shortcontact)theballwithanypartofthebody. Anumberofconsistenttechniqueshaveevolvedinvolleyball,includingspikingandblocking(becausetheseplaysaremadeabovethetopofthenet,theverticaljumpisanathleticskillemphasizedinthesport)aswellaspassing,setting,andspecializedplayerpositionsandoffensiveanddefensivestructures.[4] Contents 1History 1.1Origins 1.2Refinementsandlaterdevelopments 1.3VolleyballintheOlympics 2Rulesofthegame 2.1Thecourtdimensions 2.2Theball 2.3Gameplay 2.4Scoring 2.5Libero 2.6Recentrulechanges 3Skills 3.1Serve 3.2Pass 3.3Set 3.4Attack 3.5Block 3.6Dig 4Teamplay 5Strategy 5.1Playerspecialization 5.2Formations 5.2.14–2 5.2.26–2 5.2.35–1 6Controversies 7Media 7.1Movies 7.2Television 8Variationsandrelatedgames 9Seealso 10Notes 11Externallinks History Origins WilliamG.Morgan,c. 1915 InDecember1895,[5]inHolyoke,Massachusetts(UnitedStates),WilliamG.Morgan,aYMCAphysicaleducationdirector,createdanewgamecalledMintonette,anamederivedfromthegameofbadminton,[6]asapastimetobeplayed(preferably)indoorsandbyanynumberofplayers.Thegametooksomeofitscharacteristicsfromothersportssuchasbaseball,tennisandhandball.[7]Anotherindoorsport,basketball,wascatchingoninthearea,havingbeeninventedjusttenmiles(sixteenkilometres)awayinthecityofSpringfield,Massachusetts,onlyfouryearsbefore.Mintonettewasdesignedtobeanindoorsport,lessroughthanbasketball,foroldermembersoftheYMCA,whilestillrequiringabitofathleticeffort. Thefirstrules,writtendownbyWilliamG.Morgan,calledforanet6 ft6 in(1.98 m)high,a25 ft× 50 ft(7.6 m× 15.2 m)court,andanynumberofplayers.Amatchwascomposedofnineinningswiththreeservesforeachteamineachinning,andnolimittothenumberofballcontactsforeachteambeforesendingtheballtotheopponents'court.Incaseofaservingerror,asecondtrywasallowed.Hittingtheballintothenetwasconsideredafoul(withlossofthepointoraside-out)—exceptinthecaseofthefirst-tryserve. Afteranobserver,AlfredHalstead,noticedthevolleyingnatureofthegameatitsfirstexhibitionmatchin1896,playedattheInternationalYMCATrainingSchool(nowcalledSpringfieldCollege),thegamequicklybecameknownasvolleyball(itwasoriginallyspelledastwowords:"volleyball").VolleyballruleswereslightlymodifiedbytheInternationalYMCATrainingSchoolandthegamespreadaroundthecountrytovariousYMCAs.[8][9] Intheearly1900sSpalding,throughitspublishingcompanyAmericanSportsPublishingCompany,producedbookswithcompleteinstructionandrulesforthesport.[10] Refinementsandlaterdevelopments JapaneseAmericanwomenplayingvolleyball,Manzanarinternmentcamp,California,c. 1943 Thefirstofficialballusedinvolleyballisdisputed;somesourcessaySpaldingcreatedthefirstofficialballin1896,whileothersclaimitwascreatedin1900.[11][12][13]Therulesevolvedovertime:in1916,inthePhilippines,theskillandpowerofthesetandspikehadbeenintroduced,andfouryearslatera"threehits"ruleandaruleagainsthittingfromthebackrowwereestablished.In1917,thegamewaschangedfromrequiring21pointstowintoasmaller15pointstowin.In1919,about16,000volleyballsweredistributedbytheAmericanExpeditionaryForcestotheirtroopsandallies,whichsparkedthegrowthofvolleyballinnewcountries.[11] ThefirstcountryoutsidetheUnitedStatestoadoptvolleyballwasCanadain1900.[11]Aninternationalfederation,theFédérationInternationaledeVolleyball(FIVB),wasfoundedin1947,andthefirstWorldChampionshipswereheldin1949formenand1952forwomen.[14]ThesportisnowpopularinBrazil,inEurope(whereespeciallyItaly,theNetherlands,andcountriesfromEasternEuropehavebeenmajorforcessincethelate1980s),inRussia,andinothercountriesincludingChinaandtherestofAsia,aswellasintheUnitedStates.[8][9][14] Anudist/naturistvolleyballgameattheSunnyTrailsClubduringthe1958CanadianSunbathingAssociation(CSA)conventioninBritishColumbia,Canada Beachvolleyball,avariationofthegameplayedonsandandwithonlytwoplayersperteam,becameaFIVB-endorsedvariationin1987andwasaddedtotheOlympicprogramatthe1996SummerOlympics.[11][14]VolleyballisalsoasportattheParalympicsmanagedbytheWorldOrganizationVolleyballforDisabled. Nudistswereearlyadoptersofthegamewithregularorganizedplayinclubsasearlyasthelate1920s.[15][16]Bythe1960s,avolleyballcourthadbecomestandardinalmostallnudist/naturistclubs.[17] VolleyballintheOlympics Mainarticle:VolleyballattheSummerOlympics VolleyballhasbeenpartoftheSummerOlympicsprogramforbothmenandwomenconsistentlysince1964. Rulesofthegame Volleyballcourt Thecourtdimensions Avolleyballcourtis9 m× 18 m(29.5 ft× 59.1 ft),dividedintoequalsquarehalvesbyanetwithawidthofonemeter(39.4 in).[18]Thetopofthenetis2.43 m(7 ft11+11⁄16 in)abovethecenterofthecourtformen'scompetition,and2.24 m(7 ft4+3⁄16 in)forwomen'scompetition,variedforveteransandjuniorcompetitions.[3] Theminimumheightclearanceforindoorvolleyballcourtsis7 m(23.0 ft),althoughaclearanceof8 m(26.2 ft)isrecommended.[18] Aline3 m(9.8 ft)fromandparalleltothenetisconsideredthe"attackline".This"3meter"(or"10-foot")linedividesthecourtinto"backrow"and"frontrow"areas(alsobackcourtandfrontcourt).[18]Theseareinturndividedinto3areaseach:thesearenumberedasfollows,startingfromarea"1",whichisthepositionoftheservingplayer: Rotationpattern Afterateamgainstheserve(alsoknownassidingout),itsmembersmustrotateinaclockwisedirection,withtheplayerpreviouslyinarea"2"movingtoarea"1"andsoon,withtheplayerfromarea"1"movingtoarea"6".[3]Eachplayerrotatesonlyonetimeaftertheteamgainspossessionoftheservice;thenexttimeeachplayerrotateswillbeaftertheotherteamwinspossessionoftheballandlosesthepoint.[18] Theteamcourtsaresurroundedbyanareacalledthefreezonewhichisaminimumof3meterswideandwhichtheplayersmayenterandplaywithinaftertheserviceoftheball.[19]Alllinesdenotingtheboundariesoftheteamcourtandtheattackzonearedrawnorpaintedwithinthedimensionsoftheareaandarethereforeapartofthecourtorzone.Ifaballcomesincontactwiththeline,theballisconsideredtobe"in".Anantennaisplacedoneachsideofthenetperpendiculartothesidelineandisaverticalextensionofthesideboundaryofthecourt.Aballpassingoverthenetmustpasscompletelybetweentheantennae(ortheirtheoreticalextensionstotheceiling)withoutcontactingthem.[3] Theball Mainarticle:Volleyball(ball) FIVBregulationsstatethattheballmustbespherical,madeofleatherorsyntheticleather,haveacircumferenceof65–67 cm(26–26 in),aweightof260–280 g(9.2–9.9 oz)andaninteriorairpressureof0.30–0.325 kg/cm2(4.26to4.61psi)(294.3 to318.82mbarorhPa).[20]Othergoverningbodieshavesimilarregulations. Gameplay Whiteisontheattackwhileredattemptstoblock. Eachteamconsistsofsixplayers.[18]Togetplaystarted,ateamischosentoservebycointoss.Aplayerfromtheservingteamthrowstheballintotheairandattemptstohittheballsoitpassesoverthenetonacoursesuchthatitwilllandintheopposingteam'scourt(theserve).[18]Theopposingteammustuseacombinationofnomorethanthreecontactswiththevolleyballtoreturntheballtotheopponent'ssideofthenet.[18]Thesecontactsusuallyconsistfirstofthebumporpasssothattheball'strajectoryisaimedtowardstheplayerdesignatedasthesetter;secondoftheset(usuallyanover-handpassusingwriststopushfinger-tipsattheball)bythesettersothattheball'strajectoryisaimedtowardsaspotwhereoneoftheplayersdesignatedasanattackercanhitit,andthirdbytheattackerwhospikes(jumping,raisingonearmabovetheheadandhittingtheballsoitwillmovequicklydowntothegroundontheopponent'scourt)toreturntheballoverthenet.[3]Theteamwithpossessionoftheballthatistryingtoattacktheballasdescribedissaidtobeonoffence. Theteamondefenceattemptstopreventtheattackerfromdirectingtheballintotheircourt:playersatthenetjumpandreachabovethetop(andifpossible,acrosstheplane)ofthenettoblocktheattackedball.[3]Iftheballishitaround,above,orthroughtheblock,thedefensiveplayersarrangedintherestofthecourtattempttocontroltheballwithadig(usuallyafore-armpassofahard-drivenball).Afterasuccessfuldig,theteamtransitionstooffence. BuddhistmonksplayvolleyballintheHimalayanstateofSikkim,India. Thegamecontinuesinthismanner,rallyingbackandforthuntiltheballtouchesthecourtwithintheboundariesoruntilanerrorismade.[18]Themostfrequenterrorsthataremadeareeithertofailtoreturntheballoverthenetwithintheallowedthreetouches,ortocausetheballtolandoutsidethecourt.[18]Aballis"in"ifanypartofittouchestheinsideofateam'scourtorasidelineorend-line,andastrongspikemaycompresstheballenoughwhenitlandsthataballwhichatfirstappearstobegoingoutmayactuallybein.Playersmaytravelwelloutsidethecourttoplayaballthathasgoneoverasidelineorend-lineintheair. Othercommonerrorsincludeaplayertouchingtheballtwiceinsuccession,aplayer"catching"theball,aplayertouchingthenetwhileattemptingtoplaytheball,oraplayerpenetratingunderthenetintotheopponent'scourt.Therearealargenumberofothererrorsspecifiedintherules,althoughmostofthemareinfrequentoccurrences.Theseerrorsincludeback-roworliberoplayersspikingtheballorblocking(back-rowplayersmayspiketheballiftheyjumpfrombehindtheattackline),playersnotbeinginthecorrectpositionwhentheballisserved,attackingtheserveinthefrontcourtandabovetheheightofthenet,usinganotherplayerasasourceofsupporttoreachtheball,steppingoverthebackboundarylinewhenserving,takingmorethan8secondstoserve,[21]orplayingtheballwhenitisabovetheopponent'scourt. Scoring Scorer'stablejustbeforeagame Apointisscoredwhentheballcontactsthefloorwithinthecourtboundariesorwhenanerrorismade:whentheballstrikesoneteam'ssideofthecourt,theotherteamgainsapoint;andwhenanerrorismade,theteamthatdidnotmaketheerrorisawardedapoint,ineithercasepayingnoregardtowhethertheyservedtheballornot.Ifanypartoftheballhitstheline,theballiscountedasinthecourt.Theteamthatwonthepointservesforthenextpoint.Iftheteamthatwonthepointservedinthepreviouspoint,thesameplayerservesagain.Iftheteamthatwonthepointdidnotservethepreviouspoint,theplayersoftheteamacquiringtheserverotatetheirpositiononthecourtinaclockwisemanner.Thegamecontinues,withthefirstteamtoscore25pointsbyatwo-pointmarginawardedtheset.Matchesarebest-of-fivesetsandthefifthset,ifnecessary,isusuallyplayedto15points.(Scoringdiffersbetweenleagues,tournaments,andlevels;highschoolssometimesplaybest-of-threeto25;intheNCAAmatchesareplayedbest-of-fiveto25asofthe2008season.)[22] Before1999,pointscouldbescoredonlywhenateamhadtheserve(side-outscoring)andallsetswentuptoonly15points.TheFIVBchangedtherulesin1999(withthechangesbeingcompulsoryin2000)tousethecurrentscoringsystem(formerlyknownasrallypointsystem),primarilytomakethelengthofthematchmorepredictableandtomakethegamemorespectator-andtelevision-friendly. Thefinalyearofside-outscoringattheNCAADivisionIWomen'sVolleyballChampionshipwas2000.Rallypointscoringdebutedin2001,[23]andgameswereplayedto30pointsthrough2007.Forthe2008season,gameswererenamed"sets"andreducedto25pointstowin.MosthighschoolsintheU.S.changedtorallyscoringin2003,[24][25][26]andseveralstatesimplementeditthepreviousyearonanexperimentalbasis.[27] Libero Theliberoplayerwasintroducedinternationallyin1998,[28]andmadeitsdebutforNCAAcompetitionin2002.[29]Theliberoisaplayerspecializedindefensiveskills:theliberomustwearacontrastingjerseycolorfromtheirteammatesandcannotblockorattacktheballwhenitisentirelyabovenetheight.Whentheballisnotinplay,theliberocanreplaceanyback-rowplayer,withoutpriornoticetotheofficials.Thisreplacementdoesnotcountagainstthesubstitutionlimiteachteamisallowedperset,althoughtheliberomaybereplacedonlybytheplayerwhomheorshereplaced.MostU.S.highschoolsaddedtheliberopositionfrom2003to2005.[25][30] Themodern-dayliberooftentakesontheroleofasecondsetter.Whenthesetterdigstheball,theliberoistypicallyresponsibleforthesecondballandsetstothefrontrowattacker.Theliberomayfunctionasasetteronlyundercertainrestrictions.Tomakeanoverhandset,theliberomustbestandingbehind(andnotsteppingon)the3-meterline;otherwise,theballcannotbeattackedabovethenetinfrontofthe3-meterline.Anunderhandpassisallowedfromanypartofthecourt. Theliberois,generally,themostskilleddefensiveplayerontheteam.Thereisalsoaliberotrackingsheet,wheretherefereesorofficiatingteammustkeeptrackofwhomtheliberosubsinandoutfor.UnderFIVB(FederationInternationaledeVolleyball)rules,twoliberosaredesignatedatthebeginningoftheplay,onlyoneofwhomcanbeonthecourtatanytime. Furthermore,aliberoisnotallowedtoserve,accordingtointernationalrules.NCAArulesforbothmenandwomendifferonthispoint;a2004rulechangeallowstheliberotoserve,butonlyinaspecificrotation.Thatis,theliberocanonlyserveforoneperson,notforallofthepeopleforwhomheorshegoesin.Thatrulechangewasalsoappliedtohighschoolandjuniorhighplaysoonafter. Recentrulechanges Otherrulechangesenactedin2000includeallowingservesinwhichtheballtouchesthenet,aslongasitgoesoverthenetintotheopponents'court.Also,theserviceareawasexpandedtoallowplayerstoservefromanywherebehindtheendlinebutstillwithinthetheoreticalextensionofthesidelines.Otherchangesweremadetolightenupcallsonfaultsforcarriesanddouble-touches,suchasallowingmultiplecontactsbyasingleplayer("double-hits")onateam'sfirstcontactprovidedthattheyareapartofasingleplayontheball. In2008,theNCAAchangedtheminimumnumberofpointsneededtowinanyofthefirstfoursetsfrom30to25forwomen'svolleyball(men'svolleyballremainedat30foranotherthreeyears,switchingto25in2011).Ifafifth(deciding)setisreached,theminimumrequiredscoreremainsat15.Inaddition,theword"game"isnowreferredtoas"set".[22] TheOfficialVolleyballRulesarepreparedandupdatedeveryfewyearsbytheFIVB'sRulesoftheGameandRefereeingCommission.[31]ThelatesteditionisusuallyavailableontheFIVB'swebsite.[2] Skills Competitiveteamsmastersixbasicskills:serve,pass,set,attack,blockanddig.[3]Eachoftheseskillscomprisesanumberofspecifictechniquesthathavebeenintroducedovertheyearsandarenowconsideredstandardpracticeinhigh-levelvolleyball. Serve Aplayermakingajumpserve 3Danimationfloatingserve Aplayerstandsbehindtheinlineandservestheball,inanattempttodriveitintotheopponent'scourt.Themainobjectiveistomakeitlandinsidethecourt;itisalsodesirabletosettheball'sdirection,speedandaccelerationsothatitbecomesdifficultforthereceivertohandleitproperly.[3]Aserveiscalledan"ace"whentheballlandsdirectlyontothecourtortravelsoutsidethecourtafterbeingtouchedbyanopponent;whentheonlyplayerontheserver'steamtotouchtheballistheserver.[clarificationneeded] Incontemporaryvolleyball,manytypesofservesareemployed: Underhand:aserveinwhichtheplayerstrikestheballbelowthewaistinsteadoftossingitupandstrikingitwithanoverhandthrowingmotion.Underhandservesareconsideredveryeasytoreceiveandarerarelyemployedinhigh-levelcompetitions.[32] Skyballserve:aspecifictypeofunderhandserveoccasionallyusedinbeachvolleyball,wheretheballishitsohighitcomesdownalmostinastraightline.ThisservewasinventedandemployedalmostexclusivelybytheBrazilianteamintheearly1980sandisnowconsideredoutdated.Duringthe2016OlympicGamesinRiodeJaneiro,however,theskyballservewasextensivelyplayedbyItalianbeachvolleyballplayerAdrianCarambula.InBrazil,thisserveiscalledJornadanasEstrelas(StarTrek).[33] Topspin:anoverhandservewheretheplayertossestheballhighandhitsitwithawristsnap,givingittopspinwhichcausesittodropfasterthanitwouldotherwiseandhelpsmaintainastraightflightpath.Topspinservesaregenerallyhithardandaimedataspecificreturnerorpartofthecourt.Standingtopspinservesarerarelyusedabovethehighschoollevelofplay.[32] Float:anoverhandservewheretheballishitwithnospinsothatitspathbecomesunpredictable,akintoaknuckleballinbaseball.[32] Jumpserve:anoverhandservewheretheballisfirsttossedhighintheair,thentheplayermakesatimedapproachandjumpstomakecontactwiththeball,hittingitwithmuchpaceandtopspin.Thisisthemostpopularserveamongcollegeandprofessionalteams.[32] Jumpfloat:anoverhandservewheretheballistossedhighenoughthattheplayermayjumpbeforehittingitsimilarlytoastandingfloatserve.Theballistossedlowerthanatopspinjumpserve,butcontactisstillmadewhileintheair.Thisserveisbecomingmorepopularamongcollegeandprofessionalplayersbecauseithasacertainunpredictabilityinitsflightpattern.[32] Pass Aplayermakingaforearmpassorbump Alsocalledreception,thepassistheattemptbyateamtoproperlyhandletheopponent'sserveoranyformofattack.Properhandlingincludesnotonlypreventingtheballfromtouchingthecourtbutalsomakingitreachthepositionwherethesetterisstandingquicklyandprecisely.[3] Theskillofpassinginvolvesfundamentallytwospecifictechniques:underarmpass,orbump,wheretheballtouchestheinsidepartofthejoinedforearmsorplatform,atwaistline;andoverhandpass,whereitishandledwiththefingertips,likeaset,abovethehead.[3]Eitherareacceptableinprofessionalandbeachvolleyball;however,therearemuchtighterregulationsontheoverhandpassinbeachvolleyball.Whenaplayerpassesaballtotheirsetter,it'sidealthattheballdoesnothavealotofspintomakeiteasierforthesetter. Set Jumpset Thesetisusuallythesecondcontactthatateammakeswiththeball.[3]Themaingoalofsettingistoputtheballintheairinsuchawaythatitcanbedrivenbyanattackintotheopponent'scourt.[3]Thesettercoordinatestheoffensivemovementsofateam,andistheplayerwhoultimatelydecideswhichplayerwillactuallyattacktheball. Aswithpassing,onemaydistinguishbetweenanoverhandandabumpset.Sincetheformerallowsformorecontroloverthespeedanddirectionoftheball,thebumpisusedonlywhentheballissolowitcannotbeproperlyhandledwithfingertips,orinbeachvolleyballwhererulesregulatingoverhandsettingaremorestringent.Inthecaseofaset,onealsospeaksofafrontorbackset,meaningwhethertheballispassedinthedirectionthesetterisfacingorbehindthesetter.Thereisalsoajumpsetthatisusedwhentheballistooclosetothenet.Inthiscase,thesetterusuallyjumpsofftheirrightfootstraightuptoavoidgoingintothenet.Thesetterusuallystandsabout⅔ofthewayfromthelefttotherightofthenetandfacestheleft(thelargerportionofnetthatthesettercansee). Sometimesasetterrefrainsfromraisingtheballforateammatetoperformanattackandtriestoplayitdirectlyontotheopponent'scourt.Thismovementiscalleda"dump".[34]Thiscanonlybeperformedwhenthesetterisinthefrontrow,otherwiseitconstitutesanillegalbackcourtattack.Themostcommondumpsareto'throw'theballbehindthesetterorinfrontofthesettertozones2and4.Moreexperiencedsetterstosstheballintothedeepcornersorspiketheballonthesecondhit. Aswithasetoranoverhandpass,thesetter/passermustbecarefultotouchtheballwithbothhandsatthesametime.[3]Ifonehandisnoticeablylatetotouchtheballthiscouldresultinalesseffectiveset,aswellastherefereecallinga'doublehit'andgivingthepointtotheopposingteam. Attack Seealso:Volleyballoffensivesystems ASpanishplayer,#18inredoutfit,abouttospiketowardsthePortuguesefield,whoseplayerstrytoblocktheway Theattack,alsoknownasthespike,isusuallythethirdcontactateammakeswiththeball.[3]Theobjectofattackingistohandletheballsothatitlandsontheopponent'scourtandcannotbedefended.[3]Aplayermakesaseriesofsteps(the"approach"),jumps,andswingsattheball. Ideally,thecontactwiththeballismadeattheapexofthehitter'sjump.Atthemomentofcontact,thehitter'sarmisfullyextendedabovetheirheadandslightlyforward,makingthehighestpossiblecontactwhilemaintainingtheabilitytodeliverapowerfulhit.Thehitterusesarmswing,wristsnap,andarapidforwardcontractionoftheentirebodytodrivetheball.[3]A'bounce'isaslangtermforaveryhard/loudspikethatfollowsanalmoststraighttrajectorysteeplydownwardintotheopponent'scourtandbouncesveryhighintotheair.A"kill"istheslangtermforanattackthatisnotreturnedbytheotherteamthusresultinginapoint. Contemporaryvolleyballcomprisesanumberofattackingtechniques:[35] Backcourt(orbackrow):anattackperformedbyaback-rowplayer.Theplayermustjumpfrombehindthe3-meterlinebeforemakingcontactwiththeball,butmaylandinfrontofthe3-meterline.APipeAttackiswhenthecenterplayerinthebackrowattackstheball. LineandCross-courtShot:referstowhethertheballfliesinastraighttrajectoryparalleltothesidelines,orcrossesthroughthecourtinanangle.Across-courtshotwithaverypronouncedangle,resultingintheballlandingnearthe3-meterline,iscalledacutshot. Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump:theplayerdoesnottrytomakeahit,buttouchestheballlightly,sothatitlandsonanareaoftheopponent'scourtthatisnotbeingcoveredbythedefence. Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse:theplayerdoesnottrytomakeahardspike,buthitstheballsothatittouchestheopponent'sblockandthenbouncesoff-court. Off-speedhit:theplayerdoesnothittheballhard,reducingitsspeedandthusconfusingtheopponent'sdefence. Quickhit/"One":anattack(usuallybythemiddleblocker)wheretheapproachandjumpbeginbeforethesettercontactstheball.Theset(calleda"quickset")isplacedonlyslightlyabovethenetandtheballisstruckbythehitteralmostimmediatelyafterleavingthesetter'shands.Quickattacksareofteneffectivebecausetheyisolatethemiddleblockertobetheonlyblockeronthehit. Slide:avariationofthequickhitthatusesalowbackset.Themiddlehitterstepsaroundthesetterandhitsfrombehindhimorher. Doublequickhit/"Stack"/"Tandem":avariationofquickhitwheretwohitters,oneinfrontandonebehindthesetterorbothinfrontofthesetter,jumptoperformaquickhitatthesametime.Itcanbeusedtodeceiveoppositeblockersandfreeafourthhitterattackingfromback-court,maybewithoutblockatall. Block Threeplayersperformingablock(a.k.a.tripleblock) Blockingreferstotheactionstakenbyplayersstandingatthenettostoporalteranopponent'sattack.[3] Ablockthatisaimedatcompletelystoppinganattack,thusmakingtheballremainintheopponent'scourt,iscalledoffensive.Awell-executedoffensiveblockisperformedbyjumpingandreachingtopenetratewithone'sarmsandhandsoverthenetandintotheopponent'sarea.[3]Itrequiresanticipatingthedirectiontheballwillgooncetheattacktakesplace.[3]Itmayalsorequirecalculatingthebestfootworktoexecutingthe"perfect"block. Thejumpshouldbetimedsoastointercepttheball'strajectorypriortoitcrossingovertheplaneofthenet.Palmsarehelddeflecteddownwardroughly45–60degreestowardtheinterioroftheopponents'court.A"roof"isaspectacularoffensiveblockthatredirectsthepowerandspeedoftheattackstraightdowntotheattacker'sfloorasiftheattackerhittheballintotheundersideofapeakedhouseroof. Bycontrast,itiscalledadefensive,or"soft"blockifthegoalistocontrolanddeflectthehard-drivenballupsothatitslowsdownandbecomeseasiertodefend.Awell-executedsoft-blockisperformedbyjumpingandplacingone'shandsabovethenetwithnopenetrationintotheopponent'scourtandwiththepalmsupandfingerspointingbackwards. Blockingisalsoclassifiedaccordingtothenumberofplayersinvolved.Thus,onemayspeakofsingle(orsolo),double,ortripleblock.[3] Successfulblockingdoesnotalwaysresultina"roof"andmanytimesdoesnoteventouchtheball.Whileitisobviousthatablockwasasuccesswhentheattackerisroofed,ablockthatconsistentlyforcestheattackerawayfromtheir'power'orpreferredattackintoamoreeasilycontrolledshotbythedefenceisalsoahighlysuccessfulblock. Atthesametime,theblockpositioninfluencesthepositionswhereotherdefendersplacethemselveswhileopponenthittersarespiking. Dig Playergoingforadig Diggingistheabilitytopreventtheballfromtouchingone'scourtafteraspikeorattack,particularlyaballthatisnearlytouchingtheground.[3]Inmanyaspects,thisskillissimilartopassing,orbumping:overhanddigandbumparealsousedtodistinguishbetweendefensiveactionstakenwithfingertipsorwithjoinedarms.[3]Itvariesfrompassinghoweverinthatisitamuchmorereflexbasedskill,especiallyatthehigherlevels.Itisespeciallyimportantwhilediggingforplayerstostayontheirtoes;severalplayerschoosetoemployasplitsteptomakesurethey'rereadytomoveinanydirection. Somespecifictechniquesaremorecommonindiggingthaninpassing.Aplayermaysometimesperforma"dive",i.e.,throwtheirbodyintheairwithaforwardmovementinanattempttosavetheball,andlandontheirchest.Whentheplayeralsoslidestheirhandunderaballthatisalmosttouchingthecourt,thisiscalleda"pancake".Thepancakeisfrequentlyusedinindoorvolleyball,butrarelyifeverinbeachvolleyballbecausetheunevenandyieldingnatureofthesandcourtlimitsthechancesthattheballwillmakegood,cleancontactwiththehand.Whenusedcorrectly,itisoneofthemorespectaculardefensivevolleyballplays. Sometimesaplayermayalsobeforcedtodroptheirbodyquicklytothefloortosavetheball.Inthissituation,theplayermakesuseofaspecificrollingtechniquetominimizethechancesofinjuries. Teamplay U.S.women'steamdoingteamplanning Volleyballisessentiallyagameoftransitionfromoneoftheaboveskillstothenext,withchoreographedteammovementbetweenplaysontheball.Theseteammovementsaredeterminedbytheteamschosenservereceivesystem,offensivesystem,coveragesystem,anddefensivesystem. Theserve-receivesystemistheformationusedbythereceivingteamtoattempttopasstheballtothedesignatedsetter.Systemscanconsistof5receivers,4receivers,3receivers,andinsomecases2receivers.Themostpopularformationathigherlevelsisa3receiverformationconsistingoftwoleftsidesandaliberoreceivingeveryrotation.Thisallowsmiddlesandrightsidestobecomemorespecializedathittingandblocking. Offensivesystemsaretheformationsusedbytheoffencetoattempttogroundtheballintotheopposingcourt(orotherwisescorepoints).Formationsoftenincludedesignatedplayerpositionswithskillspecialization(seePlayerspecialization,below).Popularformationsincludethe4–2,6–2,and5-1systems(seeFormations,below).Therearealsoseveraldifferentattackingschemesteamscanusetokeeptheopposingdefenceoffbalance. Coveragesystemsaretheformationsusedbytheoffencetoprotecttheircourtinthecaseofablockedattack.Executedbythe5offensiveplayersnotdirectlyattackingtheball,playersmovetoassignedpositionsaroundtheattackertodigupanyballthatdeflectsofftheblockbackintotheirowncourt.Popularformationsincludethe2-3systemandthe1-2-2system.Inlieuofasystem,someteamsjustusearandomcoveragewiththeplayersnearestthehitter. Defensivesystemsaretheformationsusedbythedefencetoprotectagainsttheballbeinggroundedintotheircourtbytheopposingteam.Thesystemwilloutlinewhichplayersareresponsibleforwhichareasofthecourtdependingonwheretheopposingteamisattackingfrom.Popularsystemsincludethe6-Up,6-Back-Deep,and6-Back-Slidedefence.Therearealsoseveraldifferentblockingschemesteamscanemploytodisrupttheopposingteams'offence. Whenoneplayerisreadytoserve,someteamswilllineuptheirotherfiveplayersinascreentoobscuretheviewofthereceivingteam.Thisactionisonlyillegaliftheservermakesuseofthescreen,sothecallismadeatthereferee'sdiscretionastotheimpactthescreenmadeonthereceivingteam'sabilitytopasstheball.ThemostcommonstyleofscreeninginvolvesaWformationdesignedtotakeupasmuchhorizontalspaceaspossible. Strategy AnimagefromaninternationalmatchbetweenItalyandRussiain2005.ARussianplayeronthelefthasjustserved,withthreemenofhisteamnexttothenetmovingtotheirassignedblockpositionsfromthestartingones.Twoothers,intheback-rowpositions,arepreparingfordefense.Italy,ontheright,hasthreemeninaline,eachpreparingtopassiftheballreacheshim.Thesetteriswaitingfortheirpasswhilethemiddlehitterwithno.10willjumpforaquickhitifthepassisgoodenough.AlessandroFei(no.14)hasnopassingdutiesandispreparingforaback-rowhitontherightsideofthefield.Notethetwoliberoswithadifferentcolourdress.Middlehitters/blockersarecommonlysubstitutedbyliberosintheirback-rowpositions. Playerspecialization Therearefivepositionsfilledoneveryvolleyballteamattheelitelevel.Setter,OutsideHitter/LeftSideHitter,MiddleHitter,OppositeHitter/RightSideHitterandLibero/DefensiveSpecialist.Eachofthesepositionsplaysaspecific,keyroleinwinningavolleyballmatch. Settershavethetaskfororchestratingtheoffenceoftheteam.Theyaimforthesecondtouchandtheirmainresponsibilityistoplacetheballintheairwheretheattackerscanplacetheballintotheopponents'courtforapoint.Theyhavetobeabletooperatewiththehitters,managethetempooftheirsideofthecourtandchoosetherightattackerstoset.Settersneedtohaveaswiftandskilfulappraisalandtacticalaccuracyandmustbequickatmovingaroundthecourt.Atelitelevel,settersusedtousuallybetheshortestplayersofateam(beforeliberoswereintroduced),notbeingtypicallyrequiredtoperformjumphits,butthatwouldimplyneedforshort-termreplacementebytallerbenchplayerswhencriticalpointsrequiredmoreeffectiveblocks;inthe1990stallersetters(e.g.FabioVullo,PeterBlangé)becamebeingdeployed,inordertoimproveblocks. Liberosaredefensiveplayerswhoareresponsibleforreceivingtheattackorserve.Theyareusuallytheplayersonthecourtwiththequickestreactiontimeandbestpassingskills.Liberomeans'free'inItalian—theyreceivethisnameastheyhavetheabilitytosubstituteforanyotherplayeronthecourtduringeachplay.Theydonotnecessarilyneedtobetall,astheyneverplayatthenet,whichallowsshorterplayerswithstrongpassinganddefensiveskillstoexcelinthepositionandplayanimportantroleintheteam'ssuccess.Aplayerdesignatedasaliberoforamatchmaynotplayotherrolesduringthatmatch.Liberoswearadifferentcolourjerseythantheirteammates. MiddleblockersorMiddlehittersareplayersthatcanperformveryfastattacksthatusuallytakeplacenearthesetter.Theyarespecializedinblockingsincetheymustattempttostopequallyfastplaysfromtheiropponentsandthenquicklysetupadoubleblockatthesidesofthecourt.Innon-beginnersplay,everyteamwillhavetwomiddlehitters.Atelitelevels,middlehittersareusuallythetallestplayers,whoselimitedagilityiscounteredbytheirheightenablingmoreeffectiveblocks. OutsidehittersorLeftsidehittersattackfromneartheleftantenna.Theoutsidehitterisusuallythemostconsistenthitterontheteamandgetsthemostsets.Inaccuratefirstpassesusuallyresultinasettotheoutsidehitterratherthanmiddleoropposite.Sincemostsetstotheoutsidearehigh,theoutsidehittermaytakealongerapproach,alwaysstartingfromoutsidethecourtsideline.Innon-beginnersplay,thereareagaintwooutsidehittersoneveryteamineverymatch.Atelitelevel,outsidehittersareslightlyshorterthanmiddlehittersandoutsidehitters,buthavethebestdefensiveskills,thereforealwaysre-placingtothemiddlewhileinthebackrow. OppositehittersorRight-sidehitterscarrythedefensiveworkloadforavolleyballteaminthefrontrow.Theirprimaryresponsibilitiesaretoputupawell-formedblockagainsttheopponents'OutsideHittersandserveasabackupsetter.Setstotheoppositeusuallygototherightsideoftheantennae.Therefore,theyareusuallythemosttechnicalhitterssinceballsliftedtotherightsidearequickerandmoredifficulttohandle(thesettershavingtoplacetheballwhileslightlyoff-settotheright,andwiththeirbacktotheattacker),andalsohavingtojumpfromthebackrowwhenthesetterisonthefrontrow.Atelitelevel,untilthe1990sseveraloppositehittersusedtobeabletoalsoplayasmiddlehitters(e.g.AndreaZorzi,AndreaGiani),beforehighspecializationcurtainedthisflexibilityintherole. Atsomelevelswheresubstitutionsareunlimited,teamswillmakeuseofaDefensiveSpecialistinplaceoforinadditiontoaLibero.Thispositiondoesnothaveuniquerulesliketheliberoposition,instead,theseplayersareusedtosubstituteoutapoorbackrowdefenderusingregularsubstitutionrules.Adefensivespecialistisoftenusedifyouhaveaparticularlypoorbackcourtdefenderinrightsideorleftside,butyourteamisalreadyusingaliberototakeoutyourmiddles.Mostoften,thesituationinvolvesateamusingarightsideplayerwithabigblockwhomustbesubbedoutinthebackrowbecausetheyaren'tabletoeffectivelyplaybackcourtdefence.Similarly,teamsmightuseaServingSpecialisttosuboutapoorserver. Formations Thethreestandardvolleyballformationsareknownas"4–2","6–2"and"5–1",whichreferstothenumberofhittersandsettersrespectively.4–2isabasicformationusedonlyinbeginners'play,while5–1isbyfarthemostcommonformationinhigh-levelplay. 4–2 The4–2formationhasfourhittersandtwosetters.Thesettersusuallysetfromthemiddlefrontorrightfrontposition.Theteamwill,therefore,havetwofront-rowattackersatalltimes.Intheinternational4–2,thesetterssetfromtherightfrontposition.Theinternational4–2translatesmoreeasilyintootherformsofoffence. Thesetterslineupoppositeeachotherintherotation.Thetypicallineuphastwooutsidehitters.Byaligninglikepositionsoppositethemselvesintherotation,therewillalwaysbeoneofeachpositioninthefrontandbackrows.Afterservice,theplayersinthefrontrowmoveintotheirassignedpositions,sothatthesetterisalwaysinthemiddlefront.Alternatively,thesettermovesintotherightfrontandhasbothamiddleandanoutsideattacker;thedisadvantagehereliesinthelackofanoffsidehitter,allowingoneoftheotherteam'sblockersto"cheatin"onamiddleblock. Thecleardisadvantagetothisoffensiveformationisthatthereareonlytwoattackers,leavingateamwithfeweroffensiveweapons. Anotheraspectistoseethesetterasanattackingforce,albeitaweakenedforce,becausewhenthesetterisinthefrontcourttheyareableto'tip'or'dump',sowhentheballisclosetothenetonthesecondtouch,thesettermayopttohittheballoverwithonehand.Thismeansthattheblockerwhowouldotherwisenothavetoblockthesetterisengagedandmayallowoneofthehitterstohaveaneasierattack. 6–2 Inthe6–2formation,aplayeralwayscomesforwardfromthebackrowtoset.Thethreefrontrowplayersareallinattackingpositions.Thus,allsixplayersactashittersatonetimeoranother,whiletwocanactassetters.Sothe6–2formationisactuallya4–2system,buttheback-rowsetterpenetratestoset. The6–2lineupthusrequirestwosetters,wholineupoppositetoeachotherintherotation.Inadditiontothesetters,atypicallineupwillhavetwomiddlehittersandtwooutsidehitters.Byaligninglikepositionsoppositethemselvesintherotation,therewillalwaysbeoneofeachpositioninthefrontandbackrows.Afterservice,theplayersinthefrontrowmoveintotheirassignedpositions. Theadvantageofthe6–2isthattherearealwaysthreefront-rowhittersavailable,maximizingtheoffensivepossibilities.However,notonlydoesthe6–2requireateamtopossesstwopeoplecapableofperformingthehighlyspecializedroleofsetter,italsorequiresbothofthoseplayerstobeeffectiveoffensivehitterswhennotinthesetterposition.Attheinternationallevel,onlytheCubanNationalWomen'sTeamemploysthiskindofformation.ItisalsousedbyNCAAteamsinDivisionIIImen'splayandwomen'splayinalldivisions,partiallyduetothevariantrulesusedwhichallowmoresubstitutionspersetthanthe6allowedinthestandardrules—12inmatchesinvolvingtwoDivisionIIImen'steams[36]and15forallwomen'splay.[37] 5–1 The5–1formationhasonlyoneplayerwhoassumessettingresponsibilitiesregardlessoftheirpositionintherotation.Theteamwill,therefore,havethreefront-rowattackerswhenthesetterisinthebackrowandonlytwowhenthesetterisinthefrontrow,foratotaloffivepossibleattackers. Theplayeroppositethesetterina5–1rotationiscalledtheoppositehitter.Ingeneral,oppositehittersdonotpass;theystandbehindtheirteammateswhentheopponentisserving.Theoppositehittermaybeusedasathirdattackoption(back-rowattack)whenthesetterisinthefrontrow:thisisthenormaloptionusedtoincreasetheattackcapabilitiesofmodernvolleyballteams.Normallytheoppositehitteristhemosttechnicallyskilledhitteroftheteam.Back-rowattacksgenerallycomefromtheback-rightposition,knownaszone1,butareincreasinglyperformedfromback-centreinhigh-levelplay. Thebigadvantageofthissystemisthatthesetteralwayshas3hitterstovarysetswith.Ifthesetterdoesthiswell,theopponent'smiddleblockermaynothaveenoughtimetoblockwiththeoutsideblocker,increasingthechancefortheattackingteamtomakeapoint. Thereisanotheradvantage,thesameasthatofa4–2formation:asafront-rowplayer,thesetterisallowedtojumpand"dump"theballontotheopponent'sside.Thistoocanconfusetheopponent'sblockingplayers:thesettercanjumpanddumporcansettooneofthehitters.Agoodsetterknowsthisandthuswon'tonlyjumptodumportosetforaquickhit,butwhensettingoutsideaswelltoconfusetheopponent. The5–1offenceisactuallyamixof6–2and4–2:whenthesetterisinthefrontrow,theoffenselookslikea4–2;whenthesetterisinthebackrow,theoffenselookslikea6–2. Controversies In2017,anewvolleyballplayers'unionwasformedinresponsetodissatisfactionwiththeorganizationandstructureofprofessionalbeachvolleyballtournaments.[38]TheunionisnamedtheInternationalBeachVolleyballPlayersAssociation,anditconsistsofalmost100professionalplayers.[38]TheIBVPAclaimsitsgoalistohelpathletesandprovidethemwiththemeanstoenjoyplayingvolleyballbyimprovingthewaythesportisrun.[38] Anothercontroversywithinthesportistheissueoftheinclusionoftransgenderplayers.[39]WithtransgenderathletessuchasTiffanyAbreujoiningprofessionalvolleyballteamsalongsideothernon-transgenderteammates,manyprofessionals,sportsanalysts,andfansofvolleyballareeitherexpressingconcernsaboutthelegitimacyandfairnessofhavingtransgenderplayersonateamorexpressingsupportforthetransgenderpeople'sefforts.[39] Media Movies SideOut(1990):AlawstudentgoestoCaliforniaandendsupplayingprofessionalvolleyball.[40] AirBud:SpikesBack(2003):AsequelintheAirBudseriesthatshowsthetitulargoldenretrieverplayingvolleyball.[41] AllYou'veGot(2006);ATVmoviestarringhiphopartistCiara.[42] TheMiracleSeason(2018):Ateamcomestogetherafterthedeathoftheirstarplayerinhopesofwinningthestatechampionship.[43] Television AttackerYou!(1984):AJapaneseanimeaboutajuniorhighschoolgirlplayingvolleyballaftermovingtoTokyofromthecountryside. Haikyu!!(2014):AJapaneseanimeaboutahighschoolboysvolleyballteamstrivingtobethebestinJapan. HarukanaReceive(2018):AJapaneseanimeaboutteengirlsplayingbeachvolleyballandhavingamatchwithothergirls. 2.43:SeiinHighSchoolBoysVolleyballTeam(2021):AJapaneseanimeaboutahighschoolboysvolleyballteam'sjourneytovictory. Variationsandrelatedgames Mainarticle:Volleyballvariations BeachvolleyballattheHietaniemiBeachinHelsinki,Finland Therearemanyvariationsonthebasicrulesofvolleyball.Byfarthemostpopularoftheseisbeachvolleyball,whichisplayedonsandwithtwopeopleperteam,andrivalsthemainsportinpopularity. Somegamesrelatedtovolleyballinclude: Beachballvolleyball:Agameofindoorvolleyballplayedwithabeachballinsteadofavolleyball. Biribol:anaquaticvariant,playedinshallowswimmingpools.ThenamecomesfromtheBraziliancitywhereitwasinvented,Birigui.ItissimilartoWatervolleyball. Ecua-volley:AvariantinventedinEcuador,withsomesignificantvariants,suchasnumberofplayers,andaheavierball. Footvolley:AsportfromBrazilinwhichthehandsandarmsarenotused,butitisotherwisesimilartobeachvolleyball. Handball:Asportinwhichteamshavetothrowaballusinghandsinsideagoal. Hooverball:PopularizedbyPresidentHerbertHoover,itisplayedwithavolleyballnetandamedicineball;itisscoredliketennis,buttheballiscaughtandthenthrownback.Theweightofthemedicineballcanmakethesportphysicallydemandingforplayers;annualchampionshiptournamentsareheldinWestBranch,Iowa. Newcombball(sometimesspelled"Nuke'Em"):Inthisgame,theballiscaughtandthrowninsteadofhit;itrivaledvolleyballinpopularityuntilthe1920s. PrisonerBall:Alsoplayedwithvolleyballcourtandavolleyball,prisonerballisavariationofNewcombballwhereplayersare"takenprisoner"orreleasedfrom"prison"insteadofscoringpoints.Thisversionisusuallyplayedbyyoungchildren.[44] SepakTakraw:PlayedinSoutheastAsiausingarattanballandallowingonlyplayers'feet,knees,chests,andheadstotouchtheball. Snowvolleyball:avariantofbeachvolleyballthatisplayedonsnow.TheFédérationInternationaledeVolleyballhasannounceditsplanstomakesnowvolleyballpartofthefutureWinterOlympicGamesprogramme.[45][46][47] Throwball:becamepopularwithfemaleplayersattheYMCACollegeofPhysicalEducationinChennai(India)inthe1940s. Towelvolleyball:towelvolleyballisapopularformofoutdoorentertainment.Thegametakesplaceinavolleyballcourt,andplayersworkinpairs,holdingtowelsintheirhandsandattemptingtothrowtheballintotheopponent'sfield.Thisversioncanalsobeplayedwithblanketsheldbyfourpeople.Thereareseveralvariations.[48][49][50] Wallyball:Avariationofvolleyballplayedinaracquetballcourtwitharubberball. 9-man:AvariantinventedbyChineseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesinthe1930s.9-manisstillplayedinAsiancountriesandNorthAmerica,beingrecognizedforitshistoricandculturalsignificance.In2014,anaward-winningdocumentarywasproducedforthesportof9-man,andaYouTubedocumentarywasmadeforthesportin2017.[citationneeded] Seealso Volleyballportal Listofvolleyballplayers Listofvolleyballvideogames Volleysquash VolleyballHallofFame Volleyballjargon Volleyballinjuries Notes ^"Volleyball".InternationalOlympicCommittee.Retrieved2007-03-21. ^ab"OfficialVolleyballRules,2017–2020"(PDF).35thFIVBWorldCongress,BuenosAires,Argentina,2016.Retrieved2019-01-11. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwJoel.,Dearing(2003).Volleyballfundamentals.Champaign,IL:HumanKinetics.ISBN 0736045082.OCLC 50643900. ^"HistoryofVolleyball–NCVA".ncva.com.Retrieved2021-04-29. ^"TheInternationalAssociationTrainingSchoolNotes(vol.4no.8),October,1895". ^"In1895,WilliamMorganInventsMintonette".NewEnglandHistoricalSociety.2016-01-30.Retrieved25October2021.Puttinghismindtothechallenge,Morganexaminedtherulesofsportssuchasbaseball,basketball,handballandbadminton.Takingpiecesfromeach,hecreatedagamehecalledMintonette.Hetookthenamefrombadminton ^"BetYouDon'tKnowWhereVolleyballCameFrom".ThoughtCo.Retrieved2018-08-04. ^ab"TheVolleyballStory".FédérationInternationaledeVolleyball(FIVB).ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary27,2007.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^ab"HowVolleyballBegan".NorthernCaliforniaVolleyballAssociation.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly1,2007.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^BooksAdded,1911–1915:FiveYearCumulationoftheBookBulletinoftheChicagoPublicLibrary.TheChicagoPublicLibrary.January1916.pp. 317–320. ^abcd"HistoryOfVolleyball".VolleyballWorldWide.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-05-13.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^"HistoryofVolleyball".SportsKnowHow.com.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^"HistoryofVolleyball".volleyball.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2007-09-24.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^abc"FIVBHistory".FédérationInternationaledeVolleyball.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember19,2007.Retrieved2007-09-21. ^Merrill,Frances(1931).AmongTheNudists.GardenCity,NewYork:GardenCityPublishingCompany,Inc.pp. IllustrationPlatefollowingp.188. ^Merrill,Frances(1932).NudismComestoAmerica.NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf.pp. IllustrationPlatefollowingp.57. ^Weinberg,M.S.(1967)."TheNudistCamp:WayofLifeandSocialStructure".HumanOrganization.26(3):91–99.doi:10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707. ^abcdefghi"volleyball|Definition,Rules,Positions,&Facts".EncyclopediaBritannica.Retrieved2018-08-02. ^"Section1.1"(PDF).OfficialVolleyballRules2017–2020.FIVB.2016.Retrieved2019-02-05.Theplayingcourtis[...]surroundedbyafreezonewhichisaminimumof3 mwideonallsides. ^"Section3.1"(PDF).OfficialVolleyballRules2017–2020.FIVB.2016.Retrieved2019-02-05.STANDARDS:Theballshallbespherical... ^"Section12.4.4"(PDF).OfficialVolleyballRules2017–2020.FIVB.2016.Retrieved2019-02-05.Theservermusthittheballwithin8secondsafterthe1strefereewhistlesforservice. ^ab"2008MajorRules-ChangeProposals"(PDF).ncaa.org.NationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation.2008-07-14.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2021-08-14.Retrieved2008-10-12. ^Kraus,Hillary(August25,2001)."Volleyballservesupnewrules".Spokesman=Review.(Spokane,Washington).p. C7. ^Bosak,Chris(April4,2003)."Rulechangeseveryonewillrecognize".TheHour.(Norwalk,Connecticut).p. E1. ^abChandler,Rob(May14,2003)."H.S.volleyballmakesbigchanges".ArlingtonTimes.(Washington).p. B2. ^Derrick,Chris(September4,2003)."Readyornot,rallyscoringhasarrived".Spokesman-Review.(Spokane,Washington).p. C1. ^Stamm,Diane(October10,2002)."Windsofchangeblowingthroughvolleyballworld".McCookDailyGazette.(Nebraska).p. 10. ^Theterm,meaning"free"inItalian,ispronouncedLEE-beh-ro(althoughmanyplayersandcoachespronounceitlih-BEAR-oh).TheAmericanNCAAintroducedtheliberoin2002.Pettit,Terry;Potts,Kerri(2002-02-28)."Ruleschangesforthe2002season".NCAAWomen'sVolleyballRulesCommittee.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2007-03-19.Retrieved2007-01-12.TheNCAAWomen'sVolleyballRulesCommittee[...]approvedseveralruleschangesforthe2002women'svolleyballseasonincludingtheuseoftheliberoplayer ^Bean,Josh(August30,2002)."Volleyballgetsnewlookwith'libero'".TimesDaily.(Florence,Alabama).p. 6C. ^Linenberger,Shawn(October5,2005)."Volleyballplayersadjustingtoliberorole".TheMirror.(Tonganoxie,Kansas).p. 1B. ^"FIVBStructure".FIVB.Retrieved2019-01-11. ^abcde"The5TypesofServesinVolleyballYouMustKnow–VolleyballExpert".Retrieved2021-04-30. ^"WhatIsASkyBallInVolleyball?Definition&MeaningOnSportsLingo".www.sportslingo.com.Retrieved2021-05-01. ^"Volleyballglossary".CambridgeUniversityVolleyballClub.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2007-04-01.Retrieved2007-03-20. ^Program,UgaPedb,"4.Attacking&Blocking",Ch.1-Volleyball,retrieved2021-05-01 ^"NCAAMen'sVolleyball2015–17RulesModifications"(PDF).NCAA.August1,2016.RetrievedAugust16,2017.NotethatifaDivisionIIIteamisplayingateamintheNationalCollegiatedivision(DivisionIorII),theFIVBlimitof6substitutionspersetisenforced. ^"Rule11.3.2:Substitutions–Limitations"(PDF).Women'sVolleyball2016and2017RulesandInterpretations.NCAA.p. 42.RetrievedAugust16,2017. ^abc"Probeachvolleyballplayersfromaroundworldformunion-NYDailyNews".nydailynews.com.AssociatedPress.Retrieved2018-08-04. ^abDarlington,Shasta(17March2018)."TransgenderVolleyballStarinBrazilEyesOlympicsandStirsDebate".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved2018-08-04. ^SideOut,retrieved2019-08-28 ^AirBud:SpikesBack,retrieved2019-08-28 ^AllYou'veGot,retrieved2019-08-28 ^TheMiracleSeason,retrieved2019-08-28 ^GamesForYouthGroups.YouthSpecialties.1997.ISBN 9780310220305.RetrievedAugust26,2012. ^"PresidentGraçapledgestomakevolleyballfirstSummerandWinterOlympicsport".fivb.org.FédérationInternationaledeVolleyball.May26,2017. ^""We'veextendedthegoldeneraofvolleyball":theFIVB'sFabioAzevedoonthesport'sglobalgrowth".SportsPro.September12,2017. ^"SnowvolleyballhopestostakeclaiminWinterOlympics".NBCSports.February27,2017. ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2016-12-22.Retrieved2016-12-14.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2016-12-20.Retrieved2016-12-14.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Adapt.lv."VOLEJBOLADVIEĻI".www.lgk.lv. 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